Feeding Soybean Research Articles

Effects of different sources of protein on the growth performance, blood chemistry and polypeptide profiles in the gastrointestinal tract digesta of newly weaned piglets.

To determine the effects of different sources of protein on the growth performance of newly weaned piglets, 72 newly weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups fed different diets (soya bean, casein and dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) feeds). Casein and DDGS feeds consisted of soya bean feed in which 5% of the CP was replaced with casein- or DDGS-derived CP respectively. Blood and chyme samples were collected from each piglet 2h post-feeding on days 0 and 28 of the feeding period. The DDGS feed decreased DMI (p=0.024) and increased FCR (p=0.025) due to lower nitrogen utilization (p=0.078) than those of other feeds. Total amino acid content in chyme demonstrated that casein feed digested rapidly in the duodenum (p=0.005), whereas DDGS feed was digested primarily in the distal jejunum (p=0.003) and ileocecum (p=0.002). However, polypeptide profiles in chyme exhibited a pattern different from those of amino acids. There were no differences in the polypeptide profiles in the stomachs of piglets fed soya bean or casein feeds (p>0.05), but soya bean group had greater amounts of small polypeptides (mass under m/z 3000Da) in the duodenum (p=0.052) than other groups. In contrast, the DDGS feed group had more large polypeptides (m/z 3000-4000Da) in the stomach than the other groups (p<0.001). In addition, 10 pairs of polypeptides with matching masses were identified in the plasma and digesta, indicating that polypeptides may have been transported across the intestinal epithelial cells and into the blood. Taken together, substitution of 5% of the CP in soya bean meal-based feed with DDGS-derived CP decreased the growth performance of newly weaned piglets due to poor digestibility and N utilization of DDGS feed, as well as untimely digestion of casein feed.

Likelihood assessment for gene flow of transgenes from imported genetically modified soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to wild soybean (Glycine soja Seib. et Zucc.) in Japan as a component of environmental risk assessment.

Environmental risk assessment is required for genetically modified (GM) crops before their import into Japan. Annual roadside monitoring along transportation routes from ports to processing facilities for GM soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) have been requested as a condition of import only approval because of lack of information on the likelihood of persistence of imported GM soybean for food, feed and processing and the potential for transfer of transgenes into wild soybean (Glycine soja Seib. et Zucc.) through gene flow under the Japanese environment. The survey of soybean seeds, plants and wild soybean populations were conducted along transportation routes from unloading ports to processing facilities that provided data to help quantify actual exposure. The survey indicated that the opportunities for co-existence and subsequent crossing between wild soybean populations and imported soybean are highly unlikely. Together the survey results and the comprehensive literature review demonstrated low exposure of imported GM soybean used for food, feed and processing in Japan. This evaluation of exposure level is not specific to particular GM soybean event but can apply to any GM soybean traits used for food, feed and processing if their weediness or invasiveness are the same as those of the conventional soybean.

Effects of Feeding Peroxidized Soybean Oil to Finishing Barrows on the Shelf-Life of Bacon and Loin Chops

ObjectivesPeroxidized lipids are, at times, used in finishing pig diets and have been shown to induce oxidative stress and reduce growth performance. The effects of feeding peroxidized lipids on the shelf-life of pork products is not as clear, as previous research has reported contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the effect of feeding soybean oil (SO) subjected to varying degrees of thermal abuse to finishing pigs on lipid oxidation and sensory attributes of commercially manufactured bacon during 90 d of simulated food-service-style storage; and the color stability and lipid oxidation of pork loin chops during 11 d of simulated retail display.Materials and MethodsFifty-five individually housed barrows were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets containing 10% SO: 1.) not heated (CON), or heated at 2.) 45°C for 288 h (45C/288h), 3.) 90°C for 72 h (90C/72h), or 4.) 180°C for 6 h (180C/6h), and fed for 81 d. Barrows were slaughtered on d 82 at the University of Illinois. At 24 h postmortem, bellies (NAMP 408) and Canadian back loins (NAMP 414) were removed from carcasses. Two 2.54 cm thick chops were cut from the Canadian back loin and used to determining color stability and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) during simulated retail display. Bellies were skinned (NAMP 409) then processed into sliced bacon at a commercial facility. Bacon was stored at –40°C without an atmosphere barrier to simulate food service storage conditions. Samples were removed on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 for sensory evaluation by 6 trained panelists and analysis of TBARS. Loins were packaged 1 d postmortem in foam trays covered in oxygen permeable overwrap and subjected to an 11 d simulated retail display at 4°C with full exposure to fluorescent light. Loins were evaluated for CIE L*, a*, and b*, reflectance ratio, and visual discoloration daily. Loin samples were analyzed for TBARS on d 1 and d 10 of display. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design repeated in time with fixed effects of oil treatment and storage day. Storage location (shelf) served as a random effect for analysis of loin shelf-life. Bacon sensory data were analyzed as a partially balanced incomplete block design repeated in time, with fixed effects of oil treatment and storage time, and sensory session serving as a random effect.ResultsThere was no effect of oil treatment on TBARS (P > 0.90), oxidized odor (P = 0.63), or oxidized flavor (P = 0.79) of bacon. As expected lipid oxidation, oxidized odor, and oxidized flavor increased (P < 0.0001) over the 90 d storage period. There was no effect (P > 0.51) of oil treatment on L*, hue angle, or TBARS of loin chops subjected to a 10 d simulated retail display. However, chops from pigs fed 45C/288h oil were more red (greater a*; P < 0.01) and more yellow (greater b*; P < 0.01) than the other 3 treatments. Chroma and reflectance were also greater (P < 0.03) greater for these same chops; however, the 45C/288h chops were the most (P < 0.01) discolored after 10 d of simulated retail display.ConclusionFeeding peroxidized soybean oil did not affect lipid oxidation in either food-service packaged bacon or fresh loin chops. However, feeding the 45C/288h oil (mild thermal abuse) resulted in chops that were more red had more intense color, but also were the most discolored at the conclusion of an 11 d simulated retail display.

Influence of dietary fat source and feeding duration on finishing pig growth performance, carcass composition, and fat quality.

A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 45.6 kg) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. There were 2 pigs per pen with 8 pens per treatment. The 10 dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat and a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). The control corn-soybean meal diet was fed in place of added fat diets when needed for duration treatment purposes. On d 0, 1 pig was identified in each pen and fat biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl were collected on d 0, 41, and 81 for fatty acid analysis. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were determined, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected for analysis. Overall (d 0 to 84), there were no differences among pigs fed the different fat sources for growth and carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed diets with added fat for the entire study had improved ( = 0.036) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet without added fat. Pigs fed supplemental fat throughout the entire study also had improved ( < 0.05) ADG and G:F as well as heavier d-84 BW ( = 0.006) compared with pigs fed additional fat during only 1 period. Adding fat for the entire study increased ( = 0.032) backfat and tended to reduce ( = 0.079) the fat free lean index compared with pigs fed the control diet without added fat. Added fat also increased ( < 0.05) the iodine value (IV) when compared with pigs fed the control diet. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil lowered MUFA and increased PUFA concentrations for all fat depots, whereas these values remained relatively unchanged by the addition of tallow (duration × fat source interactions, < 0.05). Our study failed to show any feeding period × fat source interactions ( < 0.05) in fatty acid composition or IV for jowl fat, whereas this interaction occurred for belly fat and backfat, which would indicate a longer turnover rate for jowl fat. In conclusion, feeding additional fat improved ADG and G:F; however, feeding soybean oil for an increased duration, either alone or in combination with tallow, negatively affected the fatty acid composition and IV of different fat depots.

The inhibitory effect of soybean and soybean isoflavone diets on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity in mice.

Murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is one of the most frequently used animal models of human allergic contact dermatitis. We investigated the inhibitory effects of soybean and soy isoflavone (SI) diets on 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene- (DNFB) induced CHS in mice. The DNFB-induced ear swelling was inhibited in the soy- and SI-treated groups. Histopathological investigations revealed that oral feeding of soybean and SI attenuated ear tissue edema and reduced the number of Gr-1(+) cell infiltrations into ear tissues. DNA microarray analysis showed that the expression of Ccl24, Xcl1, Ifng, and Ccl17 in the ear tissues was lower in the soy-treated mice than in the positive controls. In addition, CCL24 mRNA and protein expression in the ear tissues were more highly suppressed in the soy- and SI-treated groups. These results suggest that soybean and SI consumption downregulated the gene and protein expression of CCL24, thereby affording protection against CHS in mice.

Characterization of Natural and Simulated Herbivory on Wild Soybean (Glycine soja Seib. et Zucc.) for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment of Insect Protected Soybean

Insect-protected soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was developed to protect against foliage feeding by certain Lepidopteran insects. The assessment of potential consequences of transgene introgression from soybean to wild soybean (Glycine soja Seib. et Zucc.) is required as one aspect of the environmental risk assessment (ERA) in Japan. A potential hazard of insect-protected soybean may be hypothesized as transfer of a trait by gene flow to wild soybean and subsequent reduction in foliage feeding by Lepidopteran insects that result in increased weediness of wild soybean in Japan. To assess this potential hazard two studies were conducted. A three-year survey of wild soybean populations in Japan was conducted to establish basic information on foliage damage caused by different herbivores. When assessed across all populations and years within each prefecture, the total foliage from different herbivores was ≤ 30%, with the lowest levels of defoliation (< 2%) caused by Lepidopteran insects. A separate experiment using five levels of simulated defoliation (0%, 10%, 25%, 50% and 100%) was conducted to assess the impact on pod and seed production and time to maturity of wild soybean. The results indicated that there was no decrease in wild soybean plants pod or seed number or time to maturity at defoliation rates up to 50%. The results from these experiments indicate that wild soybean is not limited by lepidopteran feeding and has an ability to compensate for defoliation levels observed in nature. Therefore, the potential hazard to wild soybean from the importation of insect-protected soybean for food and feed into Japan is negligible.

Growth performance of calves fed shoti, wheat and soybean based milk replacers

A study was conducted with objectives to determine the comparative growth performance of calves fed shoti, wheat and soybean based milk replacers and their economics. To achieve the objectives, a total of 24 local calves of about 6-10 days of age were selected and divided in four groups; having six (6) calves in each. A limited suckling with feeding whole milk considered as control (To), suckling along with feeding of wheat, shoti and soybean based milk replacer considered as treatments and denoted as T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Results obtained in the present study revealed that, the total DM, OM and CP intake did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) among the treatment groups. However, calves in T2 group sucked significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher milk or milk DM compared to milk sucked by calves in T0, T1 and T3, respectively. No significant differences (p&gt;0.05) was observed in average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves among the treatment groups. The feed conversion efficiency (FCR) was relatively better (p&gt;0.05) in calves those fed shoti and soybean based MR compared to calves fed wheat and control diets. The overall levels of both glucose and BUN did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) in calves under different treatment groups. The total cost of per kg wheat (T1), shoti (T2) and Soybean (T3) based MR were Tk. 52.69, Tk. 94.45 and Tk. 51.11, respectively. The processing cost per kg MR was increased Tk. 41.00-43.00 in T2 group than that of T1 and T3 groups. The feeding cost per calf per day was reduced Tk. 88.93.00 Tk. 57.87 and Tk. 82.55 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively than that of T0 group. Results considering for both FCR and per day feeding cost, it indicates that T2 and T3 diets i.e, shoti and soybean based MR maintained growth of calves compared to wheat based MR and milk fed calves.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 33-43, Jan-Dec 2012

Dietary Phytase Improves Growth and Water Quality Parameters for Juvenile &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt; Fed Soyabean Diet-based Diets

The effect of phytase on growth, nutrient utilization of juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed soya bean using a 4x5 experimental design was investigated. 15.13% (S1), 34.16% (S2), 58.85% (S3) and 92.15% (S4) soyabean were formulated to substitute fish meal at 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %, respectively as basal controls with no phytase (P0). Another four diets were formulated with the same composition as the basal diet, but were supplemented with 250 FTU/g (P1), 500 FTU/g (P2), 750 FTU/g (P3) and 1000 FTU/g (P4), respectively. A fish meal diet, S0 (100%) and commercial diet (comm. diet), which served as controls, were included in the experiment to compare growth performance with experiment diet. A total of 1638 fish of average weight 11.55+ 0.20g were randomly allocated to experimental diets and fed at 3% body weight to replicate group of fish stocked at 26 fish per tank for 84 days. Growth performance was significant with phytase addition to diet (ANOVA, P 0.05). Significant interaction for survival of fish showed a decline with increasing phytase, regardless of soya bean levels (Tukey, P 0.05). Improvement in growth by phytase resulted in reduction of phytate (r= -0.231, P>0.05) and oxalate (r= -0.328, P 0.05) and ammonia (r= -0.105, P>0.05). In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that phytase at low level of supplementation in soyabean diet of Clarias gariepinus can effectively utilize phosphorus from phytate, cut and manage pollution in aquaculture environments, and improve overall growth of fish compared to commercial diet.

Effect of raw soya bean particle size on productive performance and digestion of dairy cows.

Differing soya bean particle sizes may affect productive performance and ruminal fermentation due to the level of fatty acid (FA) exposure of the cotyledon in soya bean grain and because the protein in small particles is more rapidly degraded than the protein in large particles, which influence ruminal fibre digestion and the amounts of ruminally undegradable nutrients. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of raw soya bean particle size on productive performance, digestion and milk FA profile of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows were assigned to three 4×4 Latin squares with 21-day periods. At the start of the experiment, cows were 121days in milk (DIM) and yielded 30.2kg/day of milk. Cows were fed 4 diets: (i) control diet (CO), without raw soya bean; (ii) whole raw soya bean (WRS); (iii) cracked raw soya bean in Wiley mill 4-mm screen (CS4); and (iv) cracked raw soya bean in Wiley mill 2-mm screen (CS2). The inclusion of soya beans (whole or cracked) was 200g/kg on dry matter (DM) basis and partially replaced ground corn and soya bean meal. Uncorrected milk yield and composition were not influenced by experimental diets; however, fat-corrected milk (FCM) decreased when cows were fed soya bean treatments. Soya bean diets increased the intake of ether extract (EE) and net energy of lactation (NEL ), and decreased the intake of DM and non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC). Ruminal propionate concentration was lower in cows fed WRS than cows fed CS2 or CS4. Cows fed cracked raw soya bean presented lower nitrogen in faeces than cows fed WRS. The milk of cows fed WRS, CS2 and CS4 presented higher unsaturated FA than cows fed CO. The addition of raw soya bean in cow diets, regardless of the particle size, did not impair uncorrected milk yield and nutrient digestion, and increased the concentration of unsaturated FA in milk. Cows fed cracked raw soya bean presented similar productive performance to cows fed whole raw soya bean.

Effects of feeding diets based on transgenic soybean meal and soybean hulls to dairy cows on production measures and sensory quality of milk

This experiment was conducted to determine whether feeding meal and hulls derived from genetically modified soybeans to dairy cows affected production measures and sensory qualities of milk. The soybeans were genetically modified (Event DAS-444Ø6–6) to be resistant to multiple herbicides. Twenty-six Holstein cows (13/treatment) were fed a diet that contained meal and hulls derived from transgenic soybeans or a diet that contained meal and hulls from a nontransgenic near-isoline variety. Soybean products comprised approximately 21% of the diet dry matter, and diets were formulated to be nearly identical in crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, energy, and minerals and vitamins. The experimental design was a replicated 2×2 Latin square with a 28-d feeding period. Dry matter intake (21.3 vs. 21.4kg/d), milk yield (29.3 vs. 29.4kg/d), milk fat (3.70 vs. 3.68%), and milk protein (3.10 vs. 3.12%) did not differ between cows fed control or transgenic soybean products, respectively. Milk fatty acid profile was virtually identical between treatments. Somatic cell count was significantly lower for cows fed transgenic soybean products, but the difference was biologically trivial. Milk was collected from all cows in period 1 on d 0 (before treatment), 14, and 28 for sensory evaluation. On samples from all days (including d 0) judges could discriminate between treatments for perceived appearance of the milk. The presence of this difference at d 0 indicated that it was likely not a treatment effect but rather an initial bias in the cow population. No treatment differences were found for preference or acceptance of the milk. Overall, feeding soybean meal and hulls derived from this genetically modified soybean had essentially no effects on production or milk acceptance when fed to dairy cows.

Patterns of differential gene expression in adult rotation-resistant and wild-type western corn rootworm digestive tracts.

The western corn rootworm (WCR,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is an important pest of corn. Annual crop rotation between corn and soybean disrupts the corn-dependent WCR life cycle and is widely adopted to manage this pest. This strategy selected for rotation-resistant (RR) WCR with reduced ovipositional fidelity to corn. Previous studies revealed that RR-WCR adults exhibit greater tolerance of soybean diets, different gut physiology, and host–microbe interactions compared to rotation-susceptible wild types (WT). To identify the genetic mechanisms underlying these phenotypic changes, a de novo assembly of the WCR adult gut transcriptome was constructed and used for RNA-sequencing analyses of RNA libraries from different WCR phenotypes fed with corn or soybean diets. Global gene expression profiles of WT- and RR-WCR were similar when feeding on corn diets, but different when feeding on soybean. Using network-based methods, we identified gene modules transcriptionally correlated with the RR phenotype. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicated that the functions of these modules were related to metabolic processes, immune responses, biological adhesion, and other functions/processes that appear to correlate to documented traits in RR populations. These results suggest that gut transcriptomic divergence correlated with brief soybean feeding and other physiological traits may exist between RR- and WT-WCR adults.

Cognitive dysfunction and amyloid β accumulation are ameliorated by the ingestion of green soybean extract in aged mice

The effects of soybean extracts were investigated in senescence-accelerated (SAMP10) mice, a mouse model of brain senescence with cognitive dysfunction. Mature soybeans are usually yellow. However, the green soybean retains green color after being ripened. Cognitive functions were significantly better-preserved in aged mice fed green soybean than age-matched control mice with or without yellow soybean feeding. Molecular mechanisms of the beneficial effect of green soybean on brain functions were examined through transcriptome analysis of SAMP10 hippocampus. The high expression of Ptgds was significantly associated with green soybean diet, which encodes lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase, a putative endogenous amyloid β(Αβ)-chaperone. In consonance, Aplp1 expression was significantly reduced, a member of amyloid precursor proteins. Furthermore, the amount of Aβ 40 and 42 was reduced in the insoluble fraction of cerebral cortex. These results suggest that the intake of green soybean ameliorates cognitive dysfunction of aged mice through the reduction of Aβ accumulation.

Effect of feeding soybean, linseed oil and different forms of tocopherol on the redox and immune profiles of turkey hens

The aim of the study was to analyse whether, and to what extent, the use of RRR-d-a-tocopherol in diets containing oil rich in linoleic or linolenic acid (soybean or linseed oil, respectively) would make it possible to halve the dosage of this antioxidant with respect to a-tocopherol without negatively affecting the redox and immune status of turkey hens. The experiment was carried out on 480 turkey hens, type BIG 6, which were divided into four groups. Birds in Group I (control) received soybean oil and synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate in their feed mixture. Group II received soybean oil and natural RRR-d-alpha-tocopherol. Birds in Group III received linseed oil and synthetic tocopherol, whereas those in Group IV had linseed oil and natural tocopherol. At the end of the ninth, eleventh and fifteenth weeks of life, blood was sampled from their brachial veins for analyses. Haematological, immunological and pro- and antioxidative parameters were measured. The application of linseed oil had a minor effect on the immune and antioxidative systems of the turkey hens. The study showed that the addition of the natural form of RRR-d-alpha-tocopherol with soybean and linseed oils stimulated the mechanisms of the antioxidative defence system more effectively than dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate addition with these oils. It may be possible to use the natural form of tocopherol in diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid (soybean/linseed oil) without detrimental effect on redox and immune status of turkey hens. However, the commonly used tocopherol acetate, despite the higher dosage, is cheaper. Thus, from an economic point of view, the use of linseed oil with the synthetic form of vitamin E is worth recommending. Keywords : Antioxidants, birds, blood, immunity, oil

Evaluation of β-d-Glucan Biopolymer as a Novel Mycotoxin Binder for Fumonisin and Deoxynivalenol in Soybean Feed

The walls of yeast cells, which contain β-D-glucan biopolymers, have an active role in reducing mycotoxins in animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the β-D-glucan biopolymers as a mycotoxin binder for fumonisin (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins as well as their effect on the nutritional value of soybean, which is considered one of the important feed row materials. The evaluation was carried out using some toxigenic Fusarium isolates (Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and F. verticillioides) in vitro and in vivo. The FUM and DON levels were determined by immune affinity column. The F. verticillioides was the most toxigenic, followed by F. oxysporum and lastly F. solani, while secretion of DON toxin was determined to be greater than FUM with all the tested fungi. The effectiveness of β-D-glucan biopolymers on FUM and DON absorption was greater than clay and calcium propionate. In vivo, treating soybean seeds with β-D-glucan biopolymers led to reduction in the level of FUM and DON toxins in seeds artificially inoculated by F. verticillioides. β-D-glucan treatment also has a low effect on nutritional components of the seeds compared to untreated ones. In conclusion, this study found a new approach to reduce Fusarium mycotoxins in feed to an allowable safe limit and at the same time maintaining the nutritional value of these materials.

Influence of dietary fat source and feeding duration on pig growth performance, carcass composition, and fat quality (2014)

A total of 160 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 100.5 lb) were used in an 84-d experiment to evaluate the effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal control diet with no added fat or a 3 × 3 factorial with main effects of fat source (4% tallow, 4% soybean oil, or a blend of 2% tallow and 2% soybean oil) and feeding duration (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). One pig was identified in each pen on d 0, and biopsy samples of the back, belly, and jowl fat were collected on d 0, 41, and 81. At the conclusion of the study, all pigs were harvested, carcass characteristics were measured, and back, belly, and jowl fat samples were collected. Overall (d 0 to 84), there were no differences between fat sources for growth and carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed diets with added fat from d 0 to 84 had improved (P < 0.036) F/G compared with pigs fed a control diet without added fat. Pigs fed added fat throughout the entire study also had improved (P < 0.042) ADG and F/G and heavier d-84 BW (P < 0.006) compared with pigs fed additional fat for only period 1 or 2. Adding fat for the entire study increased (P < 0.032) backfat and tended to reduce (P < 0.083) fat-free lean index compared with pigs fed the control diet without added fat. Added fat also increased (P < 0.05) iodine value (IV) compared with pigs fed the control diet. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil or a blend of soybean oil and tallow decreased monounsaturated and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to feeding tallow (duration × fat source interaction, P < 0.05), with the greatest changes in C18:1 and C18:2, respectively. In conclusion, feeding added fat improved ADG and F/G; however, feeding soybean oil for increasing duration, either alone or in a blend with tallow, negatively affected the fatty acid composition and IV of finishing pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 20, 2014

Feeding soybean meal increases the blood level of isoflavones and reduces the steroidogenic capacity in bovine corpora lutea, without affecting peripheral progesterone concentrations

Thirty-three Holstein-Friesian cows were followed from 14 days pre partum until the fourth ovulation post partum. Housing conditions and basic ration were identical for all animals. Concentrates were individually supplemented according to the daily milk production level, using two different types of protein rich concentrates: soybean meal and rapeseed meal. Soybean and rapeseed meal are known to be respectively high and low in isoflavones. Cows were randomly divided into three groups and blocked for parity. Group I (n=11) was supplemented with soybean meal and acted as control group. Groups II (n=11) and III (n=11) were respectively supplemented with soybean and rapeseed meal and were subjected to a biopsy sampling of the corpus luteum at day 9 of the first three postpartal estrous cycles.Soybean meal supplementation to lactating dairy cows (1.72kg on average) induced an increase in the blood concentration of equol, dihydrodaidzein, o-desmethylangolensin in both soy groups and resulted in a reduced area occupied by steroidogenic (P=0.012) and endothelial cells (P=0.0007) in the luteal biopsies. Blood concentrations of equol and glycitein were negatively correlated with the areas occupied by steroidogenic (r=−0.410 with P=0.0002, respectively r=−0.351 with P=0.008) and endothelial cells (r=−0.337 with P=0.01, respectively r=−0.233 with P=0.085) in the 3 first estrous cycles. The latter however did not affect the diestrous peripheral blood progesterone concentration.

Effect of partial replacement of ground nut cake with extruded full fat or raw soyabeans on nutrient digestibility and productive performance in lactating cows

Present study was carried out to study the effect of partial replacement of ground nut cake with extruded full fat or raw soyabean on nutrient digestibility and productive performances in dairy cows. For this 15 lactating cross-bred cows were selected divided into three groups 5 each were fed on Total mixed ration consisting of 50% concentrate and 50% wheat straw. In concentrate diet for control ground nut cake was incorporated at 18% while as in treatment groups 9% of ground nut cake was replaced with extruded full fat soyabeans and raw soyabeans in treatment 1 and treatment 2 respectively. Experimental feeding was done for 120 days. It was found that digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, average milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk yield was significantly (p≤0.05) increased in T2 as compared to control and T3. Nutrient utilization and productive performances were also significantly (p≤0.05) increased in T1 as compared to control and T3.Milk composition was non-significant in all groups. Thus it can be concluded that feeding of extruded full fat soybean in comparison to raw soybean as a partial replacement of ground nut cake in lactating cows @ 9% level of replacement of concentrate mixture was found to be helpful in enhancing milk production in early lactating cows.

First comprehensive GMOs testing in Lebanon: Screening, identification and quantification of GM soybean imports

We present for the first time in Lebanon a comprehensive GMOs testing regime of all forty eight soybean imported feed consignments during a fifteen-month period. First, p35S screening was performed using either conventional or Real-Time PCR and showed that all samples are positive. Moreover, p35S quantification in some samples via Real-Time PCR demonstrated a remarkably high percentage. Subsequently, GTS 40-3-2 soybean identification was conducted on several samples using a validated Real-Time PCR method and showed that all are positive. Finally, GTS 40-3-2 quantification via the same method showed that the samples contain a surprisingly high percentage, consistent with p35S quantification.Our study provides for the first time in Lebanon a complete GMOs analysis of imported soybean feed consignments encompassing screening, identification and quantification according to ISO 17025:2005 standard. Our results demonstrate that GM feed is imported to Lebanon which signifies the importance of developing and implementing Lebanese regulatory measures.

Вплив компонентів натуральної та генетично модифікованої сої на показники імунної і репродуктивної систем у самиць щурів

The article presents results of research of the content of glycoproteins and their specific carbohydrate components, total protein, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leucocytes molecules of average mass and circulating immune complexes in the blood of female rats under conditions feeding of conventional and transgenic soybeans. Also the reproductive function and mass coefficient of fetus of the studied animals was analyzed. The studies were conducted in three groups of female rats aged 3 months. Animals of I group (control) were kept on a balanced diet during the study period. Animals of groups II and III (research) received a diet according to the scheme of the control group with the addition of 30% from the nutritional value diet native or transgenic soybean, respectively. We found that soy feeding had no significant effect on hematological data in the second and third experimental groups versus control. However, addition to the diet of soybeans, including genetically modified, has a significant impact on the content of glycoproteins and their specific carbohydrate components, female's fertility and less pronounced impact on the data of functional status of their immune system. A generalized analysis of the results of research leads to the conclusion that there is no definite negative or positive impact of GM soy components on their physiological state compared with animals fed native soybeans.

Cyclitol galactosides in low-raffinose, low-stachyose soybean embryos after feedingd-chiro-inositol,myo-inositol ord-pinitol

AbstractSucrose, raffinose and stachyose accumulate as stored soluble carbohydrates in embryos during soybean [Glycine maxL. (Merrill)] seed development and maturation. Raffinose and stachyose in soybean feed products are not digested by humans, chickens or pigs, resulting in flatulence and reduced nutritional value. Soybean lines selected for low raffinose and low stachyose (LRS) or low raffinose, low stachyose and low phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) concentrations in mature seeds were compared to a CHECK line with normal raffinose, stachyose and phytin. To determine whether increasing the supply of free cyclitols to immature embryos of these lines results in increased accumulation of galactosyl cyclitols, isolated immature embryos free of maternal tissues were fed solutions containing eitherd-chiro-inositol,myo-inositol ord-pinitol, or a control solution without cyclitols, for 24 h. Embryos were precociously matured by slow drying for 14 d with daily transfers to stepwise lower relative humidities. Soluble carbohydrates were extracted from axis and cotyledon tissues of mature, dry embryos and analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography. Axis and cotyledons from LRS, LRSP1 and LRSP2 embryos had low concentrations of stachyose compared to CHECK embryos after feeding a control solution without cyclitols. Feedingd-chiro-inositol to isolated embryos increased fagopyritol B1 accumulation in embryos of all lines. Feedingmyo-inositol increased stachyose accumulation in LRSP1 and LRSP2 cotyledons. Feedingd-pinitol increased freed-pinitol in cotyledons of all lines but increased galactopinitol A and galactopinitol B only in LRS cotyledons. Supplying additionald-chiro-inositol to immature embryos can enhance accumulation of fagopyritol B1 in mature embryos of low-raffinose and low-stachyose or low-raffinose, low-stachyose and low-phytin soybeans.