Federal State Statistics Service Research Articles

Рынок сыра и сырных продуктов на примере регионов-лидеров Центрального федерального округа России

The Russian market of cheeses and cheese products is rapidly developing. Both federal and regional cheese industries demonstrate a systematic increase in production volumes. This article describes the cheese market in the leading cheese-producing regions of the Central Federal District, as well as outlines some prospects for its development. The authors used official data from the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture, and regional departments of agriculture, as well as interviews with experts. Cheese production in Russia is mainly concentrated in regions with their own raw materials, i.e., Central, Volga, and Siberian federal districts. The regions of Moscow, Bryansk, and Voronezh proved to be the leading cheese producers in the Central Federal District in 2018–2023 while the Voronezh region is the leader in terms of milk production in all categories of farms. The largest share belongs to semi-hard cheeses, followed by processed cheeses and soft cheeses. Traditional cheeses are in priority demand. The Moscow region is one of the leaders in annual consumption of cheeses and cheese products, i.e., 7 kg per capita. The analyzed regional cheese markets have great potential, given the capabilities of local producers who are actively introducing the latest production technologies and assortment policies.

A decade of decent work in Russia

This article presents the results of a study of the state and dynamics of the main indicators of «decent work» in the period from 2012 to 2022 in our country. The analysis was based on the relevant indicators recommended by the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the articles presented in visualized material based on statistical information posted on the website of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. The main research methods were information analysis and statistical analysis. The study made it possible to draw the necessary conclusions based on its results. It is shown that the overall percentage of population employment remains relatively unchanged and is around 60 %. Positive trends, in general, include such indicators as a decrease in the unemployment rate, including, by gender, a decrease in the level of injuries, the number of overtime hours and the duration of work more than 48 hours a week; the decrease in the share of employees with low wages is almost linear downward trend, etc. Such areas as «Adequate earnings and productive employment», «Decent working hours» and «Safe work» fully correspond to the labor requirements of the 21st century. At the same time, existing problems that require a fair solution in the Russian labor sphere are emphasized. First of all, we are talking about the level of wages for men and women in a comparative aspect. The so-called «gender gap» in this area, unfortunately, continues to persist.

Detection of malignant neoplasms in the population of an industrialized region

Introduction. Malignant neoplasms are the leading cause of the death over the world, ranking second after diseases of the circulatory system. The purpose of the investigation — to study the primary detectability, prevalence, and mortality from malignant neoplasms in the population of the industrialized developed region, propose ways of their early detection to prolong labour longevity. Materials and methods. Using the analysis of retrospective statistical data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the Novokuznetsk Branch of the Kuzbass Clinical Oncological Dispensary named after M.S. Rappoport, from 2013 to 2022 the information on the incidence of oncological diseases in whole and in specific locaion was collected. Results. In recent years, the incidence of malignant neoplasms in Russia, the Siberian Federal District, and the Kemerovo Region, among others, has been at a high level and continues to grow. Among men, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer take first place, and the latter has been competing for 2nd place in the structure of oncological pathology since 2020. At the same time, the gain in oncological diseases prevalence falls in the employable age (45 years and older). In addition to the commonly accepted facts about the risk of developing oncological pathology, there are more than 100 factors of the production environment classified as carcinogenic ones. In this regard, Kuzbass, as one of the most important economic regions of Russia, in which the leading role belongs to the industrial complex for mining and processing of coal, iron ores, and various non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy and the construction industry, refers to the regions unfavourable for the development of malignant neoplasms. Limitations. The limitations of the study relate to the impossibility at present to estimate the number of patients with malignant neoplasms employed in harmful labor conditions. Conclusion. As a result of analyzing own data and numerous studies, we propose screening for the most common oncological diseases (lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer) at periodic medical examinations, which will allow identifying these diseases at early stages for timely successful treatment, thereby prolonging labour longevity.

Technological substitution: The key control modes

One of the primary goals of public administration in Russia is ensuring technological sovereignty which is hard to attain without proper planning and coherent technology modernization policy in different fields of economic activity. However, administration tools should allow for the current stage of technological development. The article aims to identify control modes of technology modernization considering the principles of substitution and addition. The foundation of research resides in technological change theory. The research methods applied are taxonomic and structural analysis, statistical generalization. Empirical evidence for 2004–2021 was retrieved from the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). This methodological approach has allowed establishing the key control modes and types of technology modernization – substitution and addition – according to investment in high or low technology, and formulating their central principles. The study also discusses the variants of state policy aiming to extend the country’s technological sovereignty based on the current mode of technological modernization. It is shown that the pseudo effect of technological dualism discovered in the Russian economy suggests utilising special tools designed to optimize the economic structure for boosting investment in new technologies.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В СУБЪЕКТАХ УРАЛЬСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА

Each region has a unique socio-economic and political potential that creates conditions for the development of entrepreneurial activity and business in general. There is a theoretical and practical interest in how much the structure and dynamics of regional development are changing in conditions of tightening and instability of the domestic and world market. The purpose of the article is to study the development of entrepreneurial activity in the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter – SMEs) in the new economic conditions at the level of constituent entities of the Ural Federal District (hereinafter – Ural Federal District). To solve the problems, general scientific research methods were used, including analysis, generalization, synthesis and systematization. The basis for the study was official statistics published by the Federal State Statistics Service, the Unified Register of SMEs, the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion and other sources, as well as sociological studies and scientific publications on the peculiarities of entrepreneurship development in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the country and regional levels. The results of the study indicate a low intensity of the emergence of new enterprises in the Ural Region; the majority of SMEs are characterized by a negative trend and worsening demographics. Among the barriers holding back business development are the bureaucratization of the process of obtaining government assistance, taxes, high interest rates on commercial loans, as well as low expectations of the prospects for the development of their business. Recommendations are presented for stabilizing the situation of running small businesses in the new economic conditions in the subjects of the Ural Federal District. The findings will be useful to researchers in the field of management and regulation of regional development.

STEP analysis of macro-environmental factors affecting medical and drug care for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

Objective: to conduct a STEP analysis (social, technological, economic, political) of macro-environmental factors influencing medical and drug care for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).Material and methods. The materials used were information from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (RF), financial reports of the Ministry of Finance of the RF, the Ministry of Industry of the RF, the Federal Customs Service of the RF, the Federal Treasury, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, data from the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health of the RF, regulatory framework of the RF, data from the State Register of Medicines of the RF and information from domestic and foreign scientific publications. The object of the study was the Department of Hematology and Chemotherapy of the Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (Tyumen). Structural, statistical, analytical, situational-logical, mathematical, graphic methods, as well as content analysis, STEP analysis and ranking were used.Results. Providing medical and drug care to CML patients today is a vital and pressing problem in Russia and around the world. The effectiveness of pharmacotherapy directly depends on certain environmental factors, and each of them influences the functioning of a medical organization (MO) to varying degrees. Analysis of social factors made it possible to trace the dynamics and make a forecast regarding the capabilities of patients and MOs as well as the demand for drug therapy. Economic factors are based on the level of monetary income of the population and the expenditures of the RF budget on healthcare. The role of Russian export and import volumes is shown, first and foremost, the influence of these indicators on domestic prices, demand and on the macro-economic balance in general. Сreditor indebtedness changes the MO financial position and reflects the efficiency of using the monetary resources. Analysis of technological factors allowed assessing the equipment of the MO with medical facilities and drugs. The influence of such factors as the registration of new drugs for the treatment of CML patients and the digitalization program in health care was studied. Based on the analysis of political factors, the state’s interest in the development of domestic medicine and pharmacy was determined.Conclusion. The STEP analysis of external factors influencing medical and drug care for CML patients allowed identifying the most significant ones for optimizing pharmacotherapy in this category of patients, which is relevant for medical practice and the pharmaceutical industry.

Особенности цифровизации арктических регионов России

The article discusses the features of digitalization in the Arctic regions of Russia. The authors pose broad questions: why is it important to develop the Arctic now; what economic interests are behind this; what difficulties are associated with this process; and how can we assess the current level of digital transformation in the Russian part of the Arctic? Based on an analysis of data from the Federal State Statistics Service and forecast indicators for the socio-economic development of regions, the authors assess the current level of digitalization of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation as uneven. The issue of digitalization requires increased attention in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Republic of Karelia. The authors concluded that the digitalization of the Arctic repeats the features of the digitalization of the country: the digitalization of business and industry lags the public sector and households. The main problems are associated with the large financial costs of laying fiber optic cables in remote, hard-to-reach areas with few residents. The authors believe that the most relevant tool for solving existing problems could be joint investments of public and private raw materials companies in laying a fiber-optic cable along the bottom of the Arctic Ocean for the digitalization of the Northern Sea Route (hereinafter referred to as the NSR), as well as across the territory of coastal Arctic subjects. The authors assess the digitalization of the NSR as vital for the development of this logistics route and as the main and most economically beneficial for the development of trade relations with China.

The population morbidity with diseases of ear and mastoid and accessibility of otorhinolaryngological care

The article analyses level and dynamics of morbidity of diseases of ear and mastoid in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) in 2020-2021 and availability of otorhinolaryngological care. The methods of comparative statistics and mathematical analysis were applied to analyze official data provided by the Yakut Republic Medical Information and Analytical Center, the specialized Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Republic Hospital № 2 - Center for Emergency Medical Care and the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. The study established increasing trend of increasing morbidity of these diseases in both the adult and child population. In 2021, the growth rate of overall morbidity of adult population reached 17.7% and 8.8% in children, as compared to 2020. The primary morbidity of adults made up to 22.3%, in children - 15.7%. The comparative analysis demonstrated higher rates of general morbidity in the Republic: by 0.5% as compared with the Russian Federation and by 14.1% as compared with the Far Eastern Federal Okrug. The level of primary morbidity was lower than similar indicators of the compared territories by 17.1% and 3.0%, respectively. It is worth noting that analyzed morbidity of diseases of ear and mastoid reflects prevalence of ENT diseases in the region only indirectly, as the statistical data do not allow to estimate separately rate of upper respiratory tract lesions. Meanwhile, respiratory diseases rank first in the structure of population diseases in Yakutia. The growth of disability in children due to diseases of ear and mastoid requires attention. Among children of 0-17 years old, the indicator of primary disability increased from 0.38 to 0.8 per 10,000 of children population (increase of 110.5%); in children 0-3 years old - from 0.9 to 2.3 per 10,000 of the child population (an increase of 155.6%). The analysis of the number of beds in otorhinolaryngology wards established that that the bed capacity per 10,000 population was 0.6 that is significantly lower than the established standards. The article emphasizes need to adjust the Federal standards for hospital bed capacity, taking into account climatic and geographical conditions of the region, which contribute to spread and chronization of ENT diseases.

Gender-age peculiarities of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in tuberculosis in a high-density region: a retrospective cohort study

Background. Infections associated with socially significant diseases considerably contribute to a decrease in the quality of public health. Tuberculosis, though declining in Russia, is still recognized as a pressing public health problem. Meanwhile, an assessment of the burden of tuberculosis on society, using such comprehensive methods as measuring disability-adjusted life years, is yet to be investigated in Russia. Objective. To estimate the tuberculosis burden by calculating the index of disability adjusted life years in a high-density region.Methods. The retrospective cohort study involved data on newly-diagnosed and died of tuberculosis cases that corresponded to the annual reporting form of federal statistical surveillance No. 8 “Information on active tuberculosis cases” for the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania; information on patients who died of tuberculosis or tuberculosis combined with infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus, was obtained from the Department of Civil Status Records of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and verified with data from the Federal State Statistics Service; data on tuberculosis-associated disability was received from Main Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2018 and 2022. Following the analytic dataset, 691 people with newly-diagnosed tuberculosis, who received TB-associated disability and died from TB in 2018 (318 people) and 2022 (373 people) were identified. The study involved calculation of gender and age standardized TB morbidity and mortality rates as well as DALY index with its components: Years of Life Lost due to tuberculosis and Years Lost due to Disability. The study involved comparing data between 2018 and 2022 and gender/age-specific indicators within the same year. Mathematical data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2017 (Microsoft Corporation, USA) and SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc., USA). Differences between the compared indicators were evaluated by Chi-square criterion with variations, the initial data were grouped in a contingency table, the significance of differences was expressed by p-value.Results. The burden of tuberculosis in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania refers predominantly to the male population: with a gender difference in the decrease in the disability-adjusted life years in 2018 and 2022 by 4.4 and 9.0 times (p < 0.05), respectively; 2.8 times among males, 5.5 times among females (p < 0.05). The burden of tuberculosis is mainly associated with premature mortality due to tuberculosis among males aged 35–54 years and among females aged 35–44 years with a pronounced decrease in Years of Life Lost. Years of Life Lost among males aged 20–34 in 2022 appears two times higher than the cohort average. The increase in Years of Life Lost among males aged 60–64 accounted for 1.7 times, in Years Lost Due to Disability — 11.2 times (p < 0.05). Years Lost Due to Disability among females aged 20–44 years appeared to be the highest, exceeding the cohort average by more than two times in 2018.Conclusion. The burden of tuberculosis is predominantly due to tuberculosis-related premature mortality among the male population. According to the disturbing conclusion, Years of Life Lost among young males aged 20–34 years and tuberculosis-related premature mortality shift towards the male population of pre-retirement age (60–64 years) with an increase in Years Lost Due to Disability among them. Notably, the study reveals high rates of Years Lost Due to Disability among females aged 20–44. The results obtained should be taken into account when developing regional tuberculosis programs with their targeted use in “vulnerable” age and gender groups of the population.

ИНДЕКС ФОНДООТДАЧИ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ФАКТОРЫ РОСТА

The scientific article contains an analysis of scientific literature on ensuring the efficient use of fixed assets in enterprises, research on capital productivity and capital intensity, and the development of main directions for the efficient use of fixed capital. The dynamics of the coefficients of renewal and disposal of fixed assets in the economy are presented in graphical form. The information base for the study was data from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service. The maximum values of the renewal coefficient were observed in 2018, 2019 and 2022, and the minimum in 2015, 2020 and 2021. The maximum values of the retirement rate are presented in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and the minimum in 2019, 2020 and 2021. An econometric study of the capital productivity index showed an inverse and very weak relationship with the value of gross domestic product and the cost of fixed assets (the value of the correlation coefficient (index) (-0.1)): with an increase in the value of gross domestic product and the value of fixed assets in the period under study, no growth was observed capital productivity index. The value of the gross domestic product and the cost of fixed assets have a direct and close relationship (the value of the correlation coefficient (index) is 0.9): the annual growth of the gross domestic product is accompanied by an increase in the cost of fixed assets. A matrix of correlation coefficients (indices) was constructed to calculate the total correlation coefficient (index). The result of calculating the total correlation coefficient (index) (its value is 0.4) showed that there is a direct and weak connection between the capital productivity index, the value of the gross domestic product and the cost of fixed assets: the growth of the capital productivity index is weakly related to the growth of the gross domestic product and the cost of fixed assets funds.

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЗЕМЕЛЬ В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ЗАДАЧИ ЗЕМЛЕУСТРОЙСТВА

The author, based on record of the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadaster and Cartography (Rosreestr), the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Resources of the Nizhniy Novgorod Region, the territorial body of the Federal State Statistic Service of the Nizhniy Novgorod Region, gives a comprehensive analysis of the state and the use of agricultural lands of the Nizhniy Novgorod region. The necessity of carrying out required measures for planning and organizing the rational use of agricultural lands and their protection, having regard to the specifics of the region, is substantiated. It was revealed that, despite the provision of the region with land resources, the following negative trends are observed in the change of the land fund of the studied subject of the Russian Federation: reduction of agricultural, including arable land, increase in the area of forest lands due to agricultural land and reserve lands, decrease in acreage, the presence of unused arable land and unclaimed land shares, deterioration of the quality condition soils, the annual increase in washed-away soils of agricultural lands. The main causes of negative processes are anthropogenic factors, such as: historically established remoteness of land from economic centers, short-term lease, low resource availability, non-compliance with crop rotations, and natural conditions. Due to the fact that the region is inhomogeneous in terms of soil, climatic, material, technical and labor resources, the author provides a comparative description of the state and use of agricultural land by zone. As a result of the research, the necessity of carrying out required land management works (hold a complete inventory, drafting inter-farm and farm land use planning of agricultural organizations, with the implementation of the proper crop rotations and the development of a set of anti-erosion measures), performing pedological, geobotanical and other surveys of agricultural lands, taking into account the specifics of the region, within the framework of the regional program for the use and protection of land, provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 10 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, dated 25 October 2001, No. 136-FZ.

Стратегические приоритеты развития локальных рынков строительной продукции Центрального Черноземья

Local markets boost domestic production, encourage regional businesses, improve the local economy, and structure the local economy. They are responsible for property relations, interregional economic links, and distribution of goods and services, which is especially relevant under the current foreign sanctions. This article describes a number of socio-economic indicators that affect local markets in general and construction products in particular. The study sample included local markets for construction products in Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, and Tambov, i.e., the major cities in the Chernozem macroregion, also known as the Black Earth Region. Using the theory and methodology of strategizing, the authors analyzed data from the Federal State Statistics Service and revealed that construction work increased per capita in 2017–2021, which indicates a dynamic development of the local markets. The local markets in Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, and Kursk specialize in construction products and services. Their main strategic priorities include a prospective expansion of the range and quality of goods in order to meet the demand and satisfy the local communities and business. These local markets strive to overcome infrastructural constraints and increase the availability and quality of market infrastructure in different sectors. They level interregional differentiation, accelerate sustainable socio-economic development, and achieve local provision security. The research results contribute to urban and regional strategizing, as well as the construction industry.

Post-pandemic: outcomes and prospects of the digitalisation of higher education

The article attempts to analyse the interim results of digitalisation of the Russian higher education system in the post-pandemic period. The research methods include an analysis of regulatory documents, statistical analysis of data gathered by the Federal State Statistics Service, and a secondary analysis of results from research centres of the Higher School of Economics, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, and others. The main findings are related to the analysis of dynamics of indicators responsible for transformation of the social space in the higher education system during digitalisation. The authors view the digitalisation of higher school as a factor that perpetuates social inequality and stimulates the development of its new forms. They conclude that maintaining distance learning in universities contributes to communication barriers within the student community and between students and faculty as well. Slow increase in the digital literacy of teachers is emphasised. During the analysis, the authors conclude that the transformation of higher school through digitalisation is progressing at quite slow rate due to unhurried provision of universities with financial, technical, and personnel resources necessary for the digital transition. The novelty of the work lies in documenting the results of the transformation of social relations within the higher education system during digitalisation and defining its characteristic features, including the readiness of participants of the educational process to implement specific state vectors of the transformation of the Russian higher education

Labour relations in the conditions of innovative development of the Russian Federation

The article provides information about priority directions for development of the information society in the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of data from the Federal State Statistics Service on the indicators and costs of innovative activities of organisations for the period from 2010 to the present, the most and least active areas of innovative organisations are identified which emphasises the unevenness of innovation processes occurring in the country. The key role of investing in the innovative development of the country to ensure sustainable economic development and social stability of Russia is noted. An analysis of current trends in the labour market has recorded an increase in the importance of stability of the company in the market and type of employment as criteria for choosing an employer. A secondary analysis of research results obtained from the recruiting company Get Experts and from the research service of the Russian online recruiting platform HeadHunter made it possible to identify problems of job satisfaction in modern conditions, causes and manifestations of chronic fatigue among employees and employers, and causes of burnout in the workplace. On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that job satisfaction in the conditions of innovative development of the society depends on the extent to which employees can use new technologies and tools to improve their work, develop their skills and knowledge, and also to be involved in decision-making and the development of new ideas.

On the Classification of Regions of the Russian Federation by Level of Socio-Economic Development and Innovation Activity Index

The purpose of the study is to form an effective tool for classifying the regions of the Russian Federation in the context of innovation activity under technological constraints.Materials and methods. The information and empirical base of the research consists of Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, normative legal acts of the Government of the Russian Federation, and open set of statistical data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service. The study provides a multidimensional classification of Russian regions using an indicative analysis of the innovative potential of territories and their socio-economic development, clustering by the Ward method and the Euclidean distance metric, as well as analysis, comparison and illustration of the results obtained using methods of visualizing information in tabular, graphical form, including the usage of cartograms.Results. While creating a model of typologization of Russian regions, a system of indicative indexes with both qualitative and quantitative characteristics was formed. Based on them, cluster analysis identifies five clusters of regions according to the level of innovation activity and socio-economic development, which is based on the final weighted average index (Iiv) of development. The results of the study determine the effectiveness of the author’s approach to the issue of typologization of regions, and emphasize the visibility and interactivity of the tools used within the framework of the model. The use of cluster and comparative analysis using weighted average indexes makes it possible to identify non-obvious patterns between the innovative activity of the region and its level of development, as well as to emphasize intuitively expected connections. All this can form a practical basis for developing effective strategies for regional development and improving the quality of life of the population.Conclusion. The study highlights the importance of analyzing the innovative activity of regions in modern conditions of sanctions wars and restrictions on technological imports. The developed model is a comprehensive tool for analyzing the innovative potential and level of development of regions, which allows identifying key factors of innovation activity and potential growth points, and thereby helping to form the basis for the development of strategies and programs for regional development aimed at improving the standard of living of the population.

Association between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in the adult population of Russia

According to the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia, from 1970 to 2019, cardiovascular diseases remain one of the main causes of death in Russia. To date, the relationship between cardiovascular mortality and deprivation in Russia remains insufficiently studied.Aim. To identify the relationship between regional deprivation and cardiovascular mortality among the adult population of Russia.Material and methods. The Russian deprivation index was used to measure the deprivation level. The index indicators were obtained from official Rosstat statistics and the All-Russian Population Census for 2010. Cardiovascular mortality by age (five-year groups) and sex in the constituent entities of Russia from 2006 to 2012 was obtained from the Russian database on fertility and mortality of the Center for Demographic Research of the Russian Economic School.Results. The fully adjusted model showed a reduction in mortality (Mortality Rate Ratio (MRR), 0,93; 95% confidence interval: 0,91-0,94) in regions with the greatest overall deprivation compared to the least deprived regions. There is a decrease in mortality in the most socially deprived regions compared to the least deprived ones. The fully adjusted model showed a trend toward increased mortality across levels of economic deprivation (from less deprived (Q2) to more deprived (Q3 and Q4) compared to least deprived regions (Q1)). Our study showed an increase in mortality in the most environmentally deprived regions — MRR, 1,02; 95% confidence interval: 1,00-1,04.Conclusion. The study established a link between general, social, economic and environmental deprivation and cardiovascular mortality.

Correlation between income inequality and economic growth in Russian regions: new results based on the Granger causality test

The issue of income inequality is highly relevant in scientific literature. It is caused both by the population’s pursuit of achieving an acceptable level of social justice specific to a particular society and by the property, which is often attributed to income inequality, to negatively influence economic development and growth. This article conducts an analysis of cause-and-effect relations between income inequality in the Russian regions (measured by the Gini index) and the level of gross regional product (hereinafter referred to as GRP) per capita. The primary research method employed is the Granger causality test. The research is based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service on the socio-economic development of Russian regions. Direct and reversal causality tests were performed, revealing that GRP per capita influences income inequality, but not vice versa. Moreover, the logarithm of GRP per capita exhibits a bidirectional relationship with the Gini index for Russian regions. On the basis of the obtained results, it is concluded that for effective management of the issue of regional income inequality, it is advisable to use indirect methods of financial regulation instead of the direct ones and influence income inequality through indicators of GRP per capita in Russian regions, thereby creating conditions for an increase in the standard of living and average income.

Состояние отечественной отрасли козоводства на современном этапе развития России

The article analyzes the state of the goat breeding industry in Russia from 2007 to 2022. Based on official data from the Federal State Statistics Service and data from the All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding, presented in the public domain, an assessment of the state of the goat breeding industry in Russia was carried out and the main trends and patterns were identified. As part of the study, it was revealed that goat breeding in Russia is mainly concentrated in small forms of farming and currently there are no prospects for scalability, while the number of goats is decreasing annually. The leader among federal districts in terms of livestock is the Siberian Federal District, and among the subjects of the Federation the undisputed leader is the Republic of Tyva. Dairy goat farming ranks third in the world in milk production, behind cows and buffaloes. In Russia, there is a clear trend towards increasing milk production. The leader in goat milk production is the Leningrad region. The analysis of modern domestic goat breeding made it possible to formulate the main problems that impede the effective development of the industry in the country and outline possible ways to solve them.

Incidence of the musculoskeletal system diseases in children and the organization of specialized care in Saint Petersburg

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases, effects on the quality of life of children, and disability level are among the main medical and social problems.
 AIM: To assess the morbidity rates and provision of medical care to St. Petersburg children with musculoskeletal diseases between 2017 and 2021.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on the incidence of musculoskeletal diseases in children of St. Petersburg were analyzed based on the Federal statistical observation forms submitted by the St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution Medical Center for Information and Analysis, collections of N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “Trauma, orthopedic morbidity, the state of trauma and orthopedic care for the population,” edited by Acad. S.P. Mironov, RAS, and data from the Federal State Statistics Service.
 RESULTS: In Saint Petersburg, the morbidity rate of musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases from 2017 to 2021 was 13%, excluding 2020, which was most likely due to the introduction of measures aimed at counteracting the spread of COVID-19 and the suspension of planned outpatient specialized care. The number of orthopedic beds for children decreased by 58, whereas the availability of beds for children remained at the same level and amounted to 4.3 beds per 10,000 children, which exceeded the indicator for the Russian Federation (1.0). The number of children with these disabilities increased 1.4-fold. Deaths of children due to musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases were recorded in 2019 and 2020.
 CONCLUSIONS: The results of the 5-year observation period of musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in children in St. Petersburg revealed increasing incidence because of the increase in the number of children newly diagnosed with these diseases.

Modelling economic development of an industrial metropolis

Current turbulence of external environment pushes the research towards exploring municipalities’ economic development. The purpose of the work is to devise a method for assessing the factors behind economic development of an industrial metropolis based on the construction of a production function. Theoretical propositions of macroeconomics and systems analysis constitute the methodological basis of the research. The main method is the construction of the Cobb–Douglas production function given autonomous Hicks-neutral technical change. The evidence is the data of the Federal State Statistics Service’s regional office of Chelyabinsk Region on the production output (volume of own production (works, service) shipped), cost of production assets, and payroll in the city of Chelyabinsk for 2014–2021, as well as price deflators. The model is formalised in the form of a computer program and is registered by the state, which reflects its practical value. The theoretical and methodological significance of the research consists in that for the first time in economic practice it demonstrates that individual elasticity coefficients can take negative values. The findings of the study can be used for forecasting the results of the interventions aimed at increasing the economic sustainability of an industrial metropolis.