Federal Law Research Articles

Terminology and conceptual apparatus of tissue donation and tissue banking: interdisciplinary expert consensus (Part 2)

The second part of an interdisciplinary expert consensus on tissue banking is presented. An analysis and attempt was made to systematize some of the terms and definitions used by tissue bank specialists in the process of their work and presented in the Federal laws and orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation regulating medical activities in the field of tissue donation and their clinical use.

Individual legal action as minority activism: Romani Germans in 1950s West Germany

AbstractObjectivesSocial movement theory argues that activist movements emerge when the political opportunity structure is favorable. This article contributes to the literature on social movements and minority activism by showing that individual‐level activism happens even without a favorable opportunity structure.MethodsThe legal journal Rechtsprechung zum Wiedergutmachungsrecht (Case Law on Reparations Legislation), published from 1949 to 1981, reported on West German courts’ decisions about reparations claims appeals. All issues were examined for decisions on reparations claims appeals that Romani Germans submitted regarding West Germany's 1953 federal reparations law, despite the unfavorable political opportunity structure. The number of these appeals is reported, and select cases are discussed.ResultsEvery time a Romani claimant appealed a denied reparations claim, they were, according to feminist definitions of everyday activism, committing an act of activism. Such appeals appear repeatedly in the Rechtsprechung zum Wiedergutmachungsrecht, demonstrating that if scholars look for activism at an individual level, not a group level, evidence shows that members of marginalized minority groups engage in activism regardless of the political opportunity structure.ConclusionsThese findings show that, if individual‐level activism is included in scholarly analyses, it becomes apparent that minority activism occurs even when the political opportunity structure is unfavorable.

Принципы преобразования механизма государственных закупок и их применение в Российской Федерации

The research is devoted to the identification, identification and study of the principles of transformation of the public procurement mechanism in modern Russian practice under the influence of current public demands and systemwide challenges. The empirical base of the study is based on the previously obtained results of the study of the functioning of the sphere of public procurement, implemented on the basis of the federal law No. 44-FZ "On the Contract System in the Field of procurement of goods, Works, services for State and Municipal Needs", their place in the state economic Mechanism and quantitative indicators of their impact on achieving the goals of state economic policy. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the differentiation and characterization of various groups of framework restrictions that affect the functioning and transformation of the mechanism of public procurement, as well as determining the directions of functional relationships between these groups. A component of the scientific novelty of the study is also the formulation of the rules (principles) recommended by the author for the transformation of the public procurement mechanism with their subject-descriptive justification and the formation of a systematic representation of their application in relation to the process of sequential transformation of the public procurement mechanism. The scientific contribution of the author to the study of the processes of improvement of the modern sphere of public procurement consists in the application of the method of formal logic in relation to the identification of objective grounds for the constant transformation of the mechanism of public procurement and its sequential transition from one state to another. The result of the study was the author's recommendations on the practical application of the principles of transformation of the public procurement mechanism in order to improve the scope of public procurement activities and increase the effectiveness in achieving the goals of state economic policy through public procurement.

О необходимости внесения изменений в диспозицию статьи 205 УК РФ «Террористический акт»

Introduction. The article is devoted to the matters of updating the existing antiterrorist legislation. Given the increase in terrorist activity in recent decades, both in the world and in the Russian Federation, the effectiveness of the application of criminal law norms and their updating in accordance with new threats is one of the fundamental factors in countering terrorism. Methods. In the study various scientific methods were used: system analysis, critical analysis, formal-logical method, method of legal modeling. Results. The content of article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was analyzed, conflicts of this legal norm were revealed. The legislator simultaneously applies the concepts of «action» and «act», which leads to problems in the law enforcement practice. The methods of committing a terrorist act were analyzed and it was established that this crime can be committed in the form of both action and lack of action. Amendments to the disposition of Part 1 of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are proposed such as replacing the words «other actions» with «other acts», and also replacing the words «in actions» with the words «in acts» in the note to Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study thediscrepancy between the criminal-legal norm of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, where the term «governmental bodies» is used, and the norms of the Federal Law «On the Fight against Terrorism», where the phrase «state bodies, local self-government bodies» is used,was revealed. The analysis of the use of the concept of «governmental bodies» was conducted and it was established that it does not have the legal definition. In order to unify the Russian anti-terrorist legislation and bring it into line with modern realities, it is proposed to specify the content of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, replacing the phrase «governmental bodies» with words «state bodies, local self-government bodies».

Some aspects of the development of the internal control system at the enterprise

The Company establishes internal control as a measure to counteract violations and a tool to protect the interests of the company. Internal controls are procedures implemented by a company to prevent fraud, increase accountability, and ensure the integrity of financial data. Internal controls are unique to each company and are designed according to the size and structure of the company. Effective internal control is aimed at achieving the company’s goals and protecting the company’s interests. Internal control not only eliminates risks for the company, but also reduces unnecessary costs or efforts. Internal control ensures that the company complies with federal laws and regulations in the field of financial data management. Reliable internal controls can improve operational efficiency and ensure the reliability of financial statements during internal or external audits.

Associations between tobacco 21 and state flavour restrictions with young adult tobacco use

BackgroundStates have recently enacted tobacco-related age and flavour restrictions in addition to federal T21 laws. Little is known about the independent effects of these policies on young adult tobacco use.MethodsLinking...

Анализ инновационного развития отраслей российской экономики

The coming decade in Russia has been declared the decade of science and technology, the goal of which is to achieve leading positions in a number of breakthrough industries. It is known that before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia was a leader in space, nuclear energy, electronics, and certain types of high-tech industries. With the collapse of the USSR, Russian science, despite the adoption of the Federal Law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy” [12], entered a ten-year period of destruction, which resulted in the loss of leading global positions in the field of science and an almost fourfold reduction in the areas of scientific research: so, if before 1992 the Russian Federation had a backlog of 95% of the world’s scientific areas, then by 2005 our country had a backlog of 23-25% of the world’s scientific areas. Since the mid-2000s. with the adoption of a number of laws and the beginning of the implementation of a package of new initiatives [11; 10; 13] managed to ensure positive dynamics in a number of innovation-oriented sectors of the economy and science. Active government policy and significant investments in the science and research sector allow Russia to maintain the fifth largest number of scientific personnel in the world. In turn, the developed human potential of science will contribute to achieving the goals of the Concept of Technological Development for the period until 2030 [7]. The article shows the features of the current stage of innovative development in the context of types of activities, identifies negative trends in reducing the level of competitiveness of innovative activities in the science and development sector, and substantiates the conclusion about the need to restore the planned parameters of scientific and technological development for the purpose of technological modernization of sectors of the Russian economy.

On the Issue of Bringing a Controlling Person to Subsidiary Liability for the Obligations of an Inactive Limited Liability Company That Has Ceased Its Activities

The article discusses the issues of bringing to subsidiary liability provided for in clause 3.1 Article 3 of the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies”, designed from the end of 2018 to provide additional guarantees for the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of creditors in the event of exclusion of the company from the unified state register of legal entities as an inactive legal entity on the basis of an administrative act of the registering authority, bypassing liquidation procedures, in accordance with Article 21.1 of the Federal Law “On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs”. In the work, the authors made an attempt to determine the nature and place of this responsibility in the civil law system, as well as to offer recommendations for unifying the practice of its application. As a result of a comparative legal analysis, the authors of the work came to the conclusion that subsidiary liability is a measure of civil liability for a tort, and the norm enshrined in clause 3.1 Article 3 of the Federal Law “On Limited Liability Companies” is an exception to the general rule on the termination of an obligation by liquidation of a legal entity (Article 419 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Due to the similarity of this liability with subsidiary liability in case of insolvency (bankruptcy), the authors propose to apply by analogy the provisions of the provisions of Chapter III.2 of the Federal Law “On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)” and the clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, enshrined in the Resolution of the Plenum of December 21, 2017 No. 53 “On some issues related to holding persons controlling the debtor liable in bankruptcy”.

Evidence-based practice criteria’s effect on the implementation of the Family First Prevention Services Act in Nebraska and Colorado

Child abuse, particularly neglect, is often preventable because many causes of harm stem from poverty, lack of social connections, substance use disorders, mental illness, lack of childcare, and other family support shortages. Prevention of child abuse and neglect starts with family support in these areas. The federal government recognized this need for prevention, and through considerable bipartisan support, passed the Family First Prevention Services Act on February 9, 2018. The Family First Prevention Services Act was designed to divert investment away from long-term foster care and toward programs that prevent unnecessary placement and child protective services interventions. The Family First Prevention Services Act restricts the state’s use of federal funds for institutional foster care placements and uses those savings to fund reimbursements for evidence-based family preservation. The requirement for evidence-based prevention is a first in child-welfare federal law, and compliance with this requirement requires public-private partnership with agencies implementing the models, infrastructure, and evaluation standards that most states must build to be eligible for the new funding. This evaluation research analyzed how the stringent guidelines for prevention funding and the requirement of federally approved evidence-based practice programming affect the implementation of the Family First Prevention Services Act in Nebraska and Colorado.

Creation of a Software Tool with Elements of an Artificial Neural Network for Data Forecasting

Currently, Russia is moving towards automating the collection of information from metering devices for heat, gas, water, electricity, etc. Technologies are being developed that allow transmitting data on resource consumption through various communication channels, both wired and on-air. There are already devices and devices that allow transmitting readings of electricity metering devices over existing wired communication networks, and this issue is being resolved at the legislative level, federal Law No. 522-FZ of 01.07.2020 has been adopted. The basis for the research is to save time and effort to obtain the necessary information to take into account the readings of electricity from substations, increase the speed of decision-making, to be able to predict the situation with big data to identify abnormal values and eliminate them (for example, identified data from electricity meters will reduce the time labor costs of accounting operators and economic losses of the energy supply company). The article proposes software methods for detecting data on electricity losses based on the use of artificial neural network algorithms and allowing to detect inconsistencies of commercial data readings of electric meters, which will reduce the commercial component of electricity losses. A verification calculation of an artificial neural network was performed for inconsistencies in the data on the transmitted electricity.

Using the Experience of South Korea in the Establishment of the Probation System in Russia

In this article, the authors discuss the opportunities and challenges of implementing a probation system in Russia based on the Federal Law "On Probation in the Russian Federation" adopted in 2023. It is noted that this law has a framework character and requires the development of a detailed regulatory framework for its full-fledged functioning from the beginning of 2024. The authors propose strategies for implementing the law, which include effective communication and coordination between stakeholders, training programs, the involvement of volunteers and non-profit organizations. The article provides a comparative analysis of Russian probation practices and the Korean probation system, which is recognized as one of the most advanced among APR countries. This system has a complex structure, it includes professional and volunteer staff, various rehabilitation programs and offender support services. The challenges facing the Korean probation system are highlighted, including urbanization, an economic crisis, an ageing population and a lack of resources. The authors emphasize the lessons that can be learned from the South Korean experience, especially the potential benefits of electronic monitoring, spiritual education and other aspects of probation. The study shows that the active participation of volunteers contributes to the successful rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders. The importance of a holistic approach to probation is emphasized, as it takes into account not only the offender's personal characteristics but also his or her relationship with the community. The authors stress that certain elements of the Korean probation system, such as the involvement of volunteers in the implementation of offender re-socialization programs, as well as the emphasis on community involvement can heighten the effectiveness of the probation system in Russia. The article underscores the importance of studying and applying international experience in the field of probation, as well as the need to study UN and Council of Europe documents and improve the system of recording recidivism rates in Russia.

Method for evaluating efficiency of refrigeration units based on compression cycle with economizer

The transition to the so-called “digital economy” requires the development of automation tools, and, therefore, algorithms based on which it will be possible to create intelligent control systems.
 At the same time, do not forget that the control and monitoring tools themselves are not an end in themselves. Automation must solve certain problems, relying on a data collection system (monitoring system). One of these tasks is energy saving. Since the share of electricity costs for refrigeration equipment is a significant part of the country’s energy balance, energy conservation issues are paid a lot of attention at the state level (Federal Law No. 261-FZ “On Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”).
 Existing systems for monitoring the operating parameters of a refrigeration plant are often used only to detect emergencies and alarm them, however, an intelligent analysis system can be built on the basis of recorded data to optimize the operation of the refrigeration plant in real time.
 This article describes the methodology for assessing the energy efficiency of refrigeration plants operating on a cycle with an economizer and allowing to evaluate both at the design stage and during the operation of the refrigeration plant, and allows to obtain a distribution of losses by elements and processes of the refrigeration plant.

Best practice guidelines for evaluating patients in custody in the emergency department.

Patients in custody due to arrest or incarceration are a vulnerable population that present a unique ethical and logistical challenge for emergency physicians (EPs). People incarcerated in the United States have a constitutional right to health care. When caring for these patients, EPs must balance their ethical obligations to the patient with security and safety concerns. They should refer to their institutional policy for guidance and their local, state, and federal laws, when applicable. Hospital legal counsel and risk management also can be helpful resources. EPs should communicate early and openly with law enforcement personnel to ensure security and emergency department staff safety is maintained while meeting the patient's medical needs. Physicians should consider the least restrictive restraints necessary to ensure security while allowing for medical evaluation and treatment. They should also protect patient privacy as much as possible within departmental constraints, promote the patient's autonomous medical decision-making, and be mindful of ways that medical information could interact with the legal system.

Countering transnational organized groups using information and communication technologies for the illegal sale of drugs

The research subject is the features of forensic and operational-search tools and methods in the fight against illegal sale of drugs and psychotropic substances, carried out by transnational organized groups using information and communication technologies.The research goal is to analyze the current state of illicit drug trafficking, carried out by organized groups using information technologies, and to develop proposals on this basis for effective operational-search and forensic support for the detection, disclosure and investigation of such crimes.The dialectical-materialistic method, general scientific methods of cognition, the content analysis method of scientific literature and empirical sources, the comparative legal method, the method of expert assessments constitute the methodological basis of the present research.During the study, the following scientific findings have been obtained, namely based on the forensic practice analysis, it has been concluded that crime in the drug business has changed significantly over the last decade. It is distinguished by the complex structure of criminal groups, remote covert interaction between its members, the interstate nature of its activities, the rapid replacement of members and structural links of a criminal group, the anonymity of monetary transactions and remote legalization of criminal proceeds. Effective concealment of the crime traces and criminals through the use of information and telecommunication technologies has become its focus. Drug-related crime is rapidly transforming and adapting to changes in the criminal environment, the digital space development, in particular, it is moving into the shadow segment of the Internet (Darknet) through the TOR technology. All this allows us to state that transnational organized criminal drug trafficking activity is becoming high-tech.To counter modern drug-related crime, it is necessary to develop international cooperation, some ways, forms and procedures of which are being proposed by the authors of the paper. The article describes in detail the possibility and feasibility of the interconnected implementation of operational-search and investigative activities, which generates a positive synergistic effect from their combination. The article proposes a set of practical measures to identify and investigate such crimes. In particular, the possibilities of using systems operating on the basis of machine learning, contextual data analysis, honeypot are being disclosed. An addendum to the Federal Law “On Operational-Investigative Activity” has been formulated, concerning the inclusion of the norm on a new operational-search measure “Internet monitoring”. Its content and potential in the practice of combating the investigated crimes have been revealed.This study can fill a number of gaps that have existed in the scientific literature on improving the practice of countering the illegal sale of drugs by transnational organized groups using information and telecommunication technologies.

Intellectual property rights in international and Russian investment law

The investment activity is diverse and can be carried out with the use of intellectual property rights in accordance with the current international and Russian investment law. The article aims to identify the specifics of the application of intellectual property rights as investments and the implementation of intellectual investments, i.e. investments endowed into intellectual property rights. The objectives of the study are to consider the categories of an investment and object of investment activity, intellectual property, exclusive and other intellectual rights, as well as to analyze and determine the features of legal regulation of the activity in question at the international and national levels in the Russian Federation. Based on the results of the systematic analysis with the use of formal legal, comparative and other research methods, it is concluded that investments as a property in a broad sense may include both exclusive and other non-personal intellectual property rights to the results of intellectual activity and equated means of individualization of goods, works, services and enterprises. At the same time, they exclude intellectual property itself as a set of various types of intangible products, moral and other personal non-proprietary intellectual rights by virtue of their inalienable and non-transferable character. It is argued to be the same with respect to the object of investment activity, i.e. the property which the investment is endowed in and is capable to bring income to the investor in the future. Investments into such intellectual property rights can be called as intellectual investments.The legal regulation of investment activity with the use of intellectual property rights has a dual character (in the sense that it is carried out by different investment legislative acts with the similar subject of their regulation) and depends on the type of a particular object used. If intellectual property rights are invested in fixed capital, then they are to be recognized as capital investments and are governed by the Federal Law of February 25,1999 No. 39-FZ “On Investment Activity in the Russian Federation Carried out in the Form of Capital Investments”. If intellectual property rights are used as the object of investment activity, i.e. where investments are endowed in, such intellectual investments are subject to the regulation by the Law of the RSFSR of June 26, 1991 No. 1488-1 “On Investment Activity in the RSFSR”.

Model of legal regulation of clusters in the Russian Federation

Objective: to create a model of legal regulation of clusters in the Russian Federation.Methods: historical method, formal-legal analysis, statistical and sociological methods, systematization, comparative-legal method, methods of legal modeling and forecasting.Results: based on the analysis of scientific literature, Russian and foreign legislation and legal practice, the paper formulates the definition of a “cluster” concept (a group of business entities (suppliers, manufacturers, etc.) located on the territory of a special economic zone, operating in a certain sphere, producing and/or carrying out complementary goods, works, services), defines its features and types, and identifies the models of incentive legal regimes: (a) “model of derogations” – EPR model; b) “model of guarantees” – model of a legal regime stimulating entrepreneurial activity in the field of digital innovations and technologies in the PPP (MPP) framework; c) “model of support” – model of a legal regime stimulating entrepreneurial activity of SMEs in the field of digital innovations and technologies; d) “model of preferences” – model of a legal regime stimulating entrepreneurial activity within the boundaries of territories and entities with high innovation potential. The author proposes to create a unified legal regime of cluster and cluster activity in the Russian Federation by developing and adopting a relevant federal law and amending the legislation on special economic zones.Scientific novelty: the article is the first to carry out a comprehensive comparative legal analysis of clusters and cluster policy, their legal regulation in Russia and foreign countries.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the legal regulation of clusters and cluster policy in Russia and foreign countries, as well as legal regimes stimulating entrepreneurial activity in the field of digital innovation and technology.

Риски безопасности: современное состояние государственного управления

The problem of state management of security risks in the context of a special military operation and conducting a hybrid war against Russia by NATO forces is actualized; an analysis of individual conditions and factors that form a critical possibility of harming life safety and, in general, the national interests of the Russian Federation is carried out.
 The current state of security risk management is revealed through the analysis of such strategic state documents as the Federal Law «On Security» as amended in 2023, «The Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation» in 2023, «Strategies for the development of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, fire safety and human safety on water facilities for the period up to 2030», the state program of the Russian Federation «Protection of the population and territories from emergency situations, ensuring fire safety and human safety at water bodies» 2023, the Federal Law «On Voluntary Fire Protection» of 2011 with amendments and additions made to it in August 2023.
 Attention is focused on the risks of wartime.
 An express analysis of scientific research in recent years has been carried out. The joint opinion of scientists and experts in the field of civil defense on the existence of problems in legislative activity requiring prompt resolution has been revealed.
 Using the example of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, some practical results of the state's management activities are shown, as well as the importance of changes in the Federal Law «On Voluntary Fire Protection" to activate the volunteer movement and minimize fire safety risks with the participation of the population.

Arkady Vasilyevich Sokolov as a documentologist

Our contemporary Arkady Vasilyevich Sokolov (1934–2023) specialized in many disciplines within the documentology sphere, namely library science, bibliography, informatics, noocommunicology, etc., and documentology, in particular. The author focuses on this aspect of Sokolov’s work. His interest in documentology raised naturally from informatics, with his starting point in 1962. Professionally engaged in information search, Sokolov explored the nature of information, which finally culminated in the monograph “The philosophy of information” in 2010. In those days library scientists were willing to become the part of information science persuading – themselves, first of all – that that the library science was an information discipline. Sokolov’s many and rather substantial arguments were contradictory. He criticized reasonably the interpretation of library functions in the 1994 Federal Law “On librarianship” by emphasizing that it was a mistake to set the information function against the others. However, instead of calling for adequate statement functions he tried to rationalize this inaccuracy. Similarly, the inappropriate approach he applied to the comparison of “information” and “document”, “document” and “book’ concepts. Meanwhile, Arkady Sokolov has expanded significantly the field of documentology by introducing the concept of documentosphere into the philosophy of documents. He started developing the concept of Bibliologos that encompasses the whole field of documentology. The author concludes that Arkady V. Sokolov’s contribution to documentology is great and undeniable.

Effects of Occupational Therapy Professional Development Training on School-Based Practice

ABSTRACT Purpose A training program was provided to school-based occupational therapy practitioners (SBOTPs) in Massachusetts to support practices aligned with educational policies and regulations. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of this training program on school-based practice patterns. Methods This study used a researcher-designed online exploratory survey to determine occupational therapy practice patterns in Massachusetts public schools following the training program. The survey was emailed to the 309 SBOTPs who participated in a Massachusetts Department of Education sponsored training between 2007 and 2019. The survey questions analyzed the frequency of reported participation-based intervention methods, in-context and out-of-context services, and interdisciplinary collaboration used by these practitioners. A Chi Square Goodness of Fit Test was performed to determine if there were categorical differences in the frequency of responses to each research question. Results After analyzing our 29 responses we determined that the training program was effective and had an impact on how SBOTPs practice within their schools. After the training, SBOTPs in Massachusetts reported engaging more frequently in participation-based practice in natural school contexts, and collaborating with teachers and other school professionals. Contribution to Occupational Therapy This research serves as evidence that professional development courses can impact how SBOTPs practice. This study suggests that practice patterns of SBOTS can be influenced by participating in trainings that include a model with rationale and facilitated practice for providing occupation-based services in the least restrictive environment and for increasing collaborative practices in schools. School-based occupational therapy (SBOT) is integral to the educational development of children who require this service as part of their individual educational program (IEP). SBOT helps students to achieve success in occupations within the school setting, such as education, play and leisure, activities of daily living (ADLs), and social participation. Students who receive special education services are eligible for occupational therapy if the IEP team determines that SBOT is necessary to achieve the prioritized student goals developed by the team, enhancing the student’s ability to succeed in the educational program. The overarching goal of school-based occupational therapy in working with eligible students with disabilities under the federal special education law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), is to support students’ abilities to successfully participate (academically and functionally) in their educational program in the least restrictive environment in order, ultimately, to prepare them for adult living (AOTA, 2017; IDEA, 2004).

An Overview of Prison Rape Elimination Acts (Prea) 2003

The main objective of this paper is to briefly focus on a reform related to prison called PREA which stands for Prison Rape Elimination Act, 2003. Prison Rape Elimination Act is a US federal law that was implemented in 2003 to eradicate rape in prisons. PREA created principles for recognizing, preventing, and responding to sexual abuse and harassment in correctional settings such as prisons, jails, juvenile facilities, and immigration detention centers. The law also requires data collecting and reporting on incidences of sexual abuse within these facilities, as well as staff training to avoid such incidents. However, PREA 2003 could not meet all the criteria included in its principles to eliminate rape culture in the prison. From this concern, the main aim of this paper is to focus on a reform related to prisons called Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) 2003, the reasons why this act was put into place, the current status of prison rape, the positive, and negative impact of PREA 2003, probable strategies that can be helpful for the appropriate implementation of PREA 2003. To accomplish this endeavor, this research followed systematic literature review methods due to the availability of scholarly work in this field. Although PREA 2003 has some positive aspects, the overall analysis of this study has uncovered that PREA 2003 was not implemented accurately due to some of the practical problems related to it. There are still some improvements that need to be accomplished for the appropriate implementation of PREA 2003 for the prisoners. Some suggested ways were discussed in this study to improve the implementation of PREA 2003.