Federation Internationale De Football Association Research Articles

The Effect of Stretching, Foam Rolling, and FIFA 11+ Warm-ups on Performance and Pain in Athletes with Knee Pain

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most prevalent disease of the knee. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of various warm-up methods on several performance measures and pain intensity in athletes with and without PFPS.
 Methods: This clinical trial study included 18 to 24-year-old professional female athletes with or without PFPS. Both groups performed warm-up protocols, including general stretching, foam rolling, and Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ warm-up exercises in three test sessions simultaneously. The data collection procedure was implemented on three separate days in one week. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) to measure the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) were examined before and after each session.
 Results: No significant difference was observed between the effect of different warm-ups in groups with and without PFPS regarding the use of the SSC (P = 0.185), while there were significant differences in the effect of various warm-up protocols on LESS (P < 0.001) and pain scores (P < 0.001).
 Conclusion: Using the foam roller as a warm-up method can decrease the pain intensity in athletes with PFPS but may increase their LESS score. In addition, there was no difference in the effect of various warm-up methods on the SSC between athletes with and without PFPS. Finally, it seems that foam rolling should be used with more caution as a part of warming up in athletes with PFPS.

An Institutional Issue on Football Competition, Indonesia League Tragedy

Beginning with the overflow of mass emotions which led to uncontrolled collective action causing as many as 135 people to die and more than 750 others to be injured in a sports match. This article analyses a problem that has shocked the people and government in Indonesia and has become one of the most important issues in world football from an institutional perspective. In the first two weeks after the incident, the police, the main football organization in the country, and the event organizers seemed to try to escape responsibility. However, the country's swift move to immediately form a Joint Independent Fact Finding Team (TGIPF) on D+1 two weeks later concluded that the match management had committed many violations of the basic principles as guided by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). Through analysis of secondary data, namely news coverage in the mass media, social media, and qualitative analysis of video recordings from interested parties, this article reiterates that ignoring standard standards in the form of official football rules is a fundamental problem as the cause of a human tragedy.

Klasifikasi Sentimen Transformasi dan Reformasi Sepak Bola Indonesia Pada Twitter Menggunakan Algoritma Bernoulli Naïve Bayes

Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) carried out Transformations and Reformations to Indonesian Football with one of them Indonesia was chosen as the Host of the U-20 World Cup in 2023. The transformations and reformations carried out cause people to often provide opinions through social media Twitter. Opinions given by the public can be positive or negative. The research uses Text Mining to classify sentiment in 2 categories with the Bernoulli Naïve Bayes algorithm. This research aims to classify positive and negative sentiments and determine the level of accuracy value of the sentiment classification results of Indonesian Football Transformation and Reformation. The research stages carried out are data collection, text preprocessing, data labeling, TF-IDF weighting, Bernoulli Naïve Bayes classification, and evaluation. Based on the research results from 4907 data there is duplicate data and only uses 2125 data which is divided into 90% training data and 10% testing data, so as to get accuracy with a high category value of 88%. The classification results show that many tweets are positive sentiments.

Tackling noncommunicable diseases in Africa through football: The case of Malawi

AbstractThere is evidence that physical inactivity and dietary factors are more common among modifiable risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) which are on the rise in Malawi. Football has been shown to have a wide range of health‐related benefits in health education programs, including the promotion of physical activity as a potential intervention in addressing NCDs. In Malawi, few football‐based health promotion programs have been implemented to address NCDs. Among the programs implemented were the Federation Internationale de Football Association 11 for Health initiative which was a school‐based health education program for the youth and the Malawi Ministry of Health's SPORTS FOR HEALTH initiative targeting civil servants. These programs produced significant improvement in physical activity in the participants and also increased their knowledge of both communicable and NCDs. However, these initiatives were not rolled out to many sites across Malawi. As Malawi is tackling rising cases of NCDs, football can be used as a powerful tool in promoting physical activity and it also provides an important platform for the delivery of NCDs’ health promotion messages to a wider audience. Such football‐based initiatives must be designed to directly address modifiable risk factors of NCDs. For successful implementation, there must be a good collaboration among the Ministries of Health and Sports, local football leagues, and other stakeholders.

Effects of FIFA 11+ injury prevention program in reducing the Non-Specific knee injuries incidence rate among soccer players. A systematic review and meta-analysis

Soccer players most frequently suffer from severe leg injuries, particularly effecting the knee. Soccer players worldwide, of all ages, genders, and levels of expertise, frequently encounter with knee injuries. These injuries have a negative influence on physical activity and lost workdays, as well as high medical expenses. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the effectiveness of various injury prevention programs in lowering the number of knee injuries related to soccer. The main aim of this study is to assess the potential effects of Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ injury prevention program in reducing the non-specific knee injuries in soccer players. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, PubMed Central, Cochrane central library, Ovid Medline, Worldwide science (Organization), and APA Psycnet databases from February 2002 to February 2022. A total of 65,232 records were in databases, with 98 records from organizations, and after removing duplicate entries and completing the screening procedure, this meta-analysis included three cluster randomized control trials with 3,833 participants that matched our inclusion criteria. The major criteria for inclusion and exclusion were randomized control trials that used the FIFA 11 + injury prevention program for not less than 6 months and reported the overall incidence rate of knee injuries without addressing individual knee injuries. Results: The FIFA11+ injury prevention program was found to be effective based on total injuries per 1000 hours of exposure, according to pooled statistics. There was significant statistical reduction in knee injury risk ratio (IRR) of 0.477 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.367- 0621 p=0.000). Teams using FIFA 11+ injury prevention program demonstrated up to 47% of reduction in knee injuries as compared to the control group which performed usual warm up exercises as intervention. Conclusion: This comprehensive review and meta-analysis show how effective the FIFA 11+ injury prevention program is at preventing non- specific knee injuries in soccer players. This protocol is registered in international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO (CRD42022298748).

FIFA ranking: Evaluation and path forward

In this work, we study the ranking algorithm used by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA); we analyze the parameters that it currently uses, show the formal probabilistic model from which it can be derived, and optimize the latter. In particular, analyzing games since the introduction of the algorithm in 2018, we conclude that game’s “importance” (defined by FIFA and used by the algorithm) is counterproductive from the point of view of the predictive capacity of the algorithm. We also postulate that the algorithm should be rooted in the formal modeling principle, where the Davidson model proposed in 1970 seems to be an excellent candidate, preserving the form of the algorithm currently used. The results indicate that the predictive capacity of the algorithm is considerably improved by using the home-field advantage (HFA), as well as the explicit model for the draws in the game. Moderate but notable improvement may be achieved by introducing the weighting of the results with the goal differential, which, although not rooted in a formal modeling principle, is compatible with the current algorithm and can be tuned to the characteristics of the football competition.

The Root of Violence in Kanjuruhan Tragedy: An Evaluation for The Police Institution

The Kanjuruhan tragedy is the biggest football tragedy in Indonesia, even the second largest after similar catastrophe in Peru in 1964. The highlight of this tragedy was the shooting of tear gas by the police. This is certainly Contrary to the regulations of the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), that firearms and tear gas cannot be used for crowd control. The purpose of this study is to review academically the roots of violence for evaluation for Indonesian Police Institutions to be better and such tragedy will not happen again in the future. This study employes Erich Fromm's theory to solve the roots of violence. The method used a qualitative method with a case study approach with data collection techniques of observation, interviews, and documentation in Kanjuruhan, Malang. The results obtained by the researchers are that the Kanjuruhan tragedy is classified as destructive violence, this is because many casualties in the tragedy were caused by panic and less conducive conditions. In connection with this, the National Police institution must implement proper regulations.

“Football is war” – FIFA's reactions to a real war and the response of football fans

PurposeThe commentary examines the possible rational for Federation Internationale de Football Association(FIFA) sending a series of tweets on the Russian invasion of Ukraine.Design/methodology/approachThe commentary counts and analyses the number of tweets sent by FIFA media between 1 February and 1 March, 2020 and indicates that these concerning the war in Ukraine represent a radical departure from past topics. Stakeholder engagements with the tweets on the war were recorded and these far surpassed other regular topics.FindingsFIFA's stance in condemning the war and taking direct action against Russia was effective in generating far greater stakeholder engagements in Twitter than other football-related posts. While the tweets were favourably received by many fans, not all of that response was positive, and in fact, some were extremely hostile.Originality/valueAn analysis of tweets and their responses provides a relatively new and powerful mechanism for gauging stakeholder engagements. The authors also contribute to the literature on communication strategies of sporting bodies by demonstrating how the integration of social issues into social media posts is likely to exhibit a strong response, albeit not always favourable. When sporting bodies (such as FIFA) depart from their core mission, they risk alienating some stakeholders when they delve into controversial social and/or political issues.

A Game of Whac-A-Mole

Abstract This article focuses on the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement's utilization of ‘fluidity,’ conceptualized as the ability to adapt campaign tactics to multiple arenas and political opportunity structures simultaneously. Framing BDS as both a social movement and a transnational advocacy network, it demonstrates the movement's fluidity in the context of three campaigns: the campaign at the 65th FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) congress in 2015, which illustrates an ‘outsider’ strategy aimed at intergovernmental institutions; the 2014 Olive Declaration of municipalities endorsing BDS, which illustrates how local ‘insider’ campaigns can combine to create a translocal campaign; and the ‘Ferguson-Gaza moment’ in 2014, which illustrates how movements can engage at the level of civil society and embed themselves in the broader global justice movement.

FIFA World Cup 2022 and the Risk of Emergence of Zoonotic Diseases

The 2022 Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup will take place in Qatar and will be a one-of-a-kind mega-crowd gathering. This is the first time in history that people from all over the world would gather in such a concentrated place. There is a higher chance of spreading zoonotic illnesses from one community to another among those who travel internationally, therefore tourists should be aware of the dangers they may face and take precautions. The public health system of the country hosting the event must be equipped to avoid the spread of zoonotic diseases considering the current global climate. The potential for an increase in cases of COVID-19 and monkeypox is notably heightened by this event. Possible exotic diseases such as the Marburg virus disease could also be spread. Due to Qatar’s inexperience in hosting such major events, it is crucial to invest heavily in training for the early identification of infectious illnesses and the prevention of their spread among event attendees. Visitors to Qatar 2022 should acquire the most up-to-date information available and be aware of the usual precautions that should be followed. Your immunization record must be up to date. Hospitals and other medical facilities in Qatar would be wise to increase their readiness for mass casualty occurrences given that this small location is hosting such an event for the first time. To better meet the health needs of its population, the government of Qatar should promote health advice materials in different languages and keep an adequate supply on hand. The potential for the emergence of zoonotic diseases is briefly reviewed here considering the upcoming FIFA World Cup in 2022.

Correlation Between Neck Strength and Heading Performance in Male Football Players

Football, also known as soccer, is the world's most popular sport, which involves multiple factors that consist of physiological, technical, tactical, mental and physical components. The technical skills involved in the game are juggling, speed dribbling, passing, shooting and heading. Repetitive impacts of the head to the ball have been shown to result in potential overload mechanism during the game. The injuries during heading are high when the head comes in contact with the elbow (41%) and headto- head impact (32%). The need and purpose of this study is to understand the correlation between neck muscle strength and heading performance in football players. The neck strength of the flexors and the extensors was assessed by the Baseline pushpull dynamometer and to test the heading precision, The Federation Internationale de Football Association Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) test battery which is designed by The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was selected. A total of 63 players were assessed and the results showed that a positive relationship is seen in the mean strength difference and the forward heading, and a positive relationship is seen in the mean strength difference and the right side heading. This study concludes that the neck extensors muscle strength and the neck flexors muscle strength are important for the heading performance in football players. Also, if the neck extensors strength is more than the neck flexors muscle strength, the heading performance was better.

The Empire Strikes Back: FIFA 2.0, Global Peacemaking, and the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup

In October 2016, Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) announced a landmark reform package that ushered in a new era of global football governance known as FIFA 2.0. Despite decades of profitability for its most visible event - the Men’s World Cup (MWC) - FIFA’s leadership had come under intense scrutiny following a corruption and bribery scandal over the MWC selection process and hosting approaches. In this article, we use a critical investigative framework to examine the conjunctural politics of FIFA 2.0 through a critical analysis of official FIFA documents, published media reports, and official bid documents for the 2026 MWC - the first in the FIFA 2.0 era. By selecting the United 2026 bid, FIFA seemingly moved beyond market expansionism and urban redevelopment strategies, seeking instead to functionally and symbolically (re-)imagine the event’s purpose as a principal agent for promoting global peace, unity, and international diplomacy. We offer a rich genealogy of FIFA’s growing presence in global geopolitics – an approach we theorize as global peacemaking – and argue that FIFA’s approach is a rationally and purposefully constructed organizational strategy aimed at exploiting the material and symbolic value(s) of global unity, peace, and international diplomacy as a means of capital accumulation, neoliberal marketization, and an intensification and consolidation of FIFA’s global football empire. We discuss how FIFA’s global peacemaking has accelerated the commercialization MWC and led to an increasingly interdependent and mutually constitutive relationship between the MWC and FIFA.

The effect of the video assistant referee (VAR) on referees' decisions at FIFA Women's World Cups.

Video assistant referee (VAR) has been implemented in women's football, aiming to improve referees' decision-making, but its impact has not yet been analyzed. This study intended to explore how the VAR affects refereeing decisions at Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Women's World Cup competitions. The sample includes all 52 matches played in the 2015 tournament before VAR was introduced and all 52 matches played in the 2019 competition where VAR was deployed. For each match, data on ten variables were collected: first half playing time, second half playing time, total playing time, penalties, offsides, fouls, goals, corner kicks, yellow cards, and red cards. The match variables were compared before and after VAR implementation using a Mann–Whitney U test, a Bayesian analysis, a generalized linear model, and a non-clinical magnitude-based inference. The results demonstrated that after VAR was introduced, playing time during the first half [p < 0.001, BF10 = 547.05, Cohen's d = 1.06, 90%CI (0.71, 1.40)], the second half [p < 0.001, BF10 = 57.09, Cohen's d = 0.91, 90%CI (0.57, 1.25)], and the entire match [p < 0.001, BF10 = 1,120.39, Cohen's d = 1.33, 90%CI (0.97, 1.69)] increased significantly with moderate to large effect sizes, while the number of penalties, offsides, and fouls did not vary significantly neither did the number of goals, corner kicks, yellow cards, and red cards. This study has practical implications for professionals in terms of a better understanding of VAR's impact on elite women's football.

An audit of injuries among elite Malaysia U19 and U22 league soccer players

Background: Knee injuries are the most common injury among Malaysian elite athletes. However, an injury profile of elite soccer players in Malaysia is yet to be determined. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the injury characteristics among elite, male U19 and U22 soccer players. Materials and Methods: Four teams were observed throughout the 2018/2019 season, where a total of 111 players were documented in accordance with the Federation International de Football Association Medical and Research Centre accord to determine the incidence, class, severity and causation of injuries among elite, male U19 and U22 soccer players. Results: From a total of 111 players (U19: n = 58; U22: n = 53) during the 2018–2019 season, a sum of 64 injuries were reported to the team physicians of the participating teams in the current study, representing an estimated 0.58 injuries per player throughout a single season. From the total number of injuries, 57.8% (n = 37) injuries were registered to the U22 age group, whereas 42.2% (n = 27) were reported in the U19 Age Group. When factoring in the number of players in each respective age group, the number of injuries among the U22 age group was higher than the U19 age group (0.72 vs. 0.47 injuries/player/season). Conclusion: Most soccer injuries reported were lower limb injuries, newly sustained and required up to 14 days of treatment before returning to full participation in the competition. Match-play injuries appeared to be more common than training injuries, with the ankle and knee joints being the most common injury locations. Sprains and ligamentous damage were the most common injury class sustained by players.

Injury prevention programs that include balance training exercises reduce ankle injury rates among soccer players: a systematic review.

What is the effect of injury prevention programs that include balance training exercises on the incidence of ankle injuries among soccer players? Systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis. Soccer players of any age, sex or competition level. The experimental intervention was an injury prevention program that included balance training exercises. The control intervention was the soccer team's usual warm-up program. Exposure-based ankle injury rates. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria. The pooled results of injury prevention programs that included balance training exercises among 4,959 soccer players showed a 36% reduction in ankle injury per 1,000 hours of exposure compared to the control group with an injury risk ratio (IRR) of 0.64 (95% CI 0.54 to 0.77). The pooled results of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) injury prevention programs caused a 37% reduction in ankle injury (IRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.84) and balance-training exercises alone cause a 42% reduction in ankle injury (IRR 0.58, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.84). This meta-analysis demonstrates that balance exercises alone or as part of an injury prevention program decrease the risk of ankle injuries. PROSPERO CRD42017054450.

The FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program: Awareness, Implementation, and Opinion of Children’s Football (Soccer) Coaches

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program was developed and shown to effectively reduce football-related injuries in numerous studies. The aim of this study was to assess the awareness, implementation, and opinion of children’s football coaches worldwide regarding the FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program efficacy using a self-administered questionnaire. Six hundred children’s football coaches were invited through their local Football Federations to complete the online survey consisted of questions relating to awareness, implementation, and coaches’ opinions of the FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program. A total of 486 children’s soccer coaches completed the survey. The survey was available in different languages. A total of 202 (41.6%) of the children’s football coaches reported awareness of the FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program and 155 (31.9%) reported implementing the FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program in their current practice. Participants who reported implementation of the FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program also reported a positive attitude towards program efficacy, with a score of 8.19±0.88 out of 10. To conclude, there is a need for further efforts and research to increase international awareness and implementation of the FIFA 11+ Kids Injury Prevention Program.

Candidate City Human Rights Proposals for the 2026 World Cup: The Promise of a Positive Legacy

Since 2017, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has incorporated human rights risk assessments into its bidding requirements for major events, beginning with the competition to host the 2026 FIFA Men’s World Cup.1 This process began at a time of increased scrutiny on the impact of major events and greater focus on the applicability of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) to sport. In 2014, the Centre for Sport and Human Rights’ founding Chair Mary Robinson, together with John Ruggie (author of the UNGPs), wrote to FIFA in their respective capacities as Patron and Chair of the Institute for Human Rights and Business (IHRB) to stress the need for ‘sustained due diligence […] with respect to decisions about host nations and how major sporting events are planned and implemented’.2 Following recommendations set forth in the letter, expanded upon in Ruggie’s 2016 report ‘For the Game, For the World’, FIFA introduced robust bidding requirements that any country or region wishing to bid to host a World Cup will have to conduct a human rights risk assessment and outline how they intend to mitigate each of the risks identified.3 These requirements are designed to align the World Cup bidding process with the UNGPs.

Qatar Labour Reforms Ahead of the FIFA 2022 World Cup

In response to a forced labour review by the International Labour Organization (ILO) that threatened to turn into a formal international inquiry,1 the government of Qatar commenced an ambitious programme of labour reforms aimed largely at addressing concerns about its treatment of migrant workers. About 2.4 million men and women,2 an estimated 88.4 per cent of the small Gulf nation’s population,3 are migrant workers. It has the second largest known gas reserves in the world, and its airbases are home to the largest United States military installation in the Middle East.4 Yet, the small Gulf emirate garnered little international scrutiny until it was awarded in 2010 the right to host the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) men’s Football World Cup tournament in 2022.

The FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Sustainability Strategy: Human Rights Governance in the Tripartite Network.

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has faced constant accusations of human rights violations associated with World Cup Qatar 2022, with prominent media coverage and international football team demonstrations. This study aims to analyze and discuss the approach taken by the tripartite policy network of actors, namely FIFA, Qatar's Supreme Council (SC), and the Local Organizing Committee (Q22) for the creation of the the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Sustainability Strategy (hereafter WCSS22) published in January 2020. The WCSS22 represents the first time FIFA has clearly articulated its responsibility in connection with impacts that are linked to the construction and operation of World Cup stadia and facilities, in line with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). The strategy was also the first to be planned and delivered jointly by FIFA, the SC, and the Q22. Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) of documents associated with the WCSS22 was performed to answer the following research questions: a) What are the recurrent features of the policy formulation and design process and what role do the UNGPs play? b) How do FIFA and the other policy actors contribute and position themselves in relation to human rights? c) What form did governance (interdependence, interactions, regulated rules, and steering) take in the policymaking process? The study establishes that there are four recurrent features of policy formulation and design: 1) a collective, systematic, and diverse policymaking approach, 2) emphasis on leveraging internal resources and external input, 3) the building foundation of best practice principles, guidelines, strategies, and existing initiatives, and 4) inconsistency on decision-making and accountability measures. FIFA contributes to policymaking primarily through their existing statutes, human rights policy, and commitments to mitigate negative human rights impacts. Furthermore, specified actions, and mechanisms for construction workers' living and working conditions and recruitment processes are articulated by the SC, who take a more prominent role in worker initiatives. Q22, although involved in collective action, and participating in workers welfare, takes a more peripheral role in the policymaking process. In conclusion, it was found that the tripartite policy network of actors represents a participant-based governance approach with cohesive policy formulation, varied resources at their disposal, inconsistencies in accountability measures and with the lead network role dependent on specific actor initiatives and commitments.

The gender pay gap: How FIFA dropped the ball

Abstract The pursuit for equal pay has been a struggle for those striving for gender equality. This struggle is no different in football, where female players face an uphill battle in gaining equal remuneration. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) has remained markedly silent on the issue of the pay gap. However, FIFA’s recent adoption of an extensive human rights framework explicitly includes gender equality, and thus, equal pay. This article examines how FIFA’s new human rights framework and investment programs can support efforts to close the pay gap. The investment in and revenue from the men’s and women’s World Cup tournaments will be examined to illustrate both the pay gap’s existence and the difficulties in addressing it. This article argues this human rights framework is a positive step towards gender equality; however, it must be embedded in FIFA’s governing bodies before equal pay can be remedied. While FIFA may be responsible for the World Cup prize money, FIFA’s member associations are accountable for distributing money to the players. Considering this, this article looks to the Australian member association, Football Australia (FA), as an example of the difficulties facing member associations that try to close the pay gap nationally. On this basis, this article finds that due to the dynamics between FIFA and its member associations, pay parity cannot be achieved by a member association when its purse strings are controlled by FIFA.