Feed Ratio Research Articles

Assembly of Alloyed PdM (Ag, Cu, and Sn) Nanosheets and Their Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol and Methanol.

Direct alcohol fuel cells are popular due to their high energy density, abundant sources, and ease of transportation and storage. Palladium-based nanosheet self-assembled materials have emerged as an effective catalyst for alcohol oxidation reactions. In this work, nanosheets were synthesized with the same feeding ratio assembly of alloyed PdM (M = Ag, Cu, and Sn). The introduction of the second element was able to enhance the catalytic response of the catalysts to alcohol electrooxidation. Among them, the PdCu alloy exhibited the best performance in terms of catalytic activity, toxicity resistance, and stability to ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalytic current densities for EOR can reach 2226, 2518, and 1598 mA mg-1 for PdAg, PdCu, and PdSn nanosheet assemblies, respectively. These are mainly attributed to better electronic effects, altered atomic distances within the cell for the d-band centers of Pd, and a larger electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). The optimized d-band center is beneficial to promote the catalytic performance of EOR and MOR. Experimental data also demonstrated that higher electrocatalytic temperature, higher pH, and higher alcohol concentration can accelerate the rate of alcohol electrooxidation. These results have the potential to be extended to Pd-M (M = other metals) nanosheets and help for a wider range of catalytic applications.

Effect of Conversion, Temperature and Feed Ratio on In2 O3 /In(OH)3 Phase Transitions in Methanol Synthesis Catalysts: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study.

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol has attracted lots of attention as it makes CO2 useable as a sustainable carbon source. This study combines theoretical calculations based on the dummy catalytic cycle model with experimental studies on the performance and degradation of indium-based model catalysts for methanol synthesis. In detail, the reversibility of phase transitions in the In2 O3 /In(OH)3 system under industrial methanol synthesis conditions are investigated depending on conversion, temperature and feed ratio. The dummy catalytic cycle model predicts a peculiar degradation behavior of In(OH)3 at 275 °C depending on the water formed either by methanol synthesis or the competing reverse water-gas-shift reaction. These results were validated by dedicated experimental studies confirming the predicted trends. Moreover, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis proved the ensuing phase transition between the indium species. Finally, the validated model is used to predict how hydrogen drop out will affect the stability of the catalyst and derive practical strategies to prevent irreversible catalyst degradation.

Grazing inhibition in Daphnia and Bosmina by colony formation of Desmodesmus subspicatus triggered by sodium octyl sulfate.

There are growing concerns that several aquatic contaminants can indirectly alter biological interactions by inhibiting the adaptive phenotypic plasticity of organisms, even at nonlethal concentrations. In Scenedesmaceae, a family of green algae, many chemicals interfere with defensive colony formation against grazers (i.e., through induced or limited coloniality). Although several studies have demonstrated that the effects of coloniality can limit the feeding capacity of Daphnia spp., grazing inhibition in other zooplankton species is not well understood. In this study, we examined the influence of sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) on the growth and morphology of Desmodesmus subspicatus and on the feeding rates of three cladoceran species (Daphnia galeata, Bosmina longirostris, and Bosmina fatalis) feeding on SOS-induced colonies under factorial conditions of different food levels and grazer ages. SOS remarkably induced colony formation with no observed effect on growth in D. subspicatus. D. galeata and B. fatalis showed a remarkable reduction in feeding rates when they fed on colonial D. subspicatus, whereas no significant effect of the prey morphotype was found on the feeding rates of B. longirostris. Microscopic observations of algal morphology after being grazed showed that each species can consume colonial prey depending on food level and age. Comparisons of the inhibition ratio of feeding among the three cladocerans revealed that Daphnia was more sensitive to prey coloniality compared with Bosmina. Our findings provide specific insights into the effects of chemically interfered colony formation on population dynamics and community structures.

AGROTECHNOLOGY FOR FEED CULTIVATION AND CREATION OF HAYFIELDS AND PASTURES IN THE FOREST AND STEPPE ZONE OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

A high-quality feed base is a must to ensure the growing of numerous animals via selecting promising high-yielding crops that can provide livestock with feeds at the entire production stage. This study purposed to develop new technologies for reinstating a balanced use of pastures in Kazakhstan’s steppe and forest-steppe zones. Several investigations succeeded in 2019–2022 at the Service-ZHARS Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) production fields of District Kyzylzhar, North Kazakhstan. Five chosen pasture combinations created multifactor pasture lands, as follows: common alfalfa + Festulolium; awnless brome + yellow sweet clover; common alfalfa + pasture ryegrass + Festulolium; white sweet clover + awnless brome + Timothy grass, and sainfoin + Festulolium + pasture ryegrass + Timothy grass. For haymaking and pasture chain construction, the following grass combinations selected comprised two-pasture grasses (previous years' brome and Timothy grass + common alfalfa + sainfoin) and seven hay grasses (vetch + oats, Sudan grass, sorghum-Sudan grass hybrid + sorghum, corn for silage, sorghum, peas + oats + barley + wheat, and peas). The use of droughtresistant legumes, cereals, and arable crops and their mixtures positively impacted intensifying the feed base and reducing the pasture areas’ degradation. Thus, in the first experiment, the green mass collection was higher than 3.33 t ha-1 , while in the second one, it was below 4.75 t ha-1 , which fully bestowed the physiological needs of animals. The species diversity of pasture vegetation has improved because of beans’ inclusion, possibly enhancing the protein ratio in green feed and hay as the main component of the farm animals' diet.

Co-Doped TiO2 Aerogel with Enhanced Light Absorption Properties for CO2 Photocatalytic Reduction and H2o Splitting

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major component of greenhouse gases, whose amount in the atmosphere is gradually increasing. The use of various methods to reduce CO2 has become a hot research topic. However, CO2 being chemically stable, traditional methods such as thermal ones are not efficient. Artificial photosynthesis may alternatively reduce CO2 under mild conditions. Therefore, the development of innovative photocatalysts to produce high-value-added products from CO2 reduction has attracted wide interest from academia and industry, providing new insights into the utilization of CO2. However, the activation of CO2 remains difficult, the reaction path is complex and the selectivity is low. Therefore, the design of photocatalysts with both high selectivity and conversion rate for CO2 reduction is of great scientific and strategic importance.1 TiO2 is a common photocatalyst, but pure TiO2 is only responsive to UV light. Hence, modification of TiO2 by doping or co-catalyst loading has been widely studied to enhance its response to visible light. Aerogels have a high specific surface area and a tunable porosity, both features which are very suitable for catalysis. In the case of CO2 reduction, high specific surface area will favor CO2 adsorption, which is beneficial for the following activation steps.Therefore, based on the previous work on aerogels in our group,2 a series of TiO2 aerogels doped with niobium and nitrogen were synthesized, and Cu was deposited at the surface of the aerogel as a co-catalyst to help CO2 reduction.Obtained photocatalysts were characterized to determine their crystallographic structure (XRD), composition (EDX, XPS), morphology (SEM, N2 sorption) and optical properties (UV-Vis absorption). After calcination, the anatase phase of TiO2 was detected, without any heterogeneous phase generated after Nb and N doping. Nb doping made the anatase (101) peak blue-shifted due to the pinning effect, and the maximum possible doping amount of Nb was 10 at. % in our case. Moreover, no CuxO species were observed in the XRD patterns of Cu/TiO2, which tentatively indicates that it is uniformly distributed as nanoscale particles or domains.The specific surface area (SBET) obtained from N2 sorption experiments was higher for TiO2 aerogel (72 m2/g) than for commercial catalyst P25 (50 m2/g). After Nb doping, the particle size of TiO2 decreased (statistics from SEM image) and as a consequence, SBET was significantly increased (123 m2/g for 10 at. % of Nb).The light absorption ability of TiO2 aerogels was notably shifted in the visible light region after doping, resulting in a narrower bandgap. The visible light absorption performance was even more enhanced after cupper deposition, maybe due to localized Surface Plasmon Resonance effect (LSPR) of Cu2+.The photocatalytic performance was evaluated in a homemade photocatalytic reactor, illuminated with a Xe-light source simulating sunlight and equipped with a monochromator and an optical power meter to investigate the mechanism of photocatalytic reactions.Cu/TiO2: Nb, N aerogel photocatalysts were tested for CO2 photocatalytic reduction, and promising methanol yields were obtained. Parameters such as temperature and pressure and feed ratios will be adjusted to optimize selectivity and conversion rate. The prepared catalysts will also be evaluated for hydrogen production by water splitting. Reference: O. Ola and M. M. Maroto-Valer, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 24, 16–42 (2015).C. Beauger, L. Testut, S. Berthon-Fabry, F. Georgi, and L. Guetaz, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 232, 109–118 (2016). Figure 1

Synthesis and evaluation of the cobalt-promoted NiO/CaO.2Al2O3 catalysts in CO2 methanation reaction: Effect of different promoters

This work is concentrated on designing of CO2 methanation process over nickel-based catalysts doped by different promoters (CuO, Cr2O3, Co3O4, Fe2O3, and MnO2) supported on CaO.2Al2O3 powder. The CaO-Al2O3 powder was fabricated by mechanochemical method, and catalysts were synthesized via a wet impregnation procedure. The characterization properties of all samples were tested by XRD, BET, TPR, FESEM, and EDS-mapping analyses. The optimum amount of NiO was selected at 10 wt% along with CaO:Al2O3 as support with the molar ratio of 1:2. The Co-doped catalyst showed the lowest pore size (9.4 nm) and the highest surface area (106 m2.g−1) among the promoted catalysts. The results exhibited that the Co3O4(3)-NiO(10)/CaO.2Al2O3 catalyst possessed superior catalytic performance in the CO2 methanation reaction. The results illustrated that the increase in cobalt oxide percentage up to 3 wt% improved catalytic performance. However, further augmentation in the Co3O4 from 3 to 7 wt% diminished the specific surface area. According to the performance tests, carbon dioxide conversion and methane selectivity were 83.1% and 99.5% at 450 °C under operating conditions (GHSV = 18,000 ml.gcat−1.h−1 and H2:CO2 = 4:1) over this catalyst. The processing conditions including calcination temperature, reduction temperature, GHSV, feed ratio, and long-term stability test were also examined over the selected catalyst. Outcomes revealed that CO2 conversion increased with a decrement in calcination temperature from 650° to 450°C. Also, chosen catalyst reduced at 650 °C showed the highest performance. Besides, catalytic performance enhanced by raising feed ratio (H2:CO2) from 2:1 to 5:1 and decreased with augmentation of GHSV from 12,000 to 30,000 ml.gcat−1.h−1. Moreover, Co3O4(3)-NiO(10)/CaO.2Al2O3 catalyst possessed high stability during 14 h time on stream.

Synthesis and properties of biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate) containing two adjacent side methyl groups

To adjust the structure and properties of biodegradable poly(ethylene succinate) (PES), a series of novel poly(ethylene succinate-co-2,3-butylene succinate) (2,3-PEBS) copolyesters with low contents of 2,3-butylene succinate unit (2,3-BS) were successfully synthesized in this research via a two-stage melt polycondensation. 2,3-PEBS showed the same main chain structure as PES, except that a few of two adjacent side methyl groups were randomly linked with the main chain; therefore, 2,3-PEBS may be regarded as novel PES containing two adjacent side methyl groups. The thermal parameters, crystallization behavior, and mechanical property of 2,3-PEBS copolyesters and PES were systematically studied and compared with each other. The compositions of ethylene succinate (ES) to 2,3-BS deviated significantly from the feed ratio of ethylene glycol to 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) due to the low reactivity of 2,3-BDO. The results revealed that the introduction of a small amount of two adjacent side methyl groups brought an obvious variation in the thermal and mechanical properties of PES. However, 2,3-PEBS displayed the same crystallization mechanism and crystal structure as PES. Through the introduction of a few of two adjacent side methyl groups, novel PES with significantly improved mechanical properties was synthesized, which should be interesting and important for a better understanding of the structure and properties to prepare novel biodegradable polymers from a sustainable viewpoint.

Effect of soluble phosphate and bentonite amendments on lead and cadmium bioavailability and bioaccessibility in a contaminated soil

Effect of commonly used heavy metal immobilizing agents on risks of soil heavy metals has not been well investigated. In this work, a contaminated acidic soil (total Cd = 8.05, total Pb = 261 mg kg−1) was amended with soluble phosphate (P: 160 mg kg−1) and bentonite (3 g kg−1) and incubated for 360 d. The soil was then added to mouse feed at 1:9 soil: feed ratio (weight) and fed to mouse for 10 days, after which the liver, kidney and bone Pb and Cd concentrations were measured. The amended soils were extracted with SBRC and PBET to assay bioaccessibility, and extracted with DTPA to assess the environmental availability. The amendments did not affect the DTPA-Pb/Cd significantly (p > 0.05), while the Cd bioaccessibility in the gastric phase of the SBRC assay was reduced from 90.0 to 20.4 % for the bentonite amended treatment (p < 0.05). Kidney Pb and Cd concentrations of the mice fed with feed containing phosphate spiked soil was 80.2 and 66.0 % lower than the control mice fed with unamended soil (CK), respectively. Significant linear correlations were found between DTPA-extractable concentration and kidney concentrations for Pb/Cd. The effect of amendment on Pb/Cd bioavailability differed between the results calculated with different endpoints. The phosphate amendment resulted in 82.7 and 34.3 % lower Pb RBA compared with the unamended soil calculated with kidney and kidney+liver+bone Pb concentrations, respectively, and 68.8 and 49.7 % lower Cd RBA than the control with kidney and kidney+liver concentrations, respectively. However, no significant effect was observed with both amendments when the RBA was calculated with liver or bone Pb/Cd concentrations, or on Pb RBA with kidney, liver or bone metal concentrations. Results indicate the complex effect of amendments on organ, tissue and overall health risk of soil Pb/Cd to animal/human.

Facile and direct synthesis of oligocarbonate diols from carbon dioxide and their application as sustainable feedstock for polyurethane

Oligocarbonate diols (PPCDL) with carbonate content higher than 90% were successfully synthesized by the direct copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using metal-free Lewis acid-base catalysts in the presence of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as proton exchange agent (PEA). The effects of molar ratio of PO to BDO, temperature, pressure and reaction time on the copolymerization were systematically investigated. The molecular weight of the prepared oligocarbonate diols is in good linear relationship to PO/BDO feeding ratio and can be easily and precisely controlled in the range of 1000–4000 g mol−1. The detailed structures of the oligocarbonate diols were fully investigated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF analysis. The rheological properties of synthesized PPCDL were also studied using a rheometer. Finally, polycarbonate urethanes were designed and successfully prepared using the PPCDLs as soft segment and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and BDO as hard segment. The comprehensive evaluation of thermal and mechanical properties of the synthesized poly(carbonate urethane)s (PCUs) demonstrates their complete feasibility in the application of polyurethane industry.

Synthesis of phenyl-based hyper-crosslinked porous organic polymers via Friedel-Crafts reaction for efficient organic dye adsorption

Hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) with high specific surface areas and porous structural characteristics serving as adsorbents are currently a hot research topic. In this paper, a series of one-step 3D structured phenyl-based hyper-crosslinked porous polymers via Friedel-Crafts reaction namely POP-TB with different feeding ratios were successfully synthesized. POP-TB exhibits excellent adsorption performance towards four organic dyes including Rhodamine B, Acid green, Reactive blue, Crystal violet and the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) are 1065, 2542, 1900 and 1270 mg g−1, respectively, surpassing most of the adsorbents in previous reports.

Hyaluronic Acid Based Azo Polymer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photo‐Responsiveness

AbstractHyaluronic acid based azo polymer (HA‐Azo‐COOH) is synthesized by post‐azo coupling reaction. Controllable grafting percent of azobenzene pendant is achieved by adjusting the feed ratio. In selective solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide/water), uniform colloidal aggregates of the prepared polymer can be obtained by self‐assembly process. The self‐assembled colloids can be elongated along the polarization direction of the irradiation laser light. The relationship between the deformation of colloids and the irradiation time is explored.

4D printing of biodegradable elastomers with tailorable thermal response at physiological temperature

4D printing has a great potential for the manufacturing of soft robotics and medical devices. The alliance of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing and novel shape-memory photopolymers allows for the fabrication of smart 4D-printed medical devices in high resolution and with tailorable functionalities. However, most of the reported 4D-printed materials are nondegradable, which limits their clinical applications. On the other hand, 4D printing of biodegradable shape-memory elastomers is highly challenging, especially when transition points close to physiological temperature and shape fixation under ambient conditions are required. Here, we report the 4D printing of biodegradable shape-memory elastomers with tailorable transition points covering physiological temperature, by using poly(D,L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) methacrylates at various monomer feed ratios. After the programming step, the high-resolution DLP printed stents preserved their folded shape at room temperature, and showed efficient shape recovery at 37 °C. The materials were cytocompatible and readily degradable under physiological conditions. Furthermore, drug-loaded devices with tuneable release kinetics were realized by DLP-printing with resins containing polymers and levofloxacin or nintedanib. This study offers a new perspective for the development of next-generation 4D-printed medical devices.

Efficient magnetic flocculation for microalgae harvesting using a novel composite flocculant of Fe3O4-based starch-grafted-cationic polyacrylamide

As a flocculant for algae harvesting, a novel magnetic starch-grafted-cationic polyacrylamide composite (MAG@ST-g-CPAM) was developed in this study, and the harvesting efficiency of the composite was assessed with comparison to starch, Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles, cationic polyacrylamide and starch-grafted-cationic polyacrylamide. The feeding ratios for flocculant synthesis were optimized, and impacting factors were examined. Magnetic particles were recovered for cyclic use, and the effect of MAG@ST-g-CPAM flocculation on water reuse was examined. The results showed that MAG@ST-g-CPAM flocculation successfully achieved harvesting efficiencies of 93.2 % and 97.3 % at doses of 25 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively, which were superior to those of other flocculants. The optimized feeding ratio of acrylamide:Fe3O4:starch was 6:4:3. The late exponential algal growth solution with a pH range of 5–6 was most favorable for algae flocculation. A total of 93.7 % of Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles was recovered at pH = 3, and flocculation facilitated the reuse of water by effectively eliminating fulvic acids from the culture solution. This study demonstrated that MAG@ST-g-CPAM is a promising flocculant for algae harvesting.

Terpolymers of acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid for carbon fiber precursor: Effect of comonomers on the thermal stabilization of polyacrylonitrile copolymers

AbstractPolyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymers are important precursors for the preparation of high‐performance PAN‐based carbon fibers. In this study, different ratios of P(AN‐co‐AMPS) and P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) were prepared by solution polymerization. The compositional structure, thermal, and crystallization properties of P(AN‐co‐AMPS) and P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) were characterized. The results show that an increase in the AMPS feeding ratio is beneficial for improving the thermal stability and crystallization ability of the PAN copolymer; however, it also reduces the molecular weight of the copolymer and increases the cyclization exothermic peak temperature, which is not conducive to the preparation of high‐performance carbon fibers. This problem is avoided in P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS), which maintains its high thermal stability and crystallization properties when appropriate amounts of MA and AMPS are introduced, and P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) has smoother cyclization exothermic rates, lower onset exothermic temperatures and lower peak exothermic temperatures. The structural changes of PAN, P(AN‐co‐MA), and P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) during thermal stabilization were investigated in detail using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and it was found that P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) formed more stable structures at lower temperatures. Furthermore, when the AN:MA:AMPS mass ratio is 97.5:1.5:1, P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) has the best overall performance. Our results suggest that the P(AN‐co‐MA‐co‐AMPS) has potential as a precursor for carbon fibers.

2,5-Tetrahydrofurandimethanol as a sustainable comonomer for modification of polyethylene terephthalate: Liter-level pilot test and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics

2,5-tetrahydrofurandimethanol (THFDM), which is an alicyclic diol in products of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), is a sustainable monomer to protect environment for replacing the role of isophthalic acid (IPA) and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) which were optimized polyethylene terephthalate (PET) performance. By direct esterification method, poly (ethylene-co-tetrahydrofurandimethanol terephthalate) (PETT) was synthesized in 2.5 L reactor. The results showed that the contents of THFDM in copolyester were less than that feeding ratio attributed to its lower reaction reactivity. The color of PETT slightly turned yellow. PETT performed broader processing temperature window, while Tg maintained in good range because of the cyclic structure of THFDM. Especially, the cold crystallization occured in PETT but not in PET after finishing melt crystallization. Otherwise, the thermal stability and crystal structure of PETT remained the same as PET. The crystallization activity of PETT became significantly lower than PET. What proved THFDM was effective in reducing PET crystallinity was that crystallization kinetics using Jeziorny theory and the trend of activation energy of melt crystallization which was calculated by Friedman method. And PETT-2 fibre had comparable mechanical property to PET fibre. In the advancement of green chemistry, THFDM has added a choice of cyclic bio-based comonomers.

Tailoring the properties in conjugated copolymer P(EDOS-co-EDOT): Electrochemical polymerization and role of heteroatom

Considering the significant work on copolymerization, very little is known about the copolymerization of two heteroaromatic rings to generate new properties. In this work, we report a series of conducting copolymers [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene)-co-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)] [denoted as P(EDOS-co-EDOT)] synthesized via anodic polymerization using different feed ratios of two engaged monomers. Three feed ratios of monomers 3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene (EDOS) and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were used as 5:1, 1:1, and 1:5 for electrochemical copolymerization in acetonitrile containing 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as a supporting electrolyte. Corresponding homopolymers PEDOS and PEDOT were also prepared from monomers EDOS and EDOT, respectively, by electrochemical polymerization to sight the analogy and differences in the properties of obtained copolymers with respect to individual homopolymers. Copolymers were structurally characterized via Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The redox traits, optoelectronic properties and surface morphology of as-prepared polymer films were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry and field emission scanning electron microscope, respectively. Electrochemical stability of the copolymers was examined by repeating redox cycles. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to get an understanding of the trends in energy levels, and comparisons were made with the experimental results. Copolymer films exhibited deep blue color in the neutral state while transmissive gray in oxidized state. Electrochromic properties of the copolymers were carried out, and found highest optical contrast ratio to be 36.86% and coloration efficiency of 62.89 cm2 C − 1 for 1:5 ratio. It was found that all the copolymers have different highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels resulting from their distinct redox behavior and band gap values lie within the range of homopolymers. Thus, copolymerization is an effective route for the synthesis of polymer to tune the properties for electronic applications.

FORRAJE VERDE HIDROPÓNICO COMO ALTERNATIVA FORRAJERA EN LA ALIMENTACIÓN ANIMAL

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;Animal feeding and nutrition constitute the main limitation in livestock farming in arid and semi-arid zones, because it depends to a large extent on imported concentrated feed. Hydroponic green fodder (FVH) represents an efficient and economical alternative to obtain food with high nutritional value for domestic animals. However, little has been used due to ignorance of the method to produce it and its benefits. &lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;To analyze the scientific information available on the agronomic, productive and nutritional attributes of HGF, and its potential as a forage resource in animal feed. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology. &lt;/strong&gt;A bibliographic review was carried out based in the following databases: Scopus, NCBI, Springer, Science direct, Google Scholar, Redalyc, ResearchGate and other digital repositories, using keywords in Spanish and English, such as hydroponic green fodder, hydroponic technology, hydroponic food and alternative fodder. &lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; The HGF production cycle is basically carried out in six stages: &lt;em&gt;i&lt;/em&gt;) seed selection, &lt;em&gt;ii&lt;/em&gt;) seed washing and disinfection, &lt;em&gt;iii&lt;/em&gt;) seed hydration, &lt;em&gt;iv&lt;/em&gt;) sowing and germination, &lt;em&gt;v&lt;/em&gt;) growth, and &lt;em&gt;vi&lt;/em&gt;) harvest. Biomass production increases progressively in relation to a higher seed sowing density. The optimum harvest period for forage is from 12 to 14 days after sowing. However, the volume and yield of production must be assessed in terms of the nutritional quality of harvested fodder. In prolonged harvest periods, the crude protein content increases, while the dry matter content decreases. In cattle and goats, partial diet supplementation with HGF improves milk production and composition, as well as the weight gain rate and feed ratio, due to increased feed intake and nutrients digestibility. In monogastrics, the total replacement of conventional feed with HGF affects feed intake and growth rate. &lt;strong&gt;Implications. &lt;/strong&gt;More research is required to determine the adequate portion of HGF in the supplementation of animal diets, without affecting their productive performance, especially in the case of monogastrics. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion. &lt;/strong&gt;The HGF technology represents a viable and economical alternative to counteract the scarcity of fresh and nutritious food, especially in dry seasons of arid and semi-arid areas; as well as in urban or suburban areas where there is limited land area for conventional fodder production.&lt;/p&gt;

Two-Step Spin Forming of Thin-Walled Heads with Lateral Normal Flanged Holes

A thin-walled head with a lateral normal flanged hole is a key part of a propellant tank, and its low-cost and high-precision forming process is very challenging. In this paper, a two-step method is proposed to preform the head via marginal-restraint mandrel-free spinning and then to realize the flanging of the lateral normal hole using a punching–spinning method. Finite element analysis of round-hole punching–spinning flanging shows that the larger the thinning ratio and the roller fillet radius, the lower the rebound and contour rise amount; the larger the feed ratio, the lower the rebound and the higher the contour rise amount. Further study on the effects of round-hole punching–spinning flanging on the secondary deformation of thin-walled heads shows that the deformation of the head in the area around the flanging hole is less severe than that of the flat blank, and the deformation in the circumferential direction is different from that in the busbar direction. Finally, it is verified through experiments that the two-step method can realize the spin forming of thin-walled heads with lateral normal flanged holes.

Dielectric barrier discharge induced Oxid-Ti3C2Tx/UIO-66-NH2 composites for efficient phosphopeptides enrichment

Enrichment of phosphopeptides is a crucial step in phosphoproteomics study. At present, combination of multiple affinity chromatography is regard as an efficient phosphopeptide enrichment strategy. Therefore, designing and preparing composites with multiple affinity sites is of great significance. Herein, the Oxid-Ti3C2Tx/UIO-66-NH2 composites with multiple affinity sites are rapidly synthesized by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology at low temperature and atmospheric pressure. The in-situ nucleation of UIO-66-NH2 and TiO2 can be flexibly regulated through the feed ratio of MOF precursors and the DBD duration individually. The UIO-66-NH2 has large specific surface area, high porosity and plentiful Zr-O clusters. Oxid-Ti3C2Tx provides abundant exposed Ti sites and Ti-O clusters. Based on these, Oxid-Ti3C2Tx/UIO-66-NH2 composites exhibited high sensitivity (0.1 fmol μL−1), satisfactory selectivity (BSA: α-casein = 100: 1, molar ratio) and superior repeatability for phosphopeptide enrichment. In addition, the composites performed well in biological samples like nonfat milk (24 phosphopeptides), human saliva (15 endogenous phosphopeptides) and human serum (all 4 endogenous phosphopeptides), demonstrating a huge application potential in phosphoproteomics study. More importantly, this study opens a new path to synthesize MXene/MOF composites with controllable oxidation degree and flexible compositions regulation efficiently, revealing its broad application prospects in various fields.

Sb3+ and Sm3+ co-doped lead-free Cs2NaInCl6 double perovskite nanocrystals for single-component cold white emitter

Metal halide perovskites exhibit promising prospect in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodetectors and bioimaging. However, the workhorse of metal halide perovskites relies on toxicity lead element, which severely damages human body and environment. Among lead-free perovskites, Cs2NaInCl6 double perovskite is one of the most promising candidates because of its great stability and easy synthesis, but suffers inadequate optical performance. Here, we doped Sb3+ and Sm3+ into Cs2NaInCl6 nanocrystals by a hot injection method. Cs2NaInCl6:Sb3+ exhibits blue emission at 447 nm. Cs2NaInCl6:Sm3+,Sb3+ nanocrystals simultaneously generate the blue emission of Sb3+ and the multiple emissions of Sm3+ at 565, 602, 650 and 710 nm. With the increase of Sm3+ feed ratio, the emission color of Cs2NaInCl6:Sm3+,Sb3+ gradually moves to cold white region at (0.27, 0.28) in CIE chromaticity diagram and correlated color temperature of 11840 K. This work shows the potential application of Cs2NaInCl6:Sm3+,Sb3+ nanocrystals as a single-component cold white emitter.