Federal Republic Research Articles

An Examination of the Nigerian Climate Change Laws and Policies: Stagnation or Progress?

Climate change is a global issue that affects every country, a pressing issue that requires global response. Nigeria is one of the countries that are most affected by climate change. The Nigerian government has recognized the impact of climate change on the country's economy, health, and environment, and has put in place laws and policies to address the issue. However, the question remains whether these laws and policies are effective in mitigating the impact of climate change or if they are simply symbolic gestures with no real impact on the ground. This paper examines the Nigerian climate change laws and policies to determine whether they are contributing to progress or stagnation. The paper provides an overview of the Nigerian climate change laws and policies, including the Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy (2012) and the National Climate Change Policy (2013). It1 also examines the legal framework for climate change in Nigeria, including the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Act (1992). The paper then analyses the effectiveness of Nigeria's climate change laws and policies, especially the 2021 Act. The analysis is based on a review of relevant literature, as well as interviews with key stakeholders in Nigeria's climate change sector. The analysis reveals that while Nigeria has made some progress in addressing climate change, there are still significant challenges to be overcome. These challenges include a lack of funding, limited public awareness and understanding of climate change, and weak institutional frameworks. It concludes by recommending measures that can be taken to improve Nigeria's climate change laws and policies. Overall, the paper suggests that while Nigeria has made some progress in addressing climate change, there is still much work to be done to ensure that the country is better prepared to tackle this critical issue.

GERMANY NEEDS SKILLED INDIAN MIGRANT LABOUR

Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world, after the USA, China, and Japan, but Germany still needs huge amount of skilled labour especially skilled Indian migrant labour. This Study provides a descriptive analysis of the need for skilled Indian migrant labour in Germany, and according to BAMF (the federal office for migration and refugees), most highly educated Indians are shifting to Germany every year, not only for higher education and employment but also for business purposes, and Germany also needs them, for whom the Federal Republic of Germany tries to make an attractive immigration policy as well as act for skilled workers. But question is arising: why does Germany need skilled Indian migrant labour? Why does Germany want the most a greater number of Indian migrants except Chinese migrants? What does Germany do to attract Indian Migrants? What is the policy for them if they want to work there and try to integrate into German society? This Study was carried out using the labour migration and pull and push migration theory as a method, which includes newspapers, magazines, books, documents from government agencies, related articles, annual reports etc.

The Obligation to Report Cases of Child Sexual Abuse – Comparison of Legal Regulations in Poland, Austria, and the Federal Republic of Germany

Przedmiotem opracowania jest porównanie regulacji prawnych w zakresie obowiązku zgłoszenia przypadków wykorzystania seksualnego dzieci w Polsce, Austrii i Republice Federalnej Niemiec. Autorki skupiły się na analizie sposobu realizacji zgłoszenia przestępstwa pedofilii, konsekwencji prawnych i społecznych niezawiadomienia oraz na różnicach w podejmowanych działaniach ustawodawczych, administracyjnych, społecznych i wychowawczych służących ochronie dobra dziecka.

SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY AS A SERVICE OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST IN THE TIME OF RISING ENERGY PRICES

The purpose of the article is to indicate the particular importance of classifying the supply of energy as a service of general economic interest in the time of the recent increase in energy prices. The analysis of the characteristics of a service of general economic interest and a universal service, in particular, its price, allows to indicate the importance of it being competitive, easily and clearly comparable, transparent, and non-discriminatory. Selected actions and measures taken both at the EU level and at the national level – in the Federal Republic of Germany – are presented. These are actions and measures which are aimed at relieving end consumers from high prices and, on the other hand, creating an incentive to save electricity.

HOW THE CONSTRUCTION OF WIND TURBINES CAN BE LEGISLATIVELY CONTROLLED ON THE BASIS OF PUBLIC INTEREST

In order to implement the energy transition, the Federal Republic of Germany has been relying increasingly on wind energy for several years. Wind farms, both offshore and onshore, play an important role here. Nevertheless, wind energy in Germany suffers from a problem of acceptance. Local residents are afraid of visual and acoustic emissions, species protection concerns are raised, adverse effects on the landscape are claimed, and there are also fears of decrease in value of the properties. For this reason, the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has enacted a law that provides for mandatory participation of citizens and communities in the operating companies of wind turbines (the so-called ‘citizens’ wind farms’). With this law, the federal state shows in an excellent example how state’s influence on the economy and finances can look like in relation to public interests. But this is not the only way the legislator controls these public interest purposes. Recently, it has increasingly been using the ‘overriding public interest’ in legal texts to speed up the construction of wind power plants. These two juxtaposed instruments will be examined in more detail and their suitability will be analysed separately. Finally, the article presents an outlook with a recommendation for action to the federal legislature.

The theory of the public sphere as a cognitive theory of modern society

The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere is a key contribution to political philosophy, media history, democratic theory and political economy – published almost 60 years ago – that left a deep imprint on the process of democratic consolidation of the Federal Republic of Germany. At the same time, the Habermasian model of the public sphere was used to test out the possibilities of democratisation beyond the nation-state. The theory of the public sphere was, however, mainly discussed as a contribution to normative political theory and, as such, the applicability of its normative standards remained contested. In this article, I focus instead on a second sociological reading of Habermas’ theory of the public sphere as an exploration of the cognitive foundations of modern society. The relevance of this approach can be shown in an exemplary way by discussing the functioning of publicity, which, by creating social visibility and facilitating public opinion formation, on the one hand, provides the knowledge base of a shared social world and, on the other hand, becomes the main driver of social change through critical self-reflection. The article goes on to take a look at recent public sphere transformations in the context of digitalisation and globalisation, and argues that public sphere principles are both undermined and gain new relevance when facing the challenges of new and digital media.

Sports Rivalry as an Element of Political Conflict: The Case of Post-Yugoslav States

In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as well as in the states that emerged after its break-up, various types of conflict were evident at many levels. One such conflict has been sports rivalries, which, although intended to be separate from the prevailing political disputes, became a significant element in the escalating conflict between the federation’s nations and republics. This article aims to present and analyze the role of sport and its associated competitions in political conflict, both before and after Yugoslavia’s break-up.

Law Making for Women Empowerment in Gandaki Province, Nepal

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the status of women's empowerment through lawmaking in Nepal's Gandaki Province. Women face oppression and battle for empowerment. According to Nepal's new constitution, women now enjoy legal protections and rights. Similarly, major political parties such as Nepali Congress, Nepal Communist Party UML, and Nepal Communist Party Maoist, which have led the Nepal government from time to time now have the chance to hold positions of leadership, including those of chief justice of the supreme court of Nepal, speaker of the House of Representatives, and President of the federal democratic republic of Nepal. Even though Nepal's Dawarika Devi Thakurati was the first minister in 1959. The Constitution of Nepal (2015) has made the provision of 33% inclusion of women in all the sectors of government including the federal, the provincial, and the municipal. Women are participants at various levels such as legislature, executive, professors of universities, civil servants, Nepal police, Nepal Army, and teacher. Women are currently involved in planning, implementing, and formulating policies. However, they have to overcome many obstacles in order to pursue their opportunities. Nepal is a developing nation that has made an effort to empower women and has given them good opportunities for the country's overall development. In Nepal, women have equal access to opportunities in the social, economic, political, and cultural sectors as well as Nepal's economic development. The present study reveals that the Gandaki province's legislators have played a crucial role in the overall development of this province, and just like the women legislators in the other seven provinces, they empower themselves and institutionalize women's rights by upholding democratic values and norms.

Legal regulation of the health care system of the Federative Republic of Brazil

The article summarizes the views of legal scientists and medical scientists engaged in research in the field of public health. From the standpoint of the theory of medical law, legislative acts are analyzed that have led to significant achievements of the healthcare system of the Federal Republic of Brazil, which is a member of the BRICS and whose experience (legal and organizational) is of interest to specialists in the field of healthcare organization of other member countries of the international organization. The Brazilian health care system is not only in a stable legal field, but also in the first places in the ranking of world health systems. In this regard, experts study the experience of Brazil as a country with vivid geographical, social and economic contrasts, especially in the field of public health. The State pays primary attention to the legal issues of the organization of medical care and places healthcare in the priorities of national policy. A Unified healthcare system has been created and is functioning within the framework of the State healthcare system. Medical services provided in accordance with this system are free of charge and cover all citizens of the country regardless of socioeconomic status and territorial location of residence.

MIGRATION FROM TURKEY TO GERMANY: INTEGRATION POLICY AND THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

The aim of this article is to assess the extent to which German integration policy with particular regard to the German language has been adopted and modified over time, in the context of Turkish migration to Germany. For this purpose, first the history of migration from Turkey to Germany is outlined, focusing on key events such as the recruitment agreement in the 1960s, the recruitment stop and the ‘return assistance’ in the 1970s and 1980s, the rise of racism in the 1990s and 2000s, and the emergence of the ‘New Turkish Wave’ in the 2010s and 2020s. Subsequently, German integration policy and the role of the German language within it will be traced through different phases: the absence of an integration policy in the 1960s and 1970s, Germany’s status as an ‘immigration country that does not want to be an immigration country’ in the 1980s and 1990s, the transition from immigration law to integration policy in the 2000s, and the era of ‘welcome culture’ and concrete integration policy in the 2010s and 2020s. Finally, it will be determined to what extent the integration policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, especially with regard to the German language, adapts the lifeworld of Turkish migrants currently living in Germany and thus facilitates their successful integration into German society.

Brazilian Transnational Normative Entrepreneurship on RWP and welcoming of Venezuelan Refugees

The present study aims to analyze the gap between the position of the International Relations of the Federative Republic of Brazil towards the conceptual enlargement of the institute of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to Responsibility while Protecting (RwP), practiced while addressing the case of Muammar Gaddafi’s Libya, towards the current situation of Venezuelan refugees on Brazilian borders and the judicial decision on closing borders, appreciated at appeal level by the regional section of Federal Justice in Brazil. Brazilian Foreign Relations, in an exercise of normative entrepreneurship, presented Responsibility while Protecting as an alternative to R2P, in the sense that, as humanitarian intervention shall be taken as ultima ratio, measures to reestablish peace and development in affected States must be a priority of action on an international level, deviating from the use of force. However, in a moment when a neighboring country goes through a political crisis that attracts the attention of great powers to the possibility of intervening, Brazil fluctuates between positioning itself favorably to the welcoming of refugees and, at the same time, judicially closing borders. Thus, it might be that RwP can be considered as a mere exercise of political theory an international level. The position the Brazilian State adopts when the responsibility while protecting – an institute of Brazilian initiative – crosses our borders is somewhat different from its discourse towards it.

The Status of the German Language in Modern Germany: a Brief Description of the Language Policy in the Federal Republic of Germany

Introduction. This article is devoted to the modern language policy in Germany. An analysis of intra- and extra-linguistic factors that influence the steps taken by the state in relation to the languages spoken on the territory of the country makes it possible to characterize the position and status of the language of the titular nation in Germany. Consideration of the current situation can help to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of the implemented language policy, suggest further ways of the development of the German language, and also understand the underlying causes of the evolution of the language and its current state.Methodology and sources. The article is based on the results of the analysis of modern studies of the role, status and specifics of the German language by such linguists and philologists as Yu.V. Kobenko, S.A. Zhilyuk, V.I. Kozhevnikova, A. Kirkness, W. Hendelmeier, as well as the analysis of the main laws and legal acts in Germany regulating its language policy. For a more complete description of the studied phenomenon, the classic works of N.B. Vakhtin, E.V. Golovko, A.D. Schweitzer, L.B. Nikolskiy devoted to language policy, were considered.Results and discussion. Language policy is a powerful tool of social control. Due to the specifics of the formation of a unified German state, it is possible to talk about a systematically implemented language policy only from the end of the 19th century - the moment the German Empire was founded. The current position of the German language in Germany is determined by many extralinguistic factors, both diachronically (primarily by the role and position of the Third Reich in world history) and synchronically (the trend towards intensive cultural dialogue, openness of borders, priority support for the rights of linguistic minorities).Conclusion. At the moment, the German language is affected by the values of multiculturalism and pluralism cultivated in Europe and the actively ongoing process of globalization. Recognizing the importance of the German language in the process of the formation of German cultural identity, the German government is forced to focus primarily on supporting other languages and dialects common in the country. The question of supporting and securing the German language as a state language at the legislative level is still to be discussed.

Urban internationalism: Coventry, Kiel, reconstruction and the role of cities in British–German reconciliation, 1945–1949

AbstractThis article addresses the beginnings of the twinning relationship between Coventry and Kiel to introduce and exemplify the idea of ‘urban internationalism’ as a new lens onto urban histories of town twinning initiatives and a contribution to the historiography of British town twinning. Focusing on paradiplomatic initiatives by municipal officials, religious dignitaries and other citizens in Coventry and Kiel, the article examines the role that cities played in British–German reconstruction and reconciliation in the period from the end of World War II until the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.

Stefania Jabłońska (1920-2017): A giant in 20th century dermatology

Stefania Jabłońska (1920-2017) is remembered as a physician extraordinaire, outstanding medical scientist, and superb professor of dermatology. She served as Professor and Chairman of Dermatology at the Warsaw Medical School. Not only is she one of the most cited of Polish physicians, she also was world renowned, being elected to honorary membership in innumerable dermatology societies. Jabłońska in 1972 was the first to describe the relationship between the human papillomavirus and skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. She collaborated with Professor Gérard Charles Jacques Orth (1936-), with whom she characterized the molecular structure of the oncogenic virus to be the first to be discovered in dermatologic diseases. They also showed that a viral infection could not spread to people with different genetic patterns. For this discovery, Jabłońska and Orth in 1985 were awarded the Robert Koch Medal, which was presented to them by the President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (1920-2015). Jabłońska is the only Polish scientist to be so honored.

The experience of the countries of the European Union regarding the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in penitentiary institutions

The article conducts a theoretical and legal study of the experience of the European Union countries regarding the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in penitentiary institutions. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method of studying social processes, a systematic approach, general provisions of philosophy, theory of the state and law, constitutional, criminal and criminal law, criminology, psychology and private scientific methods of knowledge: historical, comparative legal, sociological and logical . An analysis of international standards for the treatment and detention of convicts was carried out, issues related to the protection of the rights of individuals, ways of implementing the norms of international legal acts that enshrine human rights and freedoms into national legislation were determined. The rights of persons held in correctional institutions are a set of natural and acquired rights, protected by the state, of persons serving a sentence in the form of deprivation of liberty, enshrined in normative legal acts. The legal interest of convicts understood as the established, state-protected right to realize the convicts’ aspirations to own significant goods, which depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions established by law. The relevant international standards analyzed and critically evaluated the Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the European Penitentiary Rules, the Tokyo Rules, the practice of the European Union in the field under investigation. The existing standards of restrictions on the rights of prisoners in France, Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Spain, and Italy reviewed and commented on. The process and problems of implementation of the standards of limitations of rights stipulated in the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine and implementation of the experience of the European Union countries described. It noted that the priorities in the field of execution of punishments in accordance with the Strategy for reforming the penitentiary system for the period until 2026 are: ensuring human rights, observing the minimum standard rules for the treatment and detention of convicted persons, increasing the effectiveness of the criminal enforcement system.

Liability for the encroachment on the activities of judges under the legislation of some states of the EU

The article analyzes the criminal laws of some member states of the European Union in terms of the reflection of criminal offenses related to the encroachment on the activities of judges. In particular, the criminal laws of the countries characterized by the highest Rule of Law Index Scored by Criminal Justice in 2023 were studied: the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Republic of Austria, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The conducted research allowed to compare the criminal law regulation of the relevant sphere of public relations in Ukraine and the above-mentioned states and to make some suggestions for improvement of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine in the analyzed part.It is found out that the criminal legislation of the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands does not contain any special norms on the encroachment on the activities of judges, and “influence” on judges due to their activities is being qualified as an encroachment in a particular form on the activities of a public official. The criminal laws of the Republic of Austria and the Federal Republic of Germany provide for special norms on certain forms of encroachment on judges of certain courts only, who are named as victims in the same articles along with other special victims. Only the criminal laws of the Republic of Estonia and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg contain special norms on certain forms of encroachment on the activities of judges, but these norms mention judges together with other special victims.The fact that none of the analyzed criminal laws of the European Union member states with the highest Rule of Law Index Scored by Criminal Justice has separate norms on the encroachment on the activities of judges exclusively (the judge is either not directly identified as a victim at all, or may be directly mentioned in a particular article of the criminal law, but alongside other special victims), allows us to express doubts about the expediency of having special norms on the encroachment on the activities of judges in the current Criminal Code of Ukraine.

Diplomacy and Afterlife of Biafra in Nigeria

Abstract In the aftermath of the Nigerian civil war of 1967–1970, south-east Nigeria moved from scheming for global recognition of Biafra to agitating for a plebiscite that would determine whether the Igbos wish to remain a part of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. They have received varied degrees of international support in that regard. Using group theory to explain the diverse sectarian grievances within Nigeria, this paper locates the roles of international recognition and extra-Nigerian supports in the prodding and sustenance of the tempos of the agitations for a separate sovereign state of the Igbos out of Nigeria. The paper submits that with the covert and overt supports the separatists received from a cross-section of the global community they achieved the weakening of the ex-British colony, test the strengths and expose the inadequacies of Africa’s most populous country in remaining true to the sanctity of its inherited boundaries. The paper concludes that given the impacts of the struggles on the affected area, the south-east geopolitical zone of Nigeria needs to be made into a land of peace.

A Comparison of Market Economy and Planned Economy: Based on German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany

The economic confrontation between East and West Germany is one of the key topics. Researchers have reached a consensus that the market economy of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is more superior and more realistic than the planned economy in German Democratic Republic (GDR). However, the research still lacks a persuasive explanation about the deep and essential reason why market economy is better than command economy. Also, there are debates about the practical application and future extension of two economic formats. Thus, the study allocates and compares the international relations, important statistic and divergent economy systems of two Germanies, attempting to address these research gaps based on the fait accompli in GDR and FRG. The research outcomes illustrate that in all three domains did market economy in FRG overwhelmed planned economy in GDR, while the command economy also showed strength in particular areas. The outcome of the research indicates that market economy is more superiors and more functional in a macroscopic aspect than planned economy. To be specific, market economy obtains the strengths of developed productivity, a free market with countless chances, the opportunities to compete freely with high rewards and the ability of continuingly creating wealth to the society, while planned economy protects and promotes the equivalence of the distribution of social wealth. Based on it, the emergence of a highly integrated economy is forecasted, which is a combination of market economy and command economy but the main part is market economy.

The Jurisprudence of University Lecturers’ and Students’ Knowledge of Nigerian Education Laws

This study investigates the university lecturers’ and students’ knowledge of Nigerian Education Laws which brings peace, progress, tranquility, and development to an academic environment with a view to find out how lecturers and students are knowledgeable about Nigerian Education Laws. It juxtaposes knowledge of education laws by lecturers and that of the students. It will be of benefit to students, lecturers, the education communities where education law is useful and applicable. It will be of benefit to the law community - the lawyers, judges, lecturers, students among others. Curriculum developers, education administrators, the National Universities Commission, the Federal Ministry of Education and its parastatal/agencies and the public will benefit from this work. Historical and case study designs were adopted. The doctrinal method was used in data collection. The primary sources of data were the Education Ordinance 1887, Education Code 1903, Education Ordinance 1928, Education Ordinance 1916, Education Code 1926, Education Ordinance 1948, Education Act 1952, Education Edicts 1966-1979, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979 and 1999, Education Law 1999 and the Universal Basic Education Act 2004; sources of secondary data were published textbooks, scholarly peer-reviewed journals, and articles. Data were content-analysed, compared, contrasted and presented thematically which brought about the relevance of the study. The research findings are that lecturers and students have knowledge of Nigerian Education Laws and that knowledge of Nigerian Education Laws makes lecturers and students conduct themselves within the purview of the rules and regulations of the institutions. It is recommended that knowledge of Nigerian Education Laws should be a continuous exercise in an academic environment. Lecturers and students should be trained and retrained in respect of the education laws to avoid any gap in the level of knowledge of Nigerian Education Laws.

Prehospital postcardiac-arrest-sedation and -care in the Federal Republic of Germany-aweb-based survey of emergency physicians

This study evaluates the implementation of postcardiac-arrest-sedation (PCAS) and -care (PRC) by prehospital emergency physicians in Germany. Analysis of aweb-based survey from October to November2022. Questions were asked about implementation, medications used, complications, motivation for implementing or not implementing PCAS, and measures and target parameters of PRC. Atotal of 500 emergency physicians participated in the survey. In all, 73.4% stated that they regularly performed PCAS (hypnotics: 84.7%; analgesics: 71.1%; relaxants: 29.7%). Indications were pressing against the respirator (88.3%), analgesia (74.1%), synchronization to respirator (59.5%), and change of airway device (52.6%). Reasons for not performing PCAS (26.6%) included unconscious patients (73.7%); concern about hypotension (31.6%), re-arrest (26.3%), and worsening neurological assessment (22.5%). Complications of PCAS were observed by 19.3% of participants (acute hypotension [74.6%]); (re-arrest [32.4%]). In addition to baseline monitoring, PRC included 12-lead-electrocardiogram (96.6%); capnography (91.6%); catecholamine therapy (77.6%); focused echocardiography (20.6%), lung ultrasound (12.0%) and abdominal ultrasound (5.6%); induction of hypothermia (13.6%) and blood gas analysis (7.4%). An etCO2 of 35-45 mm Hg was targeted by 40.6%, while 9.0% of participants targeted an SpO2 of 94-98% and 19.2% of participants targeted asystolic blood pressure of ≥ 100 mm Hg. Prehospital PRC in Germany is heterogeneous and deviations from its target parameters are frequent. PCAS is frequent and associated with relevant complications. The development of preclinical care algorithms for PCAS and PRC within preclinical care seems urgently needed.