Feed Consumption Rate Research Articles

Effect of atractylenolide III on interstitial cells of Cajal and C-kit/SCF pathway of rats with loperamide-induced slow transit constipation

Purpose: To determine the effect of atractylenolide-III (ATL-III) on loperamide-induced slow transit constipation (STC) in a rat STC model, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved.
 Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6 per group): normal control group (NG), model group, and three STC rat groups treated with different doses of ATL-III, viz, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg. The rats were treated for 15 days. Feed consumption, fecal excretion and intestinal transit rate were determined. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), somatostatin (SS), serotonin (5-HT), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein and mRNA expressions of C-kit, SCF, PKC, and PI-3K were assayed using Western blot analysis and realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively.
 Results: The amount, weight, and moisture content of stool, and water consumption were significantly higher in ATL-III-treated groups than in the untreated (model) group (p < 0.05), whereas no difference was observed in feed intake. Intestinal transit rate was higher in the ATL-III-treated groups (p < 0.05). Decreased NOS, SS and VIP levels and increased 5-HT level were seen in the ATL-III-treated groups (p < 0.05). ATL-III treatment also induced increases in smooth muscle cells, neuronal cells, and mucous layer (p<0.05). Results from RT-PCR and Western blot revealed that ATL-III–treated groups had elevated c-kit, SCF, PKC, as well as PI-3K mRNA and protein expressions (p < 0.05).
 Conclusion: These results suggest that ATL-III mitigates loperamide-induced STC in rats via stimulation of NOS, SS, VIP, and 5-HT secretions. It also increases smooth muscle cells, neuronal cells, and mucous layer, and regulates the signaling pathways involving PKC, PI3K, SCF, and c-kit.

The Effect of the Use of Licorice Leaf Powder on the Productive Performance of Layers Chicken ISA Brown

This study was conducted in the field of poultry for the Department of Livestock - Faculty of Agriculture -Kirkuk University for the period 10/14 until 2019/12/9 To find out the effect of different levels of glyyrrhizaglabra leaf powder on productive performance and some of the fascal qualities of blood and intestinalflora of white chicken. In this experiment In this experiment, 28 chickens at the age of 24 weeks wereused., randomly distributed to the cages with five treatments and a rate of two repeaters per treatments(2b/treatments), the first treatments (control) diet without any addition while the second, third, fourth andfifth treatment was taken on a scent edited by Glyyrrhiza glabra 0.25, 0.5.0.75, 0.1% respectively, Theexperiment period of 56 days was divided into three equal periods (14 days/ period). I has shown in theproductive qualities produced in the rate of egg production in the first period significant different the third,fourth and fifth treatments and in the general rate significant different the fourth and fifth treatments In theaverage weight of the eggs, there were no significant differences between the treatments. We note in theegg mass rate in the second period the fifth treatments significant different on the other treatments. At thegeneral rate, the treatment fourth and fifth on the other treatments In the rate of feed consumption shows asignificant different in the first and second periods and the general rate in the fourth and fifth treatments onthe other treatments and in the third periods significant different the fifth treatments In the food conversion.

사육수온이 강도다리 치어의 성장에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to investigate the optimal water temperature (low temperature; LT: 5, 8, 11 and 14℃, high temperature; HT: 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29℃) on growth of juvenile starry flounder. In the LT experiment, we used juvenile starry flounder averaging 19.3±0.1 g/fish (Mean ± SD) of body weight, in the HT experiment, the experimental fish averaging 15.8±2.7 g/fish (Mean ± SD) of body weight, and we reared the fish for 80 days. Survival of fish of LT group was >96.3%, and HT groups was >90.0% except for 29℃ (48.0%). Feed consumption, feed efficiency, weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) in 5℃ was significantly lower than of fish reared at other temperature, and significantly higher weight gain was observed in 11 and 14℃ than other temperature of LT group. Highest weight gain and SGR was observed in 17℃ in HT group, and 29℃ was significantly lower than of fish reared at other temperature. Visceral somatic index and hepatosomatic index were not significantly difference among the temperature. Considering these results, the optimal rearing temperature range for normal growth and feed efficiency of juvenile starry flounder is 11-20℃.

PENGARUH FREKUENSI PEMBERIAN PAKAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELULUSHIDUPAN BENIH KERAPU CANTANG (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus >< lanceolatus)

Cantang grouper juveniles are fish that have a habit of being cannibalistic if the feed needs are not met, this tends to occur at the juveniles stage. So that in the maintenance of cantang grouper juveniles, it is necessary to provide the right frequency of feeding, because with the right frequency of feeding it will be able to meet the nutritional needs of the cantang grouper juveniles which are expected to increase the growth and survival of the grouper juveniles. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of feeding frequency on the growth and survival of Cantang grouper juveniles (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus> <lanceolatus). This study consisted of four treatments, namely treatment A (3 times a day), B (4 times a day), C (5 times a day) and D (6 times a day). Each treatment had three replications. The method used in this research is experimental research with a completely randomized design (CRD). Some of the variables measured were the level of feed consumption (TKP), feed utilization efficiency (EPP), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate (SR). The results showed that feeding had a significant effect on the variable rate of feed consumption (TKP), feed utilization efficiency (EPP), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and relative growth rate (RGR), survival rate (SR), which was known as treatment. D (6 times a day) is the best treatment with TKP results of 58.37 ± 1.89 grams, EPP of 87.57 ± 2.46%, PER of 1.75 ± 0.05%, RGR of 5.14 ± 0.20%, and the highest SR was 96.67 ± 2.89%. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that treatment D in the form of feeding with a frequency of 6 times a day is the best treatment in increasing the growth and survival rate of Cantang grouper juveniles.

The effect of feeding different levels of dandelion leaf powder (Taraxacum officinale) in the diet on the productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens, strain Ross-308.

This study aimed to know the effect of feeding different levels of dandelion leaf powder on the productive and some physiological traits of broiler chickens, in which 180 one-day age chicks of the unsexed Ross 308 strain were used. The chicks were distributed randomly into 4 treatments that included each treatment (3 replicates at an average of 15 chicks for each replicate). The transactions were divided into The first (control) treatment was without addition, the second, third and fourth treatments included the addition of dandelion leaf powder at a concentration (1.0,1.5,2.0) g/kg feed respectively. The results showed that there was a significant increase (P<0.05) for T2 and T4 birds in the mean live body weight and total weight gain, with a significant decrease (P <0.05) in the total feed consumption rate and obtaining the best feed conversion factor for T4 birds compared to the rest of the treatments. In addition, there was a significant decrease (P <0.05) in the blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations of the two treatments T2 and T4 birds, with a significant decrease (P <0.05) in the cholesterol concentration and a significant increase (P<0.05) in the Glutathione peroxidase concentration in the blood serum of T4 treatment birds compared to With the other treatments, a significant decrease (P <0.05) of Malnualdehyde concentration (MDA) was obtained for all additive treatments compared to control. We conclude from this that adding dandelion leaf powder at a concentration of (1.0, 2.0) g / kg feed to the broiler chickens diet has a positive effect on improving the productivity and some physiological traits of broiler chickens.

The Solid Influence of Spread on the Growth and Survival Rate of Sea Worm's (Nereis sp.)

Nereis sp. including one of the commodities that have high economic value as well as important commodities in the world of aquaculture. The survival rate of organisms affected by good cultivation management include solid spread, feed quality, water quality, parasites or diseases. High spread solids will have an impact on the decrease in growth rate, feed consumption and survival rate. Therefore, the importance of research on solid spread because it is very closely related to the production and growth speed of cultivated biota. This study was conducted to find out the influence of different scatter solids on the growth and life's smoothness Nereis sp. The research was conducted for 35 days of maintenance using marine worm biota or Nereis sp. The method used is an experimental method using a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with 5 treatments and 3 repeats namely, Treatment 1: solid spread 50 individuals/m2, Treatment 2: solid spread 100 individuals/m2, Treatment 3: solid spread 150 individuals/m2, Treatment 4: solid spread 200 individuals/m2 and Treatment 5: solid spread 250 individuals/m2. Treatment with solid spread 150 individuals / m2 (P3) gives the best influence in improving the growth and survival of Nereis sp. 0.7838 g and 93.33%.

Effect of Different Levels of Local Concentrated Protein Manufactured from Slaughterhouse Wastes on some productive Traits of Broiler

The current study was conducted to find out the effect of using locally manufactured protein concentrate on some productive traits of broilers (weekly body weight rate, weekly weight gain rate, weekly feed consumption rate, food conversion factor) used in the experiment 225 broiler chickens (female) of the age of one day (breed Ross-308) Chicks were distributed randomly into five treatments, with three replications (15 chicks / replicate). The trial parameters were as follows: The first treatment (control T1) provided for the chicks with a diet containing 4% imported protein, the second treatment (T2) for the chicks with a diet containing 2% imported protein + 2% manufactured protein, the third treatment (T3) provided for the chicks with a diet The fourth treatment contains 4% synthetic protein, the fourth treatment (T4) is provided for the chicks with a diet containing 6% manufactured protein and the fifth treatment (T5) using a diet containing 8% manufactured protein. The results showed the absence of significant differences between the trial parameters in all the studied traits, which included live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption rate and feed conversion factor.

Effects of live, artificial and mixed feeds on the growth and energy budget of Penaeus vannamei

Penaeus vannamei is one of the largest yield of shrimp aquaculture in the world, which has efficient feed conversion rate, fast growth rate and exhibits high tolerance to poor culture water conditions and with high market demand. However, bottlenecks in culture exist, such as environmental issues caused by culture intensification and quantities of artificial feeds increase, and disease outbreaks occur with increased frequency. We assessed effects of feeding P. vannamei for 35 days with live, artificial and mixed feeds on its feeding activity, growth and energy budget. Our results indicate that growth of mixed feed group to be significantly higher than that of live or artificial feed group (P < 0.05), which the SGRw, SGRl and SGRe of mixed feed group are 2.38 ± 0.15, 0.80 ± 0.13 and 2.43 ± 0.09 (%·d−1), respectively. Survival and growth performance of live feed group are higher than those of artificial feed group (P < 0.05). Feed consumption rate and energy conversion rate of live or mixed feed group are higher than those of artificial feed group (P < 0.05), which feed conversion efficiency of mixed feed group is higher than that of live or artificial feed group (P < 0.05). Diet has a significant effect on energy flow in P. vannamei (P < 0.05). The proportion of energy from consumed feed directed towards growth is the highest in live feed group and the lowest in artificial feed group. With the exception of respiratory energy, the proportion of energy consumed by growth, excretion, molting and feces in mixed feed group was intermediate level of that in the live or artificial feed group. Live feed has better promotion on the survival and growth of P. vannamei. Considering the ecological and economic benefits, the mixed feeds is favorable to the rapid growth of shrimps, which is suitable for the cultivation of this species.

EVALUATION OF BREWERS DRIED YEAST PROTEIN IN BROILER DIET

The value of brewers dried yeast protein (BDY) as a replacement of fishmeal in the diet for broiler starters was investigated. In the experiment BDY replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 amd 100% of the fishmeal in the fiet. The average liveweight gain response to increasing levels of BDY at 6 weeks of age was 950.3g, 980.78, 981.8g, 950.5g and 953.2g respec tively. While the figures for the feed/gain ratio were 2.35, 2.28, 2.30, 32 36 and 2.39 respectively. There was no significant differences between these values. Also, the mean feed consumption data for different dietary treatment through the period showed no significant differences. This result suggests that under the conditions of this experiment BDY could replace completely all the fishmeal in the broiler starter diet without any adverse effect on the rate of gain, feed efficiency, or feed consumption of broiler chicks.

Sequential feeding with diets varying in amino acid content for growing-finishing pigs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of daily phase feeding (DP) and sequential feeding (SEQ) on the feeding behavior, performance, and body composition of growing-finishing pigs. Sixty barrows at 29.7 ± 2.8 kg body weight (BW) were assigned to one of four treatments: DP with a blended proportion of feeds A (high nutrient density) and B (low nutrient density) was adjusted to match 100 % of daily amino acid (AA) diet recommendations (DP100); a negative treatment, which matched 70 % of daily AA diet recommendations (DP70); and two SEQ with a blend of feeds A and B, adjusted twice a day (at 00h00 and 12h00), to match 70 or 110 % of daily AA diet recommendations during two 12 h intervals: SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110. DP70 and SEQ showed a lower feed consumption rate compared to DP100 (p < 0.05). Compare to DP100, pigs in both SEQ programs had a similar average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency ratio (G:F) and body fat and lean mass ( p > 0.05). SEQ110-70 and SEQ70-110 showed similar ADFI, ADG, G:F and body lean mass (p > 0.05). However, fat gain was greater in SEQ110-70 than in SEQ70-110 (p < 0.05). Overall, the SEQ program does not improve performance and body composition. Furthermore, feeding pigs a diet with a higher AA level during the first 12 h of the day and a lower AA level during the remainder of the day increases fat deposition.

ЭКОЛОГИЯ ИНТЕГРИРОВАННОГО ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ РЫБЫ И ГУСЕЙ

The article deals with the problem of growing fish in integration not only with ducks, but also geese. The planned livestock is determined by the land and water resources available on the farm. The standards of fish cultivation and feed consumption rates for raising geese are considered. The article provides a brief technology of keeping geese in the pond water area. The economic efficiency of the integrated cultivation of fish and geese in reservoirs of complex purpose is emphasized.

Feed intake and feeding behavior traits for gestating sows recorded using electronic sow feeders.

Electronic sow feeding (ESF) systems are used to control feed delivery to individual sows that are group-housed. Feeding levels for gestating sows are typically restricted to prevent excessive body weight gain. Any alteration of intake from the allocated feeding curve or unusual feeding behavior could indicate potential health issues. The objective of this study was to use data recorded by ESF to establish and characterize novel feed intake and feeding behavior traits and to estimate their heritabilities. Raw data were available from two farms with in-house manufactured (Farm A) or commercial (Farm B) ESF. The traits derived included feed intake, time spent eating, and rate of feed consumption, averaged across or within specific time periods of gestation. Additional phenotypes included average daily number of feeding events (AFE), along with the cumulative numbers of days where sows spent longer than 30 min in the ESF (ABOVE30), missed their daily intake (MISSF), or consumed below 1 kg of feed (BELOW1). The appetite of sows was represented by averages of score (APPETITE), a binary value for allocation eaten or not (DA_bin), or the standard deviation of the difference between feed intake and allocation (SDA-I). Gilts took longer to eat than sows (15.5 ± 0.13 vs. 14.1 ± 0.11 min/d) despite a lower feed allocation (2.13 ± 0.00 vs. 2.36 ± 0.01 kg/d). The lowest heritability estimates (below 0.10) occurred for feed intake traits, due to the restriction in feed allocation, although heritabilities were slightly higher for Farm B, with restriction in the eating time. The low heritability for AFE (0.05 ± 0.02) may have reflected the lack of recording of nonfeeding visits, but repeatability was moderate (0.26 ± 0.03, Farm A). Time-related traits were moderately to highly heritable and repeatable, demonstrating genetic variation between individuals in their feeding behaviors. Heritabilities for BELOW1 (Farm A: 0.16 ± 0.04 and Farm B: 0.15 ± 0.09) and SDA-I (Farm A: 0.17 ± 0.04 and Farm B: 0.10 ± 0.08) were similar across farms. In contrast, MISSF was moderately heritable in Farm A (0.19 ± 0.04) but lowly heritable in Farm B (0.05 ± 0.07). Heritabilities for DA_bin were dissimilar between farms (Farm A: 0.02 ± 0.02 and Farm B: 0.23 ± 0.10) despite similar incidence. Individual phenotypes constructed from ESF data could be useful for genetic evaluation purposes, but equivalent capabilities to generate phenotypes were not available for both ESF systems.

Examining the effects of adding boric acid at different doses into mixed feed on fattening performance, carcass characteristics, and bone quality of Japanese quails

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding different doses of boric acid (H3BO3) to the mixed feed of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) on fattening performance, carcass and bone properties. For this purpose, a total of 96 quails aged 15 days were balanced according to their live weight and sex, and 4 trials were randomly divided into groups. Each group is composed of 4 repetitions. Trial groups; the control group (C) given mixed feed, the group with 100 mg / kg boric acid (BA) added to the feed BA100; 300 mg / kg boric acid was added to the feed group BA300 and 500 mg / kg boric acid added to the feed group BA500. Data for the fattening period were followed for 15-43 days. At the end of the experiment, carcass and bone characteristics of 8 quails (two quails from each repeat) from each group were examined. The live weight and live weight gain of the quail was similar among the experimental groups (P&gt;0.05). Adding boric acid to feed did not affect feed consumption and feed utilization rate (P&gt;0.05). While the breast rate decreased significantly due to the increasing levels of boric acid addition (P&lt;0.01), an increase in the back and neck ratio was detected (P &lt;0.05). The highest thigh ratio was found in BA300 and BA500 groups (P&lt;0.05). Carcass yield, wing and liver rates were similar between the groups (P&gt;0.05). Tibia and femur weights and dimensions were not affected by the addition of boric acid (P&gt;0.05). The highest femoral ash level was determined in the BA300 group (P=0.05). The tibia ash level increased from the Control group towards BA300 and was the lowest in the BA500 group (P&lt;0.05). As a result, while the addition of boric acid to the feed cannot be affected to the fattening performance of quail, its effect on carcass and bone properties has been found significant.

Empirical modeling of feed conversion in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growth

Litopenaeus vannamei or Pacific white shrimp is one of the main shrimp species cultivated around the world. Despite its easy handling, there is no detailed description of its metabolic performance. This work developed a novel mathematical model for L. vannamei growth based on mass conservation and chemical equations for feed oxidation, allowing to calculate shrimp specific growth rate, specific rate of feed consumption, specific rate of ammonia nitrogen excretion, and oxygen specific consumption rate. Results, when compared to literature data, indicate a correlation higher than 99%, demonstrating that the proposed approach can successfully predict the growth based on the assessed parameters. Through this strategy it is possible to optimize the management of shrimp cultivation, especially in relation to dissolved oxygen, availability of feed and ammonia excretion, according to each stage of shrimp growth. Based on the environmental conditions maintained during the present study, the result of the present mathematical model can be a potential tool for reducing costs and environmental impacts in aquaculture shrimp farm.

Assessment of Dietary Selenium and Vitamin E on Laying Performance and Quality Parameters of Fresh and Stored Eggs in Japanese Quails.

The effect of dietary supplementation with VE and Se on the laying productive performance, immunity, and the quality parameters of fresh and stored eggs was assessed. For this study, five treatments, namely control (basal diet), control plus 30 mg of VE and 0.4 mg kg−1 sodium selenite (VE30SS), control plus 30 mg of VE and 0.4 mg kg−1 of Sel-Plex® (VE30SP), control plus 120 mg VE and 0.4 mg kg−1 Sodium selenite (VE120SS), and control plus 120 mg VE and 0.4 mg kg−1 Sel-Plex (VE120SP), were examined. There was no huge impact of VE and Se on feed consumption, FCR and egg yield rate. Quality parameters of fresh egg including egg surface area, eggshell thickness, yolk selenium concentration, albumen height, and Haugh unit were significantly increased following VE and Se supplementation (p < 0.05). For stored eggs, VE and Se significantly increased egg yolk color intensity (p < 0.05). Regardless of storage temperature, eggs from birds fed with VE and Se had less weight loss during 30 days of storage. Albumen height was significantly higher in VE and Se fed birds in eggs stored at 5 °C for 15 and 30 days. The combination of Sel-Plex with either levels of VE had significantly higher blood total antioxidant capacity. Dietary VE and Selenium, notably Sel-Plex, improved the antioxidant potential of blood and egg quality of laying quails.

Evaluating the effect of feeding starters crumbles on the overall performance of broilers raised for 42 days

The physical form of feed affects the feed consumption and growth rate of broilers. A 42-D experiment was conducted to determine the effects of broiler starter feed form on the growth performance of broilers. A total of nine hundred 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chicks with an average initial BW of 38 g were randomly distributed into 36-floor pens with 25 birds per pen. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments within a location block to provide 9 pens per treatment. Birds were fed the dietary treatments during the starter phase from day 1 to 21 followed by a common mash diet from day 22 to 42. Dietary treatments were made up of 1) 21 D mash (M); 2) 7 D crumbles followed by 14 D mash (7C); 3) 14 D crumbles followed by 7 D mash (14C), and 4) 21 D crumbles (21C). Overall the BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were increased (P < 0.001) for the birds fed crumbles compared with those fed the mash diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.001) for the birds fed crumbles compared with those fed the mash diet. Birds fed 21C were heavier at 21 D and 42 D and had improved (P < 0.001) FCR compared with those fed the other diets. The results of the study suggest that feeding broiler chicks crumbles as opposed to mash diet for a minimum of 7 D improved BW, ADG, ADFI, and FCR.

THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN DRINKING WATER OF BROILERS ON PERFORMANCE AND SOME CHEMICAL BLOOD TRAITS

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of water supported by dissolved oxygen in the drinking water of broilers, in their performance and some chemical blood traits. A total of 90 birds one-day old of the Ross308 were used. At The week the birds were distributed randomly in 3 groups with 3 replicates / group (10 birds / replicate). The first included T1: T2 and T3: Oxygen-supported drinking water at a rate of 2 hours /2 times/ day, 2 hours /3 times / day in succession. The results showed that drinking water with oxygen resulted in a significant increase in the mean body weight and weight increase and a significant improvement in the food conversion coefficient with a significant decrease in the feed consumption rate especially in the treatment (T3 when exposed birds three times a day (T3) T1 and T2, with significant decrease in serum glucose and cholesterol concentration in T2 and T3 compared with T1, and no significant differences were observed between the experimental parameters in total protein concentration and AST and ALT activity. These results indicate that oxygenated watering can be used as a tool to improve growth and physiological performance in broiler production.

THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN DRINKING WATER OF BROILERS ON PERFORMANCE AND SOME CHEMICAL BLOOD TRAITS

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of water supported by dissolved oxygen in the drinking water of broilers, in their performance and some chemical blood traits. A total of 90 birds one-day old of the Ross308 were used. At The week the birds were distributed randomly in 3 groups with 3 replicates / group (10 birds / replicate). The first included T1: T2 and T3: Oxygen-supported drinking water at a rate of 2 hours /2 times/ day, 2 hours /3 times / day in succession. The results showed that drinking water with oxygen resulted in a significant increase in the mean body weight and weight increase and a significant improvement in the food conversion coefficient with a significant decrease in the feed consumption rate especially in the treatment (T3 when exposed birds three times a day (T3) T1 and T2, with significant decrease in serum glucose and cholesterol concentration in T2 and T3 compared with T1, and no significant differences were observed between the experimental parameters in total protein concentration and AST and ALT activity. These results indicate that oxygenated watering can be used as a tool to improve growth and physiological performance in broiler production .

Magot Flour Performance in Increases Formula Feed Efficiency and Growth of Nirwana Race Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Tilapia is an economically important fish and is widely cultivated in Indonesia. More food in tilapia farming uses fish meal which needs to be replaced because of dependence as an imported product that affects production costs. One of the local raw materials that can be used as a source of animal protein is magot. This study aims to analyze the right proportion of magot flour with a combination of fish meal and magot flour in feed so as to produce maximum growth and feed efficiency for tilapia seeds. This research was conducted in September to December 2019. Test fish used were tilapia seeds measuring 1-2 cm with an average weight of 0.16 g with a stocking density of 1 fish / m3. Fish are fed twice a day with a percentage of daily feeding of 3% of fish biomass. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatment in this research is, treatment A = substitution of fish meal 100% with magot flour 0%, B = substitution of fish meal 75% with magot flour 25%, C = substitution of fish meal 50% with magot flour 50%, D = substitution of flour fish 25% with 75% magot flour, E = substitution of 0% fish flour with 100% magot flour. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) if there were significantly different treatment effects followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the addition of magot flour 50% gave a significant result (P &lt;0.05) on protein retention with a value of 14.83%, a specific growth rate with a value of 2.00%, absolute weight growth with a value of 4.34 g, and efficiency of utilization feed with a value of 93.59%. No effects were found in the the feed consumption rate and fish survival. Treatment C combination of 50% fish meal and magot flour can give the best results for the growth of Nirwana race Tilapia.

Growth performance of giant gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) fed with combination of fish meal and azolla flour (Azolla microphylla

Giant gourami has a high economic value, but slow growth. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to improve the quality of feed and the cultivation system. Feed used in this experiment was formulated feed with different ratio of combination of fish meal and azolla fermented flour. The cultivation system used in this study was a recirculation system. This study aimed to determine the effect of different ratio of matterials combination in feed on the growth performance of gouramy. This study used an experimental method with the completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replicate. The treatments were the ratio of combination between fish meal and azolla fermented flour, viz: A (100:0%), B (75:25%), C (50:50%), D (25:75%) and E (0:100%). The body size of fish ranged of 7 – 9 cm with an average weight of 8.8 g ind.-1. The results showed that the provision of artificial feed with different combinations gave a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on growth performance of gourami. The best results were obtained in treatment B with the value of specific growth rate of 0.52±0.01, absolute body weight of 2.06±0.05, feed consumption rate of 93.63±0.43, protein efficiency ratio of 6.39±0.16 and the feed convertion ratio was 1.00±0.25. The best protein retention was achieved in treatment B with the value 13%.