Feed Ratio Research Articles

Fine-tuning the color hue of the solution-processable electrochromic copolymers based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole, benzodithiophene and dithienosilole units

Electrochromic materials (ECMs) have attracted increasing attentions on account of their extensive prospects and numerous demands. Here, the classical donor-acceptor (D-A) alternative copolymerization strategy was used to synthesize three kinds of novel conjugated polymers PBPS-1, PBPS-2, and PBPS-3. The diketopyrrolopyrrole (M1) unit with a long alkyl side-chain was employed as the core acceptor while the dithienosilole (M2) used as the donor units. More importantly, the benzodithiophene (M3) units which have the high skeleton coplanarity was selected as the bridge units to enhance the charge transport. Variations of the feed ratios of monomers was used to regulate the energy level and spectral absorption range of the solid films. Three polymers exhibited the abundant color hues in the redox process, which including grape purple/brownness/aircraft ash color (PBPS-1), dark grey/red soap/dusty blue color (PBPS-2) and marine blue/grayish/celadon color (PBPS-3). Electrochromic performances demonstrated that PBPS-2 possessed the fast discoloration speed as low as 0.26 s and the outstanding coloration efficiency (550.1 cm2·C−1), which portended a valuable material for smart ECMs applications. Furthermore, the effect of different feed ratios for three polymer in electrochemical, optical and kinetic properties were investigated in detail, which showed the satisfactory optical contrasts (>70% in the NIR region) and good kinetic stability (>97% retention in 1000 s). In general, this exploration supplied a handy design strategy for fine tuning of polymer color and conducive to strengthen the understanding of EC behaviors of the ternary polymers, which deserve further researches to explore more promising ECMs.

Solanesol sequential extraction from tobacco leaves using microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction (MUAE): MAE optimization

Solanesol (C45H74O) is an aliphatic terpene alcohol of nine isoprene units found in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana Tabacum L.). The long and complex biosynthetic pathway of solanesol makes the extraction method still the best way to obtain solanesol. This work evaluates the optimum conditions for sequential extraction from tobacco leaves using microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction (MUAE) as a green extraction method. There were two stages of extraction (sequential): first, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), followed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). At the MAE stage, dry tobacco powder was extracted with variations of water-to-solid (feed) ratio (S/F) from 1:1 to 10:1 (mL/g), power from 200 to 800 W, and time from 0.5 to 2 min. Optimum conditions were obtained at 6:1 (mL/g), 400 W, and 1.5 min, respectively. The UAE stage was fixed with the solvent-to-solid (feed) ratio (S/F), solvent ratio (v/v), time, and temperature of 40:1, 1:2 (PE:ethanolic acid), 30 min, and 40 °C, respectively. The optimum solanesol yield was 3.0 % (w/w), and a nicotine yield of 1.41 % (%w/w) was obtained under the same conditions. The resulting crude solanesol was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (CC), resulting in a purity of 85 %. The yield of extracted solanesol is much higher than in other studies due to the use of fresh leaves and MUAE method.

Reduction of SO2 to Elemental Sulfur in Flue Gas Using Copper-Alumina Catalysts

This study aims to propose an advanced catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of SO2, as a sustainable process to mitigate the emission of this toxic gas, which is a significant environmental concern. The conversion of SO2 through catalytic reduction with CH4 to elemental sulfur was investigated using Al2O3-Cu catalysts. The reaction was conducted under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature range of 550–800°C. A remarkable 99.9% SO2 conversion rate and 99.5% sulfur selectivity were achieved using the Al2O3-Cu (10%) catalyst at 750°C. The highest conversion rates of SO2 to elemental sulfur, with minimal production of undesirable by-products such as H2S and COS, were obtained when the SO2/CH4 molar feed ratio was set at 2, which is the stoichiometric ratio. Furthermore, the optimal catalyst exhibited excellent long-term stability for SO2 reduction with methane.

1,1'- Thiocarbonyldiimidazole Radical Copolymerization for the Preparation of Degradable Vinyl Polymers.

1,1'-Thiocarbonyldiimidazole (TCDI) readily undergoes radical copolymerization with tert-butyl acrylate (tBA), N,N-dimethylacrylamide, and styrene. 1H NMR monitoring of the comonomer reactivity revealed a notable compatibility between TCDI and comonomers, resulting in similar consumption rates when TCDI was introduced at a 10% feed ratio. Furthermore, trithiocarbonate-mediated RAFT copolymerization of TCDI with tBA gave polymers that exhibited a linear increase of molar mass (Mnth = 2-10 kg mol-1) with conversion with relatively low dispersities (1.2-1.4). Importantly, this process enabled a successful chain extension of the produced P(TCDI-co-tBA) copolymer with styrene to form a diblock copolymer. The copolymers generated through this method contain TCDI-derived diimidazolyl thioether moieties, as established through 1H NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, degradation experiments using isopropylamine, benzoyl peroxide, sodium methoxide, and bleach have provided further confirmation of the presence of degradable TCDI moieties in the vinyl copolymer backbone.

Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 Improved Growth of Juvenile Trout.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a new Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 probiotic as a feed additive for farmed trout. Final weight, absolute and average daily gain of fish, and average daily growth rate were higher in the group that received the probiotic than in the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the probiotic-fed trout had more intense growth rates than the control group (higher by 15.7%; p<0.05). A decrease in feed ratio was also observed in the group that received probiotic (25% decrease; p<0.05), indicating more efficient digestion and assimilation of feed. In general, the introduction of probiotic in the feed did not adversely affect the functional status of the fish. In young trout of the control group, when assessing the general chemical composition of the organism in the muscle tissue revealed significantly (p≤0.001) higher level of moisture content by 5.1% and lower by 11.0% dry matter content. In muscle, the protein content was higher by 1.33% (p≤0.001) and fat content by 2.1% (p≤0.001) in experimental fish. Generally, Lactobacilli, Enterococcus, Vibrio, Bacillus, and coliform bacteria were found in the intestinal samples of rainbow trout. Significant reliable difference (p≤0.05) between the samples of experimental and control groups was noted in the content of Bacillus bacteria. In the control group, 5.0±0.4×103 CFU/g was detected, while in the experimental group 8.4±0.8×104 CFU/g. Overall, the data indicate that probiotic bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 has no adverse effect on selected microorganisms in the study fish.

Electrochromic Insight on Electro‐Deposited Copolymers of Push‐Pull Conjugated Systems with 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Other Conjugated Units

AbstractThird generation conducting polymers (CP) are push‐pull type conjugated systems, which include both electron pushing and pulling units in their chemical structure. Push‐pull design enables coarse and fine tuning in the electro‐optical properties of the resulting CP such as lowering the band gap and enhancing electrochromic properties. Push‐pull CPs have been widely used for various applications such as electrochromic devices, displays, light emitting diodes, organic solar cells, field effect transistors, electrochemical and optical sensors etc. This review aims to collect electrochemically synthesized CPs of push‐pull systems in the literature, up to 2023. Most of the studies include 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as co‐monomers, but there are also other studies such as obtaining push‐pull type CPs by copolymerization, and copolymerization of push‐pull systems with other units. Each case is discussed in separate sections. In the scope of this review, only electrochemical copolymerization studies are selected, and the effect of monomer feed ratio and the polymerization conditions on the electrochromic properties of the resulting copolymers are discussed and summarized in tables. This collection can serve as a guide for upcoming copolymerization studies, by giving an insight into optical and electrochromic properties of various copolymers of push‐pull systems so far.

Synthesis of Mixed Chitin Esters via Acylation of Chitin in Deep Eutectic Solvents.

The development of efficient derivatization methods of chitin, such as acylation, has been identified to confer new properties and functions to chitin. In this study, we investigate the synthesis of mixed chitin esters via the acylation of chitin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) comprising 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolum chloride and 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine based on a previous study that reported the development of efficient acylation of chitin in the DES to obtain single chitin esters. A stearoyl group was selected as the first substituent, which was combined with several bulky acyl and long oleoyl groups as the second substituents. After dissolution of chitin in the DES (2 wt%), the acylation reactions were conducted using stearoyl and the desired acyl chlorides for 1 h + 24 h at 100 °C in the resulting solutions. The IR and 1H NMR spectra of the isolated products confirmed the structures of mixed chitin esters with two different substituents. The substituent ratios in the derivatives, which were estimated via the 1H NMR analysis, were changed according to the feed ratios of two acyl chlorides.

Synthesis, kinetic study and characterization of C5‐dienes/styrene copolymers via living anionic polymerization in cyclopentyl methyl ether solvent

Abstract1,3‐Dienes/styrene sequence‐controlled copolymers are widely used as thermoplastic elastomers, transparent impact resin and synthetic rubber and other materials. In this work, the binary anionic copolymerization of styrene (S) and C5‐dienes including 1,3‐pentadiene (P, E/Z = 65/35) and isoprene (I) were studied in cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) ‘green’ solvent using n‐BuLi as initiator, and the effects of copolymerization monomer ratio and polar additive (PA) on the copolymerization kinetics and monomer sequence distributions were investigated. The kinetic analysis results showed that all copolymerization systems were the first‐order reaction and the C5‐dienes/S could be quantitatively consumed. The addition of S or I was conducive to the efficient conversion of P. Although the addition of PAs had little effect on the polymerization rate, it had a great influence on the microstructure and sequence distribution of the copolymer. 1H NMR tracking analysis showed that, for S/P copolymerization with different feeding ratios 1/3 &lt; fP &lt; 2/3, the instant composition FP in the copolymer remained relatively constant at 15% &lt; FP &lt; 35% when the monomer conversion rate was below 60%, and thus the inevitable formation of P microblocks in subsequent polymerization sequences was observed. Additionally, similar sequence distributions were obtained in the case of I/P copolymerization systems. By contrast, S/I copolymerization conformed to the typical random copolymerization pattern, and the copolymerization activity of S was slightly higher than that of the I in CPME. The use of strong PAs such as 2,2‐di(2‐tetrahydrofuran)propane directly resulted in a change of monomer sequence from a random pattern to a gradual block pattern. Moreover, the 3,4‐isoprene branch units were much more sensitive to solvent and PA than 1,2‐pentadiene units for C5‐dienes; also Fourier transform infrared and DSC analysis verified the microstructure and sequence analysis results mentioned above. In addition, the results of gel permeation chromatography showed that the copolymerization process in CPME had excellent controllable characteristics. © 2023 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

EFFECT OF REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL FEEDING RATIO ON PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY OF COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE CONTROL

In this study, the effect of Refuse-Derived Fuel type 3 (RDF-3) feeding ratio on a performance and a stability of combustion temperature control was exmined. A new direct-combustion furnace was designed and constructed for co-combustion of RDF-3 and woodchip (WC) feedstock. In this work, four main ratios on wet basis of WC and RDF-3; 100 : 0, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, and 70 : 30 wt.% were tested at the combustion temperature of 970°C. The results showed that the complete combustion was achieved from all of feeding ratios. From an actual fuel feed rate, an increase in RDF mixing ratio could reduce the using of pure woodchip by 5.3 wt.%, 14.3 wt.% and 34.0 wt.% when mixing the RDF at 10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.%, respectively. At increasing of RDF mixing ratio, non-smoothy burning was also found to increase, however, a more rapid ignition behavior of was achieved

The addition of humic substances extracted from vermicompost enhances the growth performance and the antioxidant status of weaning pigs

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of humic substances (HS) extracted from vermicompost on the growth performance, fecal score, bone ash content and antioxidant status in muscles and blood serum of weaned pigs from 1-42 days postweaning. Two-hundred 22-day weaned pigs were assigned to four treatments: 1= Positive control diet with colistin (PC), 2= Negative control diet without antibiotic or HS (NC), 3 and 4= Diets with 2 500 and 5 000 ppm of HS, respectively. Growth performance, fecal consistency, dry matter and ashes of metatarsus and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, iron reducing ability and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in muscles and blood were registered. Results were subjected to ANOVA and regression analysis. Linear increasing responses (P &lt; 0.05) were found in the body weight at 42 days postweaning, the ADG from 1-7, 8-21, 22-42 and 1-42 and the gain:feed ratio from 1-7, 22-42 and 1-42 days postweaning, whilst the fecal score decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) from 1-7, 8-21 and 1-42 days postweaning due to the increasing dietary HS concentration. The antioxidant potential of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (P &lt; 0.05) in loin muscle and blood serum at three and seven days, and in fillet muscle at seven days postweaning increased linearly due to the increasing dietary HS concentration. It is concluded that the addition of HS improved the growth performance from 1-42 days postweaning and the antioxidant status in muscles and blood serum of weaned pigs at three and seven days postweaning.

Hydrogen Production via Methane Decomposition over Alumina Doped with Titanium Oxide-Supported Iron Catalyst for Various Calcination Temperatures.

The decomposition of methane has been chosen as an alternative method for producing hydrogen. In this study, 20 % Fe was used as the active metal part of the catalyst. To better comprehend the impact of the supporting catalytic properties, alumina and titania-alumina composite were investigated as supports. Iron-based catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and then calcined at different temperatures (300 °C, 500 °C, and 800 °C). The catalysts were examined at 800 °C under atmospheric pressure with a 15 mL/min total flow rate and 2 : 1 CH4 to N2 feed ratio. The textural and morphological characteristics of the fresh calcined and spent catalysts were investigated. The catalytic activity and stability data demonstrated that Fe supported over TiO2-Al2O3 calcined at 500 °C performed the best of all evaluated catalysts with a more than 80 % hydrogen yield. The Raman spectra result showed that graphitic carbon was produced for all used titanium dioxide catalysts. Moreover, according to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results, the carbon deposited on the catalysts' surface is carbon nanotubes (CNT).

Regulation engineering of lignin-derived N-doped carbon-supported FeNi alloy particles towards efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution

The electrocatalytic hydrogen production technology using green energy can reduce the dependence on traditional fossil fuels and the net emission of carbon dioxide. However, the high overpotential and low efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the anode limit the overall water splitting. Here, carboxylic acid ligands with coordination function were designed and synthesized by modifying the surface functional groups of lignin. Bimetallic functionally-doped lignin-derived carbon materials (Fe4Ni4@NC) were synthesized by continuous ion layer adsorption and pyrolysis process using Fe and Ni transition metals as source and template. The catalyst requires only 214 mV of overpotential to produce 10 mA·cm−2, which has much faster catalytic kinetics. Theoretical calculation shows that the energy barrier of rate-determining step in OER is reduced by appropriate feed ratio and nano-size. The facile strategy opens up an economical and efficient solution for designing OER electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and excellent stability.

CO2 Impact on Methane Pyrolysis as a Key Issue of Using Biogas as an Educt: A Theoretical Study

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) has attracted great interest for the production of syngas and/or hydrogen in a more environmentally friendly way. It is especially advantageous in this case to use biogas—as a mixture of methane, CO2, and traces of further gases—as a feedstock replacement for natural gas. Nevertheless, industrial implementation of DRM is currently limited because of its inherent process restrictions. The biggest challenge of dry reforming is the deposition of carbon on the catalyst, known as “coking.” The focus of this theoretical study is to evaluate the feasibility of a biogas dry reforming process in a liquid metal (Sn) bubble column reactor. This technology has already been proven suitable for methane pyrolysis to obtain hydrogen, preventing issues related to reactor clogging or catalyst deactivation caused by carbon deposition. Results show that at high operating temperatures and atmospheric pressure, a product gas primarily composed of H2 and CO would be obtained. CO2 and water vapor may also be present in the final product depending on the operating conditions. The molten tin inside the reactor would, according to the presented theoretical considerations, not be affected by the formation of carbides and oxides. Additionally, the syngas composition (the H2 : CO ratio) could be adjusted by using different CH4 : CO2 feed ratios.

The effect of size and shape of annular centrifugal contactors upon hydrodynamics and mass transfer using HNO3-TBP/OK

Annular centrifugal contactors (ACCs) are process intensification equipment for liquid-liquid extraction (also known as solvent extraction) that use centrifugal force that 200x greater than traditional gravity settling (Baker et al., 2022a). The size and throughput of ACCs have been denoted by their increasing rotor diameter (RD), from 10 mm up to 1330 mm. In this work a multiscale ACC platform has been commissioned, (consisting of 10, 25, 40 mm RD ACCs), to collect the physical liquid-holdup and mass transfer across several sizes to inform future computation modelling flowsheets of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE).Experimental studies have been performed with nitric acid with tributyl phosphate in odourless kerosene (TBP/OK) relevant to the development of advanced PUREX processes for recovery of actinides from spent fuel. Hydrodynamic trials determined the minimum Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF) required to separate extreme solvent/aqueous (S/A) feed ratios and total throughputs across the three sizes of ACC. The novel 'stepped stop' method has provided understanding of the actual liquid holdups within the two distinctly different regions (mixing annulus and separating rotor) ACC during operation to provide accurate residence times. These values were subsequently used to calculate the mass transfer and stage efficiency of aqueous nitric acid with tributyl phosphate in odourless kerosene. The smallest contactor was determined to be distinct and likely under-predicting performance of larger contactors. Ultimately the geometry and the aspect ratio supersedes using rotor diameter for defining scale-up of annular centrifugal contactors.

Phase transformation and heterojunction nanostructures of bismuth iron oxide

The construction of an efficient bismuth iron oxide shows great potential in excellent crystal structure properties and visible light photocatalysis. However, it is challenging to synthesize nanostructures with the desired morphologies. For the first time, the bismuth iron oxide is fabricated using sol–gel synthesis method, exhibiting the desired crystallite size and tuning the types of heterojunction nanostructures by regulating the concentration of Fe3+ and calcination temperature. As a result, the feeding ratios of bismuth ferrite materials Bi2Fe4O9, BiFeO3/Bi2Fe4O9, BiFeO3, BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40, and Bi25FeO40 are 2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, 0.75:1, 0.5:1, and 0.04:1, respectively. Besides, the calcination temperature not only influences the granularity of bismuth iron oxide but also promotes the phase transformation from BiFeO3 to Bi2Fe4O9. Moreover, BiFeO3/Bi2Fe4O9 and BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 heterojunction nanostructures display strong interactions between BiFeO3–Bi2Fe4O9 and Bi25FeO40. Besides, BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 heterojunction nanostructures exhibit obvious grain boundary with the smallest bandgap. This study presents far-reaching implications and provides pathways to prepare BiFeO3/Bi2Fe4O9 and BiFeO3/Bi25FeO40 heterojunction nanostructures.

Self-assembled low molecular weight chitosan-based cationic micelle for improved water solubility, stability and sustained release of α-tocopherol.

New amphiphilic low molecular weight chitosan-graft-nicotinic acid bearing decyl groups (LCND) was synthesized by two-step reaction and spontaneously assembled into cationic micelle by ultra-sonication method to improve water solubility and photostability properties of α-tocopherol. The chemical structure of LCND was characterized and physical properties of cationic micelle were evaluated. Results displayed that cationic micelle exhibited strong self-assemble ability with nanoscale spherical morphology and showed best loading ability with loading content of 18.50% when the feeding ratio of LCND to α-tocopherol reached 10:3. Meanwhile, the greatly enhanced water solubility, photostability and sustained release behavior of α-tocopherol in cationic micelle were observed. The cumulative release of α-tocopherol in cationic micelle reached up 82.18% within 96h while free α-tocopherol was completely released within 10h. Additionally, release kinetics models were also fitted. The LCND cationic micelle could be promising nanocarrier for improving the physicochemical properties of α-tocopherol in food fields.

Analysis of combined cycle plants integrating biomass and natural gas

Biomass plays a vital role in broadening the energy portfolio and reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels. Combining biomass with natural gas-powered combined cycle plants offers an opportunity to improve biomass conversion efficiency. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive technical and economic analysis, comparing two configurations of combined-cycle plants fueled by natural gas and lignocellulosic biomass. The first configuration implements traditional post-combustion methods to augment steam cycle output, while the second directs exhaust gases to a heat exchanger, pre-heating the compressor’s outgoing air. A significant focus was placed on assessing biomass conversion efficiency, specifically the marginal efficiency in electricity generation attributed to biomass input. This parameter was compared with the performance of standard conventional biomass-only plants. The research delved into the impact of varying biomass feed ratio on key performance indicators, including the cost of electricity generation, the overall and marginal biomass efficiency, and the share of electricity production due to biomass. The determination of the optimal plant configuration and the ideal biomass fraction was achieved through multivariable optimization techniques.

Continuous Synthesis of Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes by Photo-Emulsion Polymerization in a Microreactor.

Nanosized spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) are ideal candidates for the preparation of nanometal catalysts, protein separation, and medical diagnostics. Until now, SPBs have been synthesized by photo-emulsion polymerization in a batch reactor, which remains challenging to scale up. This paper reports a successful continuous preparation of SPBs by photo-emulsion polymerization in a self-made microreactor. The effects of residence time, monomer concentration, and feed ratios on the conversion of monomers and SPB structures are systematically investigated by dynamic lighting scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) SPBs obtained in a microreactor exhibiting a narrow size distribution with a short reaction time are very effective in inhibiting the calcium carbonate scale and are comparable to those produced in a batch reactor. This work confirms the feasibility of continuous preparation and scaled-up production of SPBs.

Strong and ultrafast stimulus-healable lignin-based composite elastomers with excellent adhesion properties

With the increased environmental issues, advanced high-performance and multifunctional polymeric materials derived from biomass have tremendous attention due to the great potential to replace their traditional petroleum-based counterparts. In this work, a series of lignin graft copolymers, lignin-graft-poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) (Lig-g-P(BA-co-AA)), were rationally prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. These lignin-based copolymers demonstrate good thermal stability and tunable glass transition temperature (Tg) values. The mechanical performance, including tensile strength, extensibility, Young's modulus, and toughness can be facilely adjusted by the BA/AA feed ratio and lignin content during polymerization. Owing to the extraordinary photothermal conversion ability of lignin, the Lig-B550 copolymer, containing 11.8 wt% lignin content, shows excellent stimulus-healing behavior within 1 min with a 97.1 % healing efficiency under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Moreover, the Lig-g-P(BA-co-AA) copolymers exhibit remarkable adhesion property, broadening their potential applications in the adhesive area. This grafting strategy is versatile and efficient, conferring the resultant lignin-based composite elastomers with dramatically enhanced mechanical properties and unprecedented photothermal behavior, which can inspire the further development of strong lignin-based sustainable elastomers.

Techno-economic analysis of municipal solid waste treatment for poly-generation system

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is characterized by complex composition, low calorific value and high moisture content. Using a single treatment technology is costly and difficult to achieve optimal results. A poly-generation system that integrates classified waste pyrolysis and incineration is proposed, producing fuel, electricity, and steam. The system has been designed and optimized to find the optimal feed ratio and process model. However, the economic performance of the poly-generation system is still unclear. In this work, a techno-economic analysis (TEA) was conducted to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed MSW treatment poly-generation system. The annual electricity generated by the poly-generation system is 104.13 GWh. The annual steam generated is 4.91 kt, and the average annual diesel produced is 1.60 kt. The TEA results showed that the total capital investment of the system was 602.07 M¥, and the annual operating cost was 40.63 M¥. The net present value was 93.01 M¥, which is a positive value. The internal rate of return was 10.28 %, which is higher than the benchmark rate of return, indicating that the system is economically feasible. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the internal rate of return was extremely sensitive to fixed capital investment, price of electricity, product yield, and government subsidy. The TEA analysis of poly-generation system provides a fundamental theoretical basis for the feasibility of classified MSW treatment and offers valuable insights for policy makers and investors in the waste management field. Considering the complexity of the waste, future research can be carried out from the environmental aspect, combining both economic and environmental objectives for multi-objective optimization and conducting comprehensive evaluation of the industrial practicability of the poly-generation system.