Characteristics Of Korea Research Articles

냉면, 만들어진 전통음식문화

This study takes ‘The Invention of Tradition’ presented by Eric Hobsbawm as a topic and focuses on naengmyeon as a food culture in memory and a food culture that is being created and recreated from the transition to modern times to the present. The purpose is to examine its characteristics. Naengmyeon is especially closely related to social changes during the transition to modernity and the Japanese colonial period, and is an important keyword in understanding food literature or food culture of that era and the division era. Focusing on the movement of the discourse on Naengmyeon from ‘Pyongyang’ to ‘Gyeongseong’ based on contemporary literary materials, we see this as revealing the metamorphosis phenomenon of culture in the transition period to modernity, and identify mobility and hybridity among the characteristics of Korea’s transition period to modernity. This is an attempt to explain.

부여 송국리 유적 주거지 출입구 고찰

The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of two holes identified in the middle of the oval-shape feature in the Korean Bronze Age pithouses at Songguk-ri, Buyeo Korea. Pithouses dated to the Bronze Age have turned out to be one of the most abundant archaeological features in Korea. Therefore, a detailed research concerning pithouses has been conducted and a number of characteristics have been known so far. Although many researchers have long been interested in the location of entrance to pithouses, it has not yet been clearly known. Oval-shape features have been exposed in the center of Songguk-ri style(roundish) pithouses. It is generally accepted that they are not hearths. Rather, they have been regarded as either a temporary storage pit or a stone tool manufacturing pit(a workshop for stone tools). Researchers have been paying a close attention to the two holes discovered in the oval-shape feature. Some researchers consider them to be either central post holes or ordinary post holes. However, we formulated a hypothesis that the oval-shape feature is the trace of people's movement and two holes are the marks generated by the legs of a ladder for entrance to the pithouse. To test this hypothesis we utilized many different Chinese historical documents and ethnographic observations in conjunction with the pithouses of the aboriginal peoples who inhabited in both Siberia and Alaska regions. It turned out that the documentary sources and observations made by European explorers and Russian researchers well correspond and provide a critical information about overall structure and the location of the entrance of pithouse. Based on the outcome of the analysis against the archaeological data from Songguk-ri site, we came to a conclusion that there was a high possibility that the two holes were the marks of the legs of a ladder for entrance and an opening/window/chimney was located on top of the roof of the pithouse.

Motives, Means, and Belonging in a Strange Land: Female International Students Navigating a Racially and Ethnically Homogeneous Korean Society

Using Mandelbaum’s (1973) life history analysis framework, this study analyzed the intersection of female experience, social wellbeing, gender role, and the cost of migration as a female international student in an ethnically homogenous and ethnical nationalist host country, South Korea. A cross-cultural comparison also followed to understand factors affecting belongingness and the ability to incorporate. As a result, immigrant life course dimensions are affected by extremities of cultural nearness or distance, cultural fluency or disfluency, positive cultural experience, intense ethnic and cultural contact, and the existence of a diaspora. The emigration to Korea and structural systems significantly turn the female immigrants’ course of life. Adaptation and belongingness are also affected by a desire for an abundant “Korean” cultural experience, rare cultural contact, code-switching, or indifference for a cultural experience. A comparative look at the experiences also produced common and different patterns based on the cultural origin of the students. Overall, the distinct ethnic characteristics of Korea as a host not only created a demanding assimilation (a strong pull to Korean ethnic identity assumed roles) but it also brought a unique and transforming female and belongingness experience. As migration may redirect or reward female gender roles, this study points to a proper discussion to understand the relativity of female experience within a distinctive and culturally demanding host country.

Shift to a Younger Age and Regional Differences in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Korea: Using Healthcare Administrative Data.

Research using healthcare administrative data with a validated algorithm can reveal the real-world data of rare diseases. We investigated an accurate algorithm for detecting incident cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) from healthcare data and analyzed the nationwide population-basedepidemiological features in Korea. Healthcare data from Songpa-Kangdong districts in Seoul were extracted from the National Health Insurance Service and analyzed to identify the best algorithm reflecting the cohort data. The most accurate criterion was applied to the entire database for further analysis. With the selected working criteria, 37,555 incident cases of IBD (Crohn's Disease [CD], 13,130; ulcerative colitis [UC], 24,425) were identified from 2005 to 2016. The male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1 for CD and 1.4:1 for UC. Over 12years, the annual standardized incidence rate (SIR) per 100,000 people increased from 1.6 to 2.7 and 3.8 to 4.3 for CD and UC, respectively. The peak age at diagnosis of UC shifted from 55-59years to 20-24years, whereas that of CD shifted from 19 to 17 years. The SIR of CD was higher in metropolitan areas than in non-metropolitan areas. This nationwide population-based epidemiologic study of Korean IBDrevealeda gradual increase in the incidence rates and a notable shift toward younger age at diagnosis. Males were predominant in both CD and UC. There was an urban-rural difference in the SIR of CD.

Characteristics of Korea's Industrial Structure through the Structural Change Index

Characteristics of Korea's Industrial Structure through the Structural Change Index

Earthquake damage and related factors associated with the 2016 ML = 5.8 Gyeongju earthquake, southeast Korea

The Gyeongju area covers the intersection of two major young structural features in Korea: the Yangsan and Ulsanfaults. More than 60 Quaternary fault sites have recently been reported along these fault zones, which are thus considered major active tectonic features in southeast Korea. An earthquake of local magnitude ML = 5.8 struck the Gyeongju area on September 12, 2016; the largest instrumental earthquake recorded in South Korea. We performed detailed investigation for severely damaged buildings and houses in villages around the epicenter, and determined the characteristics and controlling factors of the earthquake damage. The distribution of damaged buildings is relatively scattered around the epicenter, which may be related to the relatively deep focal depth of approximately 13–15 km. The radius of the reported damage area affected by ground motion is approximately 17 km from the epicenter, which is almost equal to the focal depth. Old buildings with traditional styles are more seriously damaged than modern buildings, suggesting that the damage intensity depends on the building structure, material properties, and seismic design. Interestingly, in a small village, the degree of building damage is clearly divided by a small stream. Based on an electrical resistivity survey for the local geological condition, we found that the degree of building damages also strongly depends on the local unconsolidated alluvium thickness. Moreover, the orientation of tilted or damaged buildings is closely related to the general trend of the related faults indicating the propagation direction of ground motion. Although focal depth, building style, and foundation condition are the main controlling factors to the building damages caused during the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, other minor factors could also be involved. This information will be useful to design proper construction codes for reinforced buildings and for hazard studies against future earthquakes in potential earthquake prone areas.

Macroeconomic Stability and Monetary Policy in Korea: Time-Varying Coefficient VAR Approach

The post-global financial crisis (GFC) macroeconomic dynamics in Korea displays diminished output and inflation variability with a slowdown in real activity, compared to the first decade of the 2000s. This paper investigates these two distinctive macroeconomic features in Korea by estimating a vector autoregressive (VAR) model in which the VAR coefficients as well as the covariance matrix of its reduced-form innovations are allowed to change over time. Based on the data from 2000:Q1 to 2018:Q2, our objectives are twofold: (1) to unveil the source of the reduced macroeconomic volatility in Korea since the aftermath of the GFC; and (2) to inspect how the efficacy of monetary policy innovations in stimulating real activity has evolved over time. Our results indicate that the volatility of exogenous disturbances hitting the economy has declined precipitously during the sample period, which is the main driver of the recent volatility reduction in the macro aggregates. In addition, we find that the responsiveness of output toward monetary policy innovations has decreased gradually since the early to mid-2000s, but monetary policy remains effective in boosting output even for the most recent sample.

The Characteristics of Korea’s Fact Check Journalism: With a Focus on Fact Check Journalists’ Perception of “Facts” and Investigation of Their Fact Verification Processes

The Characteristics of Korea’s Fact Check Journalism: With a Focus on Fact Check Journalists’ Perception of “Facts” and Investigation of Their Fact Verification Processes

Application of biomass fraction at industrial waste incinerator

The factor required for estimating greenhouse gas emission, i.e. the fossil carbon fraction, excludes the biomass fraction of incinerated waste and can be applied as a major factor in estimating greenhouse gas emissions. In Korea, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from waste incineration facilities is calculated by using a solid waste incinerated amount default values (biomass fraction, content of dry matter, etc.) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang (IPCC). However, this method cannot reflect the characteristics of Korea. This method is likely to overestimate or underestimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to investigate the difference in emissions between the actual values of the biomass content based on the exhaust gas standard and the IPCC defaults applied in the calculation of the national emissions. The comparative result indicates that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions calculated using the solid waste composition method is 70.71 tons CO2/day and using the flue gas analysis is 56.92 tons CO2/day. This verifies that the former method overestimates the amount of greenhouse gas emissions compared with the latter method. The difference is caused by applying both factors in estimating greenhouse gas emissions and the basic values provided in the IPCC guideline. In addition, although the IPCC reported 10% of biomass content, it is 41.06% as a result of actual analysis, and hence, it is considered that there will be a difference depending on the biomass content. Thus, to increase the reliability of the calculated greenhouse gas emissions, these should be estimated by considering national characteristics.

Evaluation on R&D projects in Korea to predict and reduce natural disaster

This study is intended to evaluate and analyze R&D projects for natural disaster prediction and reduction that have been conducted from 2003 up to 2016 in Korea and use it as foundational material for future R&D projects for disaster prevention technology in Korea. In consideration of essentiality about the characteristics of Korea’s natural disaster prediction and reduction R&D projects and achievement of project goals, scientific, technological, and social performances are arising. Concerning “technical performance”, in 2016, there were 4 patents registered receiving over 80 points (out of 100) (50%), so in the future, technology level is expected to rise greatly. Moreover, a lot of research results are being applied practically to the affair of Ministry of Public Safety and Security.

Epidemiological and clinical features of rosacea in Korea: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition. Although several epidemiological and etiologic studies with large sample sizes have been conducted on Caucasians, such data regarding Asian populations are lacking. A total of 580 patients diagnosed with rosacea were enrolled from October 2014 to February 2015 at 14 general hospitals. Questionnaires, including the standard classification and grading system, were used for evaluation. The average age of the patients was 47.9 years. While 83.8% of patients revealed a single subtype, 16.2% of patients revealed mixed subtypes showing two or more subtypes simultaneously. Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR) was the most prevalent subtype. ETR combined with papulopustular rosacea showed the highest proportion in the mixed subtype group. Mild severity was revealed in 71.9% of patients. The most common aggravating factor was emotional changes (51.7%), followed by stress (48.4%). Approximately half of the patients (47.4%) showed relatively low awareness of rosacea. By identifying the epidemiological and etiologic features in Korea, we can suggest valuable clinical avenues for research, education and awareness among rosacea patients.

Examining the internal features of Korea’s Green Commitment in Mongolia

With global environmental challenges rapidly growing, governments and international agencies have increased environment-related aid toward developing nations. In this context, South Korea has become a leading nation, providing various types of aid to its less-privileged neighbors. This study analyzes the ‘Green Mongolia’ project carried out by a Korean institution, exploring the way in which different stakeholders view green official development assistance (ODA) programs and the constituencies such policies are designed to help. We focus particularly on three dimensions of sustainability: the environment, the economy, and society. The Q-method used in this paper provides deeper insights into the awareness and belief systems of groups with different perspectives, helping to recognize the issues they actually face. Our analysis identified four contrasting types of views: ‘society-oriented,’ ‘environment-oriented,’ ‘economy/environment-balanced,’ and ‘environment/society-balanced.’ Although limited in their perspectives, most local respondents took environmental issues seriously, and were willing to listen to and work with their government to advance the program in question. We suggest that ‘green ODA’ works better when policies are based on a consensus and take into account the interests of all participating entities and stakeholders.

A Study on Range of Cut Slope Stability Analysis Due to Upper Natural Slope Angle Variation

산지가 많이 분포하는 우리나라는 지형 특성상 도로, 철도, 건축물 등을 건설하는 과정에서 깎기비탈면이 발생하는 경우가 많다. 건설 과정에서 생성된 깎기비탈면의 상단부에는 기존 산지의 한 부분인 상부 자연사면이 위치하게 된다. 깎기비탈면의 안정성을 평가할 때, 상부 자연사면의 경사가 비탈면 안정성에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 많은 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 깎기비탈면 상단부에 위치한 상부 자연사면이 경사 및 해석 범위에 따라 달라지는 안전율의 변화를 검토해보고 안정해석에 반영하기 위한 방안을 논의해보고자 한다. 상부 자연사면의 형상이 비탈면의 안정성에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 간단한 비탈면 모형을 가정하고 상부 자연사면의 경사 및 해석 범위를 조정하여 안정해석을 수행하였다. 해석 결과, 깎기비탈면의 안전율을 적합하게 도출하기 위해서는 상부 자연사면의 경사를 일정 부분 포함해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 사질토 특성의 비탈면의 경우, 최소 12m 이상, 점성토 특성의 비탈면의 경우 18m 이상을 안정해석 범위에 포함하여 야 한다.Because of very mountainous topography features in Korea, cutting slope tends to be generated during the construction of road, railroad and the building structure. A natural slope is usually on the top of cutting slope created during construction. As for evaluating the stability of cutting slope, the effect of a natural slope on slope stability has not yet much been studied. This study thus is intended to review the safety of natural slope on cutting slope that may vary depending on slope and analysis scope and then seeks the way of incorporating it into stability analysis. A stability analysis was conducted on a simple model assumption while adjusting the slope and analysis scope in a bid to evaluate the effect of natural slope pattern on slope stability. Consequently, a certain part of natural slope should be included to adequately estimate the safety level of cutting slope. This study suggests that at least 12m should be included for sandy soil slope in the scope of stability analysis, while 18m for cohesive soil slope.

Contextual influences on Korean college students’ vocational identity development

This study observed the effect of contextual factors on vocational identity (VI) level in each VI status, originated by Marcia (Handbook of adolescent psychology. Wiley, New York, 1980)’s identity status. This is an attempt to integrate status approach and dimension approach of VI development by finding within-status difference of development level in each VI status. Collecting data of 286 Korean college junior and seniors, cluster analysis was performed to confirm the status classification, followed by multiple regression analysis to observe different contextual variables influencing VI level in each status. Results showed that VI was identically classified with Korean college students, and different contextual variables influenced VI in each status. High functional family communication in achievement, low inter-parental conflict in moratorium, high peer attachment in foreclosure, and low peer attachment in diffusion status positively influenced VI level. Theoretical implication based on recent VI study trends and practical implications based on cultural characteristics of Korea are stated, along with limitations and suggestions for future research.

Sensitivity of the environmental costs of air pollution caused by SOx, NOx, and PM from power plants applied to the power mix configuration in South Korea

In the 6th Basic Plan for Long-Term Electricity Supply and Demand (6th BPE) for Korea, for the first time, the environmental costs of air pollution caused by oxides of sulfur (SOx), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matters (PM) from power plants were estimated and included. However, several deficiencies in evaluating the environmental costs were found. In this study, (1) the validity of the environmental costs used in the 6th BPE was assessed, (2) a systematic approach was suggested and used to improve the environmental costs estimation, and (3) the sensitivity of the cost of generating electricity to the environmental costs by fuel type with the proposed approach was discussed. We found that the applied environmental costs used in the 6th BPE did not fully include the demographic characteristics of Korea. By applying more realistic parameter values, it was found that the newly estimated environmental cost was about 23 times higher than the cost estimated in the original 6th BPE for coal-fired power plants and about 1.5 times higher for liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fired power plants, suggesting that LNG-fired power plants are more economical if using more realistic environmental costs. Thus, it is critical to check the validity of parameter values when calculating environmental costs.

Why is the Inter-firm Credit Market in Korea Special? An Agency View of Trade Credit Use by Chaebols

We study inter-firm credit (also known as trade credit (TC) or the delayed payment a supplier allows its downstream customer on a product sale) with an emphasis on its unique features in Korea. It is the prominence of chaebol-affiliated firms in the Korean economy that makes Korea unique because chaebol firms are linked together by common ownership and thus distort the assumption common to all theories of TC that the input supplier is independent from its customer. We find several aspects of TC use by chaebols. First, viewed as input purchasers, these firms take more TC (the chaebol effect). The amount of TC taken is positively related to purchases from other chaebol affiliates (the affiliate effect), and with the degree of the chairman's ownership-control disparity (the ownership multiplier effect). Also TC as proportion of short-term debt increases significantly after profit growth (the profit effect). Furthermore, chaebol members give less TC although this is strongly correlated with transactions with affiliates. We suggest a unifying interpretation of these patterns based on agency cost: TC, by substituting for external financing and reducing monitoring by outsiders, presents controlling minority owners the opportunity to misuse their greater control for their own benefit.

진주시 한의원 의료서비스 공간특성분석

경제가 발전함에 따라 의료서비스의 수요도 높아지면서 한방의료 이용도 해마다 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 특히 65세 이상 노인일수록 양방보다는 한방을 선호하는 추세이며, 고령화 사회에 접어든 우리나라의 경우 한방 의료서비스의 중요성이 더욱 높아지고 있다. 이런 측면에서 지방중소도시 중 진주시를 대상으로 한의원의 밀도분석과 접근성을 분석함으로서 의료서비스의 질을 평가하였다. 그 결과 진주시 전체 의료시설 중 한의원은 27%를 차지하고 있고 주로 중심상업지역에 밀집되어 있어서 동별 한의원서비스 질에 불균형이 존재하였다. 특히 65세 이상 노인인구의 한의원 접근성분석에서 진주시 전체 동 중 50%이상이 의료사각지역이 발생되어 매우 취약한 상태를 보여주었다. 따라서 고령화가 급속도로 진행되는 우리나라의 인구특성을 고려해 볼 때 지방 중소도시의 한방 의료 서비스 지원에 대한 체계적인 개선대책이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Strategy for Entering China's Regional and Provincial Domestic Markets

This paper aims to present comprehensive strategies for promoting export and investment and advances in Chinese consumer markets and production bases in response to the new Chinese policy boosting domestic demand and changes in provincial economic climate. By analyzing the characteristics of China's consumer markets and industries, the characteristics of Korea's export market for China's domestic consumption, and the trend of Korea's investment in China by region, this paper suggests methods for advancement in regional Chinese domestic markets and considers the competitive composition of the Chinese import market as a strategy for FTA negotiation further market access. Also, it recommends Chinese efforts to reduce non-tariff barriers and legal discordance between central and local governments and between local ones. In addition, it urges the Korean government to build support systems for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), renew the current export support programs, and provide specialized information on local markets.

Strategy for Entering China's Regional and Provincial Domestic Markets

This paper aims to present comprehensive strategies for promoting export and investment and advances in Chinese consumer markets and production bases in response to the new Chinese policy boosting domestic demand and changes in provincial economic climate. By analyzing the characteristics of China's consumer markets and industries, the characteristics of Korea's export market for China's domestic consumption, and the trend of Korea's investment in China by region, this paper suggests methods for advancement in regional Chinese domestic markets and considers the competitive composition of the Chinese import market as a strategy for FTA negotiation further market access. Also, it recommends Chinese efforts to reduce non-tariff barriers and legal discordance between central and local governments and between local ones. In addition, it urges the Korean government to build support systems for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), renew the current export support programs, and provide specialized information on local markets.

The development of Korea’s service industry from a global historical perspective

Korea’s economic structure has changed in a trend toward that of an advanced economy. Although the manufacturing sector has been dominating and a source of economic growth for a long period, there has been a recent shift toward the service industry. The sector’s share of both production output and employment is still rising. However, Korea’s service industry, despite its great significance in terms of employment and value-added, is not considered fully advanced. While its role is increasing, its economic share and rate of productivity growth is relatively slow compared with that of other countries. Thus, advancement of the service industry is essential in order to achieve a more prosperous economy. This paper presents the characteristics of Korea’s service industry and suggests strategies for its development.