Federal Formula Research Articles

Comparison of Fasting Blood Glucose Levels Based on Light Exposure on Glucose Strips Using Point Of Care Testing (POCT)

A blood sugar test is an examination procedure performed to determine blood sugar levels in the body. This study entitled "Comparison of Blood Glucose Levels Based on Light Exposure to Glucose Strips Using Point Of Care Testing (POCT)". The research method used is pre-experimental. This study aims to determine the comparison of glucose levels based on exposure to light on glucose strips using POCT. This sample collection was carried out using the Federer formula with a total sample of 16 respondents. The data collection technique in this study was carried out using the Shapiro Wilk normality test and the t-test. Glucose levels examined using glucose strips that were not exposed to sunlight obtained an average value of 87.31 mg/dL. Meanwhile, glucose levels were examined using glucose strips which were exposed to light for 15 minutes and obtained an average value of 108.68 mg/dL. Based on the statistical tests that have been carried out, increased results were obtained on strips that were exposed to sunlight for 15 minutes.

The Effect of Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum) on Salivary Acidity Degree

Background: Dental and oral health is an important part of body health that is interrelated with each other. Among the oral health problems is dental caries. Efforts to prevent dental caries can be done by improving oral health, one of the safer alternatives to maintain salivary pH is to use herbal ingredients. One of the herbal ingredients that can be used is red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum). Purpose: Provide information about the effect of red ginger water on salivary acidity degree. Method: This type of research is experimental research with One Group Pre-Posttest Design. The population of this study was all preclinical students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Prof. Dr. Moestopo University (Beragama) with a sample of 16 determined by the Federer formula. The sixteen samples were first measured for salivary pH and then treated by gargling with 10 ml of red ginger water for 30 seconds. After leaving it for 5 minutes, a second salivary pH measurement was taken. The data in this study were analyzed using a parametric test (paired t-test). Results: The mean salivary acidity (pH) before treatment was 6.647 and the mean salivary acidity (pH) after treatment was 7.274. The paired t-test results showed a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), which means that there is a significant difference between salivary pH before and after exposure to red ginger water. Conclusion: There is a significant effect of red ginger water on salivary acidity (pH).

The Effectiveness of Ylang Ylang Oil (Cananga Odorata) as a Deparaffinizing Agent in Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining

Histological staining usually requires deparaffinization before starting the staining process. Deparaffinization is a paraffin removal step that often uses a xylol solution. Deparaffinization with xylol has disadvantages, including being toxic, harmful to the human body, and hazardous to the environment. A safer alternative to xylol is required. Ylang-ylang oil, which contains β-caryophyllene, is non-polar and can be used as a substitute for xylol. This study aimed to compare the staining quality of guinea pig liver tissue slides with and without heating as a deparaffinization agent in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The research set up a quasi-experimental approach using samples of guinea pig liver tissue slides. The sample size was calculated using the Federer formula (n-1) (t-1) ≥ 15, resulting in a total sample of 27 slides divided into three treatment groups: xylol, ylang-ylang oil with and without heating. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to examine the data. The quality staining of guinea pig liver slides deparaffinized with xylol was 100% good, and deparaffinization of ylang-ylang oil with heating was 100% good, whereas deparaffinization with ylang-ylang oil without heating was 11.1% less good, and the quality was good with an 88.9%. The normality test indicated that the data were not normally distributed (p0.05). The Kruskal-Wallis test was then used.

Pengaruh Hydrogel Acemannan dengan Konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% terhadap Jumlah Neutrofil pada Tikus Wistar Periodontitis yang Diinduksi Aloksan

Neutrophils occur in periodontitis, an infection of the periodontal tissue that may increase the risk of diabetes. Because of its excellent physicochemical properties and biological capabilities, hydrogel is a promising biomaterial for treating periodontal disease. This study consisted of four groups of Acemannan hydrogel 25%, 50%, 75%, and the Federer formula was used to determine the sample size and six replicate experiments were performed for each group to form a positive control group. Considering the investigation's conclusions, in the acemannan hydrogel administration group, the average ± SD levels of neutrophils in samples on day 3 were 25%, 50%, and 75%, and the positive control group was 3.08 ± 0.736. 2.46 ± 0.459; 1.54 ± 0.510; 1.17 ± 0.258. This value decreased to 1.83 ± 0.258 by day 5 were 1.29 ± 0.459; 0.50±0.447; 0.21 ± 0.292. As a result of the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, there was a significant difference in the average number of neutrophils after administering 25%, 50%, and 75% Acemannan hydrogel and the positive control group to rats with alloxan-induced Wistar periodontitis on the third and fifth days. The study's findings suggest that 75% of acemannan hydrogel is the most effective concentration for reducing neutrophils

The Influence of Oral Hygiene Using NaCl 0.9% and Chlorhexidine on Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in the ICU of Jakarta Hospital

Background: VAP is a problem found in patients who are on a ventilator, the VAP has not been considered by nursing staff when providing nursing care processes, starting from when reviewing patients, conducting interventions and evaluating patients. Prevention is done from the beginning of nursing care, one of which is oral hygiene. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral hygiene using a combination of 0.9% Natrium Chloride (NaCl) and Chlorhexidine (CHG) in patients who were on a ventilator. Methods: The design of this study was a quasi experiment with a pretest-post test with a control group design. The sampling technique used the Federer formula with a sample of 18 respondents with 9 respondents per group. Statistical analysis used in this research is univariate characteristic test, bivariate test with paired t-test and for multivariate using simple linear regression test for confounding. Results: Of the research conducted showed that there was no significant effect in group A before and after the intervention with a p-value (0.403) and the average increased slightly, while group B before and after the intervention had a p-value (0.512) with a decreasing average. The multivariate test found that age confounding had an effect on VAP with a p-value (0.024) while gender confounding had no effect on VAP with a p-value (0.277). Conclusion: In this study, oral hygiene using a combination of 0.9% NaCl and CHG was effective against VAP.

Moringa oleifera fruit extract as a potential antioxidant against liver injury by 2-Nitropropane induction in obese male mice model: pre-clinical study.

Background: Moringa oleifera fruit extract contains beneficial chemical compounds. This study was conducted to observed the power of antioxidant against liver injury by 2-Nitropropane induction in an obese male mice model. Methods: This research was in vivo laboratory experimental study with a post-test control design group only. The population was obese male mice models, Swiss strain, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing between 60-80 gr. The research sample was determined by Federer's formula for a complete randomized design experimental test, group N (control), O1 (induced by 2-Nitropropane intraperitoneal (i.p) once), O2 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p twice), P1 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p. once and gavage with M. oleifera fruit extract 500mg/kg bodyweight (BW) once a day), P2 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p. twice and gavage of M. oleifera fruit extract 500mg/kg BW once a day), and P3 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p. twice and gavage of vitamin C 500mg/kg BW once a day). Antioxidant potential parameters were measured by levels of malondialdehide (MDA), glutation (GSH), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), catalase activity, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). This research was held at the Biochemistry laboratory of Medicine Faculty, UPN Veteran Jakarta in May-September 2020. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0. The parameters were tested using ANOVA. Results: MDA levels decreased, GSH increased, 8-OHdG decreased, catalase activity increased, MnSOD activity increased and SGOT, SGPT levels decreased. M. oleifera fruit extract was statistically proven to be a candidate for potential antioxidant against liver injury of 2-Nitropropane induction in obese male mice model. Conclusions: M. oleifera fruit extract was statistically evident as an antioxidant substance that reduces oxidative stress in acute liver injury caused by 2-Nitropropane induction.

The Effect of Chlorogenic Acid in Green Arabica Coffee Beans on the Activity of Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Gingivitis is a dental and oral health problem caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. This research utilized the antibacterial effect of the chlorogenic acid compound content of green Arabica coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) on the activity of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of chlorogenic acid from green Arabica coffee beans and its inhibitory diameter on the activity of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
 Methods: The research method used was laboratory experimental with post-test only with a control group design. The research samples were green Arabica coffee bean extract with various concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, which is compared to various concentrations of pure chlorogenic acid (95% Sigma-Aldrich). The chlorogenic acid content in the extract was analyzed with liquid chromatography LC-MS/MS. The large sample was determined using the Federer formula with a total sample size of 24 samples. The parameter measured was the diameter of the growth inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Data were analyzed statistically using One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD, and the research results were shown in regression graphs.
 Results: The results of the analysis of chlorogenic acid content of green arabica coffee bean extract amounted to 4.29% The results of this study showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone of green Arabica coffee bean extract with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 7.65 ± 0.289 mm; 9.63 ± 0.550 mm, 10.50 ± 0.374 mm, and 12.75 ± 0.370 mm. Research shows that the higher the concentration of green Arabica coffee bean extract, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone. 95% pure chlorogenic acid from Sigma-Aldrich displays an inhibition zone above 12.5%.
 Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid exerts a substantial inhibitory impact on the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Effect of sunkist orange peel extract nanoparticle granules on the lipid profile levels in diabetic wistar rat

The research was conducted to determine the effect of Sunkist orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) peel extract nanoparticles in granular form on lipid profile levels in alloxan-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study employed an experimental method with a posttest-only control group design. The population for this research was Wistar rats. The study used five treatment groups, resulting in a total of 25 rats, with five rats in each treatment group, as determined using the Federer formula. After the administration of sunkist orange peel extract nanoparticles at different doses for 14 days, the results showed a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and HDL levels. The research findings demonstrated the influence of reducing lipid profile levels in diabetic rats. The effective dose for reducing the lipid profile in this study was found to be 100 mg for total cholesterol, 70 mg for triglyceride, and 70 mg for both HDL and LDL when using the ethanol extract of sunkist orange peel.

PERBEDAAN EFEKTIFITAS PEMBERIAN MINYAK ZAITUN (OLIVE OIL) DAN MINYAK KELAPA MURNI (VIRGIN COCONUT OIL) TERHADAP PENYEMBUHN RUAM PADA POPOK BAYI DI KLINIK TAHUN 2023

Babies will be sensitive to everything around them. Babies have relatively thin skin, making them susceptible to infection, inflammation and allergies. One of the most common skin problems is diaper rash. Diaper rash appears on the baby's thighs and buttocks. Causes of diaper rash include poor skin hygiene, severe hot flashes, and diarrhea. OBJECTIVE: To find out whether there is a difference in the effect between olive oil and coconut oil in healing diaper rash in babies. METHODS: This study used a two-group design with a quasi-experimental style, before and after a test-control design. The study population consisted of babies aged 0-12 months who suffered from diaper rash in Kasih Ibu, Deli Tua District, Deli Serdang Regency, who had an average of 17 visits. Non-random sampling and targeted sampling using the Federer formula were used in this sample, with a total sample size of 16 people. An observation sheet with the Mann-Whitney test was used as an instrument. RESULTS: The results of the bivariate analysis test using Mann-Whitney showed that the average value for giving olive oil was (1.75) from 8 samples and for giving pure coconut oil, it was (1.25) with an average difference of (50). ) with Z count for giving olive oil (2.936) and giving muri coconut oil (0.3032). Based on the results of the Mann-Whitney test, the p-value was 0.023. Because the p-value <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the use of olive oil and pure coconut oil for healing diaper rash in babies at the Kasih Ibu Clinic, Deli Tua District, Deli Serdang Regency in 2023 Suggestion: In the future, it is hoped that research will be more advanced and the results will be enriched by looking for other treatments that can be used to reduce the severity of diaper rash, such as giving aloe vera or honey.

PERBANDINGAN KADAR BIOMARKER FUNGSI KUOGULASI TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) BERDASARKAN VARIASI DIET VEGETARIAN

Coagulation is an important physiological mechanism of the body to maintain optimal function of recovery. The success of this mechanism is determined by normal levels of biomarkers are involved, such as platelets. Deficiency of levels of these biomarkers can cause diseases, such as dengue fever, shock and hemophilia. Diet provides biochemical elements that the body can then use to synthesize platelets in the blood. The purpose of study was to compare the levels of biomarkers of coagulation function in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with a variety of vegetarian diets. The method of study was using in vivo experimental research. The dependent variable is the level of platelets and the independent variable is a variety of vegetarian diets (quasi, lacto-ovo and vegan). The sampling technique used the Federer formula with are samples of 28 white rats. Statistical test using T test and Wilcoxon test. The research data showed that giving a vegetarian diet caused significant changes in platelet levels in the quasi, lacto-ovo and vegan vegetarian diet groups with a significant value for each group, namely p = 0.026, p = 0.042 and p = 0.001. While on the standard diet there was no significant change in platelet levels (p=0.291). On average, the highest platelet levels were found in the quasi-vegetarian diet group and the lowest in the standard diet group. In conclusion, the quasi-vegetarian, lacto-ovo and vegan diets affects the levels of blood coagulation biomarkers (platelets) in white rats.

In Vitro Anticoagulant Activity of Crude Protease of Bacillus tequilensis HSFI-5

obtained from the fermented intestine of Holothuria scabra (sand sea cucumber). Strain HSFI-5 had been reported to be able to produce proteases, which had shown several characteristics of an antithrombotic agent, i.e., fibrinolytic and clot-lysis activities. However, its anticoagulation activity test is yest to be done. This study aimed to determine the anticoagulant activity of the crude protease HSFI-5 in vitro. The study design was a completely randomized design with a sample size of 90 calculated using the Federer formula. The material used was crude protease from B. tequilensis in skim milk broth. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and plasma recalcification time (PRT) were carried out to test the anticoagulant activity. Citrated platelet poor plasma samples were divided into positive control, normal control, direct examination with crude enzyme in volumes of 50 and 100 µL and pre-incubation at 37ºC for 5, 10, and 15 min with crude enzyme volumes of 50 and 100 µL. The data normality was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the different tests were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with the Post hoc LSD test. The results of one-way ANOVA both on PT, aPTT, and PRT examinations showed that there was a significant difference between the treatment groups (p<0.05). The longest results of PT, aPTT, and PRT are positive controls, and the shortest results are normal controls for PT, and 15’ 50 group for aPTT and PRT. It is clear that crude protease B. tequilensis HSFI-5 exhibits anticoagulant as well as thrombolytic action, raising the possibility that it could function as an antithrombotic drug.

Changes in the Histological Appearance of White Fat in Young Rats as a Result of Different Exercise Intensities

Sedentary lifestyle can cause the accumulation of energy reserves in the form of lipids in white adipose cells. Lifestyle modification by means of exercise is done to reduce fat reserves in white adipose tissue (WAT). This study aims to determine the effect of exercise in various intensities on the histological changes of white adipose cells. Research method exploratory with Federer formula to determine the number of samples carried out. Using 28 Wistar rats located at the Central Laboratory of Padjadjran University, Sumedang from May to June 2022. The data taken were the average diameter ± standard error (SEM) of the inguinal white adipose cells of the experimental rats. Data analysis using Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS v.28 software. Of the 28 samples studied, only 25 samples met the inclusion criteria. Group K is 0.15% (p = 0.024) greater than P2, and 0.25% (p 0.001) is greater than P3. The P1 group had a value of 0.17% (p = 0.025) greater than P3. Moderate and vigorous exercise can be used to reduce the size of white adipose cells. While low-intensity exercise is considered ineffective. Further research can be carried out to assess changes in white adipose cells based on exercise intensity from other sides besides their morphology.
 Keywords: Histological, White Adipose Tissue, Exercise

Anti-Dyslipidemia effectiveness of andaliman fruit extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) in Wistar rats given a high fat diet and PTU (Propylthiouracil)

The andaliman fruit contains many phytochemicals, such as phenols, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids, and has various pharmacological effects such as: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial. This study aimed to explore the antidislipidemia effectiveness of andaliman fruit extract. This experimental study used the Pre-test and Post-test group-only control design approach using Wistar male rats as experimental animals. The sample size in this study was calculated using the Federer formula; the calculation showed that at least four male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were needed in each treatment group. First, the research data were analyzed descriptively (Central tendency and Dispersion) of lipid profile data (LDL, HDL, Total cholesterol, and Triglycerides), color, texture, and weight. Then the research data in the form of lipid profiles were analyzed with One-Way Anova if the data were normally distributed with further tests in the form of Post Hoc Tukey HSD tests to see the fundamental differences between treatments. However, if the data were not normally distributed, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used as an alternative. The results showed that the total cholesterol of rats before being given a high-fat diet in all treatment groups did not show significant differences (P value = 0.782). This indicates that all rats' cholesterol data were uniform before being given the high-fat diet. However, after a high-fat diet, total cholesterol in all groups of rats showed different distributions. Only the control, standard, andaliman fruit methanol extract-I, II, and III groups had uniform total cholesterol. The methanol extract of andaliman fruit could significantly reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and SGOT levels compared to the control group. In contrast, the methanol extract of andaliman fruit could dramatically increase HDL levels compared to the control group.

Moringa oleifera fruit extract as a potential antioxidant against liver injury by 2-Nitropropane induction in obese male mice model: pre-clinical study

Background: Moringa oleifera fruit extract contains beneficial chemical compounds. This study was conducted to observed the power of antioxidant against liver injury by 2-Nitropropane induction in an obese male mice model. Methods: This research was in vivo laboratory experimental study with a post-test control design group only. The population was obese male mice models, Swiss strain, aged 6–8 weeks, weighing between 60–80 gr. The research sample was determined by Federer's formula for a complete randomized design experimental test, group N (control), O1 (induced by 2-Nitropropane intraperitoneal (i.p) once), O2 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p twice), P1 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p. once and gavage with M. oleifera fruit extract 500mg/kg bodyweight (BW) once a day), P2 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p. twice and gavage of M. oleifera fruit extract 500mg/kg BW once a day), and P3 (induced by 2-Nitropropane i.p. twice and gavage of vitamin C 500mg/kg BW once a day). Antioxidant potential parameters were measured by levels of malondialdehide (MDA), glutation (GSH), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), catalase activity, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). This research was held at the Biochemistry laboratory of Medicine Faculty, UPN Veteran Jakarta in May–September 2020. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0. The parameters were tested using ANOVA. Results: MDA levels decreased, GSH increased, 8-OHdG decreased, catalase activity increased, MnSOD activity increased and SGOT, SGPT levels decreased. M. oleifera fruit extract was statistically proven to be a candidate for potential antioxidant against liver injury of 2-Nitropropane induction in obese male mice model. Conclusions: M. oleifera fruit extract was statistically evident as an antioxidant substance that reduces oxidative stress in acute liver injury caused by 2-Nitropropane induction.

THE EFFECT OF CREAM-BASED APPLICATION OF MORINGA LEAF (MORINGA OLEIFERA) EXTRACT ON THE INCISION WOUND HEALING ON WHITE RAT MANUSCRIPT

Background: High injury incidence is a consideration of wound prevention with the prevalence of iris/torn/puncture injuries 20.1% in 2018. Indonesian people have a high level of confidence in traditional medicine and one of them is Moringa. Moringa phytochemical content has the potential to speed up the healing process of incision wounds. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of moringa leaf extract cream with concentrations of 5%, 15%, and 45% on the healing process of white rat incision wounds (Rattus norvegicus) by assessing the healing phase and using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT). Method: This research is experimental with a post-test-only control group design. Sampling by simple random sampling method and calculated using Federer's formula with the number of samples of 30 white rats divided into five groups, namely two groups of control and three treatment groups with 6 white rats in each group for 21 days. Results: In the analysis of BWAT score data with the MANNOVA test, there were insignificant results on day 1 (p=0.840) and day 7 (p=0.888), then there were significant results on day 14 (p=0.001). Post-hoc results showed significant differences between the negative control group and positive control over the 45% moringa leaf extract creaming group. In the analysis of healing phase data with the Kruskal-Wallis’s test, significant results were obtained in the coagulation phase (p=0.000) and the proliferation phase (p=0.001). The results of the Mann-Whitney test in the coagulation phase showed significant differences between the control and treatment groups while in the proliferation phase there were significant results between the control group and the treatment and there were no meaningful differences between the treatment groups. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in effectiveness between the administration of moringa leaf extract cream to accelerate the healing process of incision wounds.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS EXTRACT ON SUPEROXIDE DISMUATSE LEVEL OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS POST ULTRAVIOLET B EXPOSURE

Background : Exposure of ultraviolet B from the sun can trigger the formation of free radicals, and causing oxidative damage on skin. One of the treatments for skin damage caused by UV B exposure is using 2% glutathione cream. and using green algae Haematococcus pluvialis extract cream. Objective : To analize the differences in the effectiveness of giving Haematococcus pluvialis extract cream and glutathione cream on white rats post ultraviolet B exposure. Method : The type of research used in this study is experimental with the post test only control group design approach. The number of samples was calculated using the Federer formula, with a total sample of 30 white rats that are devided into 6 groups. The parameter is superoxide dismutase enzim that is measured using spectrophotometer. Result : As a normal control group, 5 white rats were not exposed to UV B and were not given any cream while 25 white rats were exposed to UV B light for 2 hours in 14 days, then 5 rats as negative control group were not given any cream, 5 rats as positive control group were given 2% glutathione cream, 5 rats were given 10% Haematococcus pluvialis cream, 5 rats were given 20% Haematococcus pluvialis cream, and 5 rats were given 30% Haematococcus pluvialis cream. The results of this research showed that rats that were given 20% and 30% Haematococcus pluvialis cream has higher superoxide dismutase levels than the other groups. Conclusion : Haematococcus pluvialis extract cream is effective in treating oxidating damage on white rats post ultraviolet B exposure.

The Effect of Minocycline on MMP-9 Levels in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Experimental Study in Wistar Rats

Introduction
 The matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibition is an important target in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Recent studies have shown that Minocycline may have MMP-9 inhibition activity. This study aims to determine the effect of minocycline in inhibiting MMP-9 in cases of head injury which has not been studied much.
 
 Methods
 This research was conducted using a laboratory experimental method on rats with a post-test control group design. The research was conducted at the Animal Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University for a period of 2 weeks. The research population was rats with traumatic brain injury and rats without traumatic brain injury as controls. The sample size for each group was determined with Federer's formula, the minimum number of samples for each group was 9 experimental animals (a total of 27 mice in this study). Group 1 are control group, group 2(TBI) are rats with a traumatic brain injury, and group 3 are rats with a traumatic brain injury who was given minocycline.
 
 Results
 The mean value of MMP-9 in group 2 (TBI) was 0.610116 ng/ml compared to the control mean value of 0.519300 ng/ml. The mean value of MMP-9 in group 3 (TBI+M) was 0.552674 ng/ml. From the ANOVA test, there was a significant relationship with a p-value = 0.001 There was a statistically significant relationship between the administration of minocycline and the decrease in MMP-9 levels in traumatic brain injury in Wistar rats.
 
 Conclusion
 The level of MMP-9 in Wistar rats with traumatic brain injury who were given minocycline was shown to be significantly lower than that of those without minocycline treatment. This result showed that minocycline has the potential to inhibit the increase of MMP-9 levels in traumatic brain injury.

Federalism, Democracy and Development in African States: The Nigerian Experience

The federal formula, which African states adopted at independence, is believed to be a formula of national survival. Functional Federalism is a system of federalism focused on power sharing and separation of functions between the Federal and member states and among the member states. Thus, a cardinal principle of federalism is that there is no subordinate government, even though there may be two or more state governments. Therefore, autocratic rule in all its forms is antithetical to the sustenance of genuinely federal practice. Nigeria’s adoption of the federal formula improved internal cohesion at independence, the reverse is said to be true since the 1966 military intervention. Thus, unless urgent political stability agendas (respect for rule of law and fiscal federalism) are brought to support the federal order, the challenges will certainly outweigh the opportunities.

<strong>Efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin application for improving collagen density of gingival connective tissue in periodontitis-induced rabbits</strong>

Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of periodontal diseases that increase the possibility of tooth loss, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as a regenerative treatment has been proposed. PRF is a potential second-generation platelet concentrate and autologous healing biomaterial which contain growth factors that accelerate wound healing mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin application to improve gingival connective tissue collagen density in periodontitis-induced rabbits. Methods: An experimental study with a post-test only control group design approach was conducted on 20 samples calculated using the Federer formula. Periodontitis was induced in ten rabbits with silk ligatures tied around the cervical region of central incisors teeth bilaterally for 14 days. After periodontitis occurred, phase I treatment was performed and followed by curettage. PRF was placed in the lower region as a treatment group using a split-mouth design, whereas a control group without PRF was in the upper jaw region. Subjects were euthanised after the 7th and 14th days of healing. Histopathological analysis was performed, and collagen density was quantified using ImageJ software. Statistical analysis was carried out using paired-T and two-way ANOVA tests. Results: There was a significant difference (p=0.001; p<0.05) in gingival connective tissue collagen density between treatment and control groups on the 7th and 14th days of observation. There was a significant increase in gingival connective tissue collagen density in the treatment group. Conclusion: Platelet-rich fibrin could improve gingival connective tissue collagen density in periodontitis-induced rabbits.

Test of the Effectiveness of Anti-Dyslipedemia Extract Ethanol Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia Mangostana L.) in Male Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atheroscler heart disease, stroke, and is often defined as abnormalities or disruption of lipid metabolism. Garcinia mangostana L. is famous for its anti-inflammatory properties and is used in the treatment of skin infections and wounds. The main phytochemicals present in this species are anisoprenylated xanthone, many reports of biological effects, such as antioxidant, pro-apoptosis, anti-proliferative, anti-nosiseptif, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of mangosteen peel ethanol extract as an anti-dyslipidemia in male wistar rats given a high-fat diet. This type of research is experimental with a Pre-test approach and Post-test group only control design. The samples used were mangosteen peel ethanol extract and male wistar rats, with the size of the sample calculated with Federer's formula. Analyze data with the One-Way Anova Test if the data is normally distributed with advanced tests in the form of Post Hoc Tukey HSD tests to see real differences between treatments. The results of the total cholesterol study in the entire treatment group of mice showed a significant difference in P values < 0.05. Triglyceride levels in the entire treatment group also showed significant differences, this can be seen from the value of P < 0.05 (Value P = 0.029). LDL levels also showed significant differences across the treatment group, which can be seen from the P value of < 0.05. HDL levels make a significant difference in the value of P < 0.05 (Value P = 0.029). SGOT and SGPT levels in the entire group of rat treatment showed significant differences, this was seen from the value of P < 0.05. The conclusion that mangosteen peel ethanol extract significantly lowered total cholesterol, triglyceride levels, LDL levels, SGOT levels compared to the control group. Mangosteen peel ethanol extract can significantly increase HDL levels compared to the control group.