Inheritance Characteristics Research Articles

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF PRINCIPLES IN THE FIELD OF CLIMATE PROTECTION

In the conditions of modern society, inheritance law is becoming the subject of increasingly active study and analysis. In the context of the transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to a market economy, the implementation of socio-economic reforms and the development of information technology, the issues of inheritance law acquire new aspects and challenges. In this regard, this study is aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of the features of inheritance by law both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in other countries, in order to identify similarities and differences in the legal regulation of this area. The purpose of the study is to study the key aspects of inheritance law using a comparative legal approach. Within the framework of this study, several main tasks have been identified: first, to analyze the legislation regulating inheritance by law in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in other countries of the world. This stage includes the study of the basic rules and principles governing the inheritance process in various legal systems. Secondly, to determine the circle of persons who have the right to inherit by law both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in foreign countries. This important study will reveal differences in the established categories of heirs and the legal basis for their succession.Thirdly, to conduct a comparative analysis of the legal regulation of heirs by law in the civil law of the Republic of Kazakhstan and similar norms in foreign countries. This stage of the analysis will reveal similarities and differences in legal approaches to inheritance and its consequences for heirs. The results of the study are supposed to be used as a basis for developing recommendations for improving inheritance legislation, as well as for a deeper understanding and application of inheritance rules both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in other countries. Thus, the study has practical significance and can contribute to improving the legal regulation of inheritance relations, ensuring a more equitable and effective succession procedure.

Research participant perceptions of personal utility in disclosure of individual research results from genomic analysis.

This article elaborates research participant perspectives on the communication of individual research results from genomic analyses. While most analyses focus on how to communicate results from the perspectives of clinicians or researchers, there is insufficient data on user perspectives and how this information may be used, valued, and interpreted by patients and their families. The concept of personal utility, which considers factors related to quality of life, including on how information may impact the person's future decisions, has been shown to be particularly relevant to understand research participant perspectives and to move beyond clinical and analytic utility factors such as mortality and morbidity. This article draws from qualitative research of research participants awaiting genomic results in the case of sudden cardiac death. Our results show perspectives of personal utility in communication of genomic results, including cognitive, behavioral, and affective outcomes. Cognitive outcomes include gain of information, improved knowledge of etiology and inheritance characteristics, and curiosity for what might be found. Behavioral outcomes include being able to plan life decisions, while affective outcomes include various coping strategies used. We will also discuss the value of knowing negative results and incidental findings from the research participant's perspective. This contribution gives suggestions on best practices to guide genome analysis returns, including incorporating participant wishes on individualized communication at the consent stage; developing relational autonomy approaches; and engaging them throughout the research trajectory.

Characteristics of tandem repeat inheritance and sympathetic nerve involvement in GAA-FGF14 ataxia.

Intronic GAA repeat expansion ([GAA] ≥250) in FGF14 is associated with the late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, spinocerebellar ataxia 27B (SCA27B, GAA-FGF14 ataxia). We aim to determine the prevalence of the GAA repeat expansion in FGF14 in Chinese populations presenting late-onset cerebellar ataxia (LOCA) and evaluate the characteristics of tandem repeat inheritance, radiological features and sympathetic nerve involvement. GAA-FGF14 repeat expansion was screened in an undiagnosed LOCA cohort (n = 664) and variations in repeat-length were analyzed in families of confirmed GAA-FGF14 ataxia patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the radiological feature in GAA-FGF14 ataxia patients. Clinical examinations and sympathetic skin response (SSR) recordings in GAA-FGF14 patients (n = 16) were used to quantify sympathetic nerve involvement. Two unrelated probands (2/664) were identified. Genetic screening for GAA-FGF14 repeat expansion was performed in 39 family members, 16 of whom were genetically diagnosed with GAA-FGF14 ataxia. Familial screening revealed expansion of GAA repeats in maternal transmissions, but contraction upon paternal transmission. Brain MRI showed slight to moderate cerebellar atrophy. SSR amplitude was lower in GAA-FGF14 patients in pre-symptomatic stage compared to healthy controls, and further decreased in the symptomatic stage. GAA-FGF14 ataxia was rare among Chinese LOCA cases. Parental gender appears to affect variability in GAA repeat number between generations. Reduced SSR amplitude is a prominent feature in GAA-FGF14 patients, even in the pre-symptomatic stage.

A locus-dependent mixed inheritance in the segmental allohexaploid sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam).

Two interrelated aspects of the sweetpotato genome, its polyploid origin and inheritance type, remain uncertain. We recently proposed a segmental allohexaploid sweetpotato and thus sought to clarify its inheritance type by direct analyses of homoeolog segregations at selected single-copy loci. For such analyses, we developed a digital quantitative PCR genotyping method using one nondiscriminatory and three discriminatory probes for each selected locus to discriminate and quantify three homoeolog-differentiating variation types (homoeolog-types) in genomic DNA samples for genotype fitting and constructed a F2 population for segregation analyses. We confirmed inter-subgenomic distinctions of three identified homoeolog-types at each of five selected loci by their interspecific differentiations among 14 species in Ipomoea section batatas and genotyped the loci in 549 F2 lines, selected F1 progenies, and their founding parents. Segregation and genotype analyses revealed a locus-dependent mixed inheritance (disomic, polysomic, and intermediate types) of the homoeolog-types at 4 loci in the F2 population, displaying estimated disomic-inheritance frequencies of 0, 2.72%, 14.52%, and 36.92%, and probably in the F1 population too. There were also low-frequency non-hexaploid F1 and F2 genotypes that were probably derived from double-reduction recombination or partially unreduced gametes, and F2 genotypes of apparent aneuploids/dysploids with neopolyploid-like frequencies. Additional analyses of homoeolog-type genotypes at the 5 loci in 46 lines from various regions revealed locus-dependent selection biases, favoring genotypes having more of one homoeolog-type, i.e. more of di- or homogenized homoeolog-type composition, and one-direction ploidy trending among apparent aneuploids/dysploids. These inheritance features pointed to an evolving segmental allohexaploid sweetpotato impacted by selection biases.

Features of copyright inheritance

The article examines the provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine concerning the inheritance of copyright, and considers specific property copyrights as an object of inheritance. The content and essence of personal non-property and property copyrights under current Ukrainian legislation are clarified. It is stated that intellectual property rights may be transferred from one person to another, and therefore they may be the subject of inheritance relations. The author emphasises that transfer of such rights by inheritance is one of the non-contractual ways of disposing of intellectual property rights. Based on the study conducted, the author finds out that, as a general rule, only proprietary copyrights are transferred to heirs by inheritance. Thus, the author has found out that the heirs may inherit the right to use a work, the exclusive right to allow or prohibit the use of a work, and the right to prevent unlawful use of a work. At the same time, it is proved that some non-property copyrights in a truncated form may also be inherited, but their scope and nature remain controversial in science. It is determined that the author’s heirs have the right to protect the author’s personal non-property rights, in particular, to counteract the distortion, misrepresentation or other alteration of the work, as well as any other encroachment on the work which may harm the author’s honour and reputation. It is also determined that in the event of the author’s death, the author’s heirs, interested parties, or a person authorised by the author may protect the inviolability of the work. In addition, the author analyses a number of specific copyrights which do not have provisions on inheritance in the legislation, and based on the opinions of scholars, draws conclusions about the possibility of their transfer by way of inheritance. Thus, the author identifies the problematic issues regarding the possibility of transferring the right to participate in the implementation of projects of works of architecture, urban planning, and landscape gardening by way of inheritance. The author also finds out that the right of access to a work of fine art, although it has a property content, cannot be inherited due to the close connection with the personality of the creator-author. The author proves that the right of imitation is inherited and is valid for the same term as property copyrights, but it cannot be alienated to other persons, either by the author or his/her heirs.

On the Question of the Grounds for Inheritance

The paper discusses the features and conditions for the emergence of the right to inherit by law, by will and inheritance contract, taking into account the history of the formation and development of the institution of inheritance. The purpose of the study is to identify the main distinguishing features of inheritance by will, inheritance contract and by law. The objectives of the study are to analyze the features of the formation and development of inheritance by law, inheritance contract and testament based on the study of historical trends in the development of the institution of inheritance and the norms of the current legislation. The following methods were used in the course of the study: the general scientific dialectical method, which implies objectivity and comprehensiveness of the knowledge of the phenomena under study; systemic; normative; logical; comparative legal; historical and legal methods. The significance of the advantage of inheritance by will over inheritance by law, established by the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is revealed, taking into account existing points of view regarding the validity of the grounds for inheritance fixed today by the legislation. Particular attention is paid to the importance of the formation of the will in the process of its expression through the making of a will. The author comes to the conclusion that the division of inheritance into legal and testamentary is conditional due to the fact that inheritance by will itself is legal, the validity of establishing the priority of inheritance by will. Given this, the author draws attention to the importance of the conditions for the formation of the will of the testator, the possibilities and consequences of distorting the will in the process of its formation.

Height inheritance in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) hybrids with D<sub> 2</sub> and D<sub> 3</sub> hybrid dwarfing genes

Background. Durum wheat (BBAuAu, 2n=28) carries the D2 and D3 hybrid dwarfing genes. A study of the nature of D genes and a research of their influence on the adaptive and selectively valuable traits of hybrid plants with hybrid dwarfing genes is of theoretical and practical interest. It was previously established that the dominant alleles of the D2 and D3 genes significantly reduce the height of durum wheat hybrid plants and positively affect the kernel size and vitreousness. The purpose of the present work was to study the inheritance of height in hybrids obtained by crossing a semi-dwarf durum winter wheat cultivar with lines carrying hybrid dwarfing genes. Material and methods. The material of the study was four lines of durum wheat: L-961, L-962, L-963 and L-964 carrying hybrid dwarfing genes D2 and D3, a cultivar of semi-dwarf winter durum wheat ‘Krupinka’ (k-64725) with the rht1 gene, and hybrids of these lines with this cultivar. ‘Krupinka’ was used as the female parent in hybridization by controlled pollination. The degree of dominance was determined according to Beil and Atkins. Statistics were performed using the Pearson’s -x2 test. Results and conclusions. The analysis of plant lines of durum wheat with the D2 and D3 hybrid dwarfing genes showed that the average height of the ‘Krupinka’ × L-962 and ‘Krupinka’ × L-963 hybrids was 30 cm lower compared to the tall parent, the degree of dominance was 0.9 and 1.9 respectively. In hybrids with lines L-961 and L-964, there was no dominance of short stature. The height variability in F2 hybrids was continuous and prevented combining them into any phenotypic classes. The F3 families of ‘Krupinka’ × L-962 and ‘Krupinka’ × L 963 hybrids segregated by height into three phenotypic classes. The actual ratio of phenotypic classes did not contradict the theoretical one of 10:3:3. The obtained numerical ratios of F3 families are generally similar to those found in the literature. A distinctive feature is the absence of recessive alleles in D genes. It is assumed that the latter are regulators of phytohormone gene depression and do not have recessive alleles. It will be more correct to designate the observed phenotypic classes as D2D2 i and D3D3 i, where D2 i и D3 i denote homologues of chromosomes with a different number of multigenes. Conclusion. The study of height inheritance in the obtained hybrids indicated the presence of dominant D2 and D3 genes in the L-962 and L-963 lines and of the semi-dominant D3 gene in the L-961 line. A distinctive feature of height inheritance in durum wheat lines with the D2 and D3 hybrid dwarfing genes is the absence of recessive alleles in the D genes, i.e. no dominance of short stature

Application and Innovation of Chinese Characteristic Cultural Elements in Cultural and Creative Product Design in the Information Age

Abstract In recent years, with the interaction and integration of modern cultural and creative industries with Chinese excellent traditional culture, various innovative cultural and creative products have been introduced, ushering in new opportunities for the inheritance and development of Chinese excellent traditional culture. In order to integrate Chinese cultural elements into the design of cultural and creative products. This paper draws on the characteristics of DNA inheritance and mutation in living organisms to construct a multi-objective optimization model of DNA elements, and by applying the model to the analysis stage of cultural and creative product design, the designed products can be more completely integrated into the elements of Chinese characteristic culture to effectively guide the design practice of cultural and creative products. This paper takes Dunhuang Tang Dynasty Feitian cultural elements as an example for practical research through the integration of Dunhuang Tang Dynasty Feitian cultural elements of a series of cultural and creative products for the satisfaction survey from the symbolic perception, beautiful shape, functional and practical, cultural connotations, innovation and novelty of the five dimensions of the design effect assessment, the furniture category of cultural and creative products scored the highest, the average value of 4.766, the cultural and creative products in the symbolic perception of the dimensions of the score is high. It shows that in the Dunhuang Tang Dynasty, Feitian cultural and creative products can be perceived as symbols of the characteristic culture of the period.

НАСЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ УЧАСТКОВ ПО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВУ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ ГОСУДАРСТВ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АНАЛИЗ

The purpose of this article is to study the features of inheritance of land plots in the Russian Federation, as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of inheritance of land plots in domestic legislation and legislation of foreign countries. This is important for improving Russian legislation regulating these public relations. In order to achieve these goals, it seems necessary to study the Russian scientific doctrine on inheritance of land plots, the current Russian legislation, conduct a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign legislation in this area, identify shortcomings and positive experience in the legislative regulation of hereditary land relations in the Russian Federation and foreign countries.The purpose and objectives of the work determined the methodology of this study, which is based on a number of methods, in particular: comparative legal, formal logical, dialectical method of cognition of social phenomena and processes. As a result of the conducted research, the author has formulated a number of conclusions, as well as some recommendations regarding the improvement of Russian legislation in this area. In particular, the provision established in the legislation of the countries of the German group, according to which the testator does not have the right to arbitrarily bequeath his land property (land and real estate located on it), seems justified. The property must pass to one of the heirs of the deceased, and the rest have the right to claim property compensation from the heir. If this is an agricultural land plot, then the following criteria must be used when choosing an heir: the heir must be closely associated with farming on it, have appropriate qualifications, work experience in agriculture and the ability to effectively farm. From this point of view, the French principle of «preferential valuation of agricultural land» is also attractive, according to which the court must elect the most qualified heir among all. At the same time, the payment of financial compensation to the remaining co-heirs places a financial burden on the farm, but its term in French law is long (ten years). We propose to amend the Russian legislation accordingly, increasing the period of payment of appropriate compensation to at least three years. Thus, we recommend introducing some novelties into Russian legislation, taking into account foreign experience in regulating hereditary land relations, which, it seems, will contribute to improving legal regulation in this area.

Retracted: Computational Intelligence and Things Technology-Based Collection and Design of Inheritance Characteristics of Tea Product Packaging Art Form

Retracted: Computational Intelligence and Things Technology-Based Collection and Design of Inheritance Characteristics of Tea Product Packaging Art Form

Molecular and genetic basis of tomato resistance to major fungal diseases

This review presents an analysis of the literature, which indicates the popularity of breeding methods in the fight against oomycete and fungal diseases of tomato: late blight (pathogen − Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), fusarium wilt (pathogen − Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen), early blight or alternariosis (pathogens − representatives of the genus Alternaria), cladosporiosis (pathogen−Cladosporium fulvum Cook.). Theoretical and practical achievements, the latest developments in genetics, molecular biology, plant physiology, microbiology are considered. Special attention is paid to modern information about the diversity of tomato pathogens, their morphological, genetic, physiological features, including racial composition; the presence of pathogen resistance genes in the gene pool of the culture under study, their mapping and the possibility of introduction into the genome from other sources; about the developed markers of target genes and loci of quantitative traits; the degree of associations between a molecular marker and a target gene; about the features of inheritance of the studied trait, as well as the possibility of pyramiding R-genes and QTL in one genotype. To accelerate and improve the efficiency of tomato breeding for resistance to pathogens, these issues are of great importance. Their study will strengthen the integration of modern biotechnology with the traditional breeding process, which is carried out by classical methods.

Academic characteristics of contemporary famous traditional Chinese medicine experts and schools in treatment of chronic renal failure based on SrTO

According to the systematic review of text and opinion(SrTO) developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI), this study integrated the evidence of the medical cases, papers, medical experience, and other related research of famous experts and schools on the treatment of chronic renal failure in the field of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nephropathy, analyzed the academic characteristics and influencing factors from the aspects of the principle, method, recipe, and medicines, and explored the internal logic and law of inheritance and innovation in TCM nephropathy. A total of 36 famous TCM experts and 4 schools were included. The work areas are concentrated in North and South China. 94.0% of the famous TCM experts have experienced master-disciple teaching. 27.8% have studied TCM through family succession. 38.9% have been taught by multiple famous teachers. And 5.6% have not experienced master-disciple teaching. In terms of principle, method, recipe, and medicines, many innovations have been made, with 30.6% of famous TCM experts proposing new theories, 11.1% advocating staged treatment of chronic renal failure, and 47.2% summarizing the treatment methods. The formation of the academic thoughts of contemporary famous TCM experts and schools on the treatment of chronic renal failure is closely related to the learning mode, era, and work area. Contemporary famous TCM experts and schools have the academic characteristics of combining classical and clinical theories and paying more attention to TCM with western medicine supplemented. The field of TCM nephropathy has the characteristics of simultaneous inheritance and innovation. On the basis of inheriting the classical theories of TCM, it absorbs modern medical theories, combines clinical diagnosis with the syndrome and treatment law of contemporary diseases, and makes innovations in principle, method, recipe, and medicines, which has significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of chronic renal failure.

MmisAT and MmisP: an efficient and accurate suite of variant analysis toolkit for primary mitochondrial diseases

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have greatly accelerated the need for efficient annotation to accurately interpret clinically relevant genetic variants in human diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to develop appropriate analytical tools to improve the interpretation of disease variants. Given the unique genetic characteristics of mitochondria, including haplogroup, heteroplasmy, and maternal inheritance, we developed a suite of variant analysis toolkits specifically designed for primary mitochondrial diseases: the Mitochondrial Missense Variant Annotation Tool (MmisAT) and the Mitochondrial Missense Variant Pathogenicity Predictor (MmisP). MmisAT can handle protein-coding variants from both nuclear DNA and mtDNA and generate 349 annotation types across six categories. It processes 4.78 million variant data in 76 min, making it a valuable resource for clinical and research applications. Additionally, MmisP provides pathogenicity scores to predict the pathogenicity of genetic variations in mitochondrial disease. It has been validated using cross-validation and external datasets and demonstrated higher overall discriminant accuracy with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94, outperforming existing pathogenicity predictors. In conclusion, the MmisAT is an efficient tool that greatly facilitates the process of variant annotation, expanding the scope of variant annotation information. Furthermore, the development of MmisP provides valuable insights into the creation of disease-specific, phenotype-specific, and even gene-specific predictors of pathogenicity, further advancing our understanding of specific fields.

Features of inheritance of grains number of the main ear of soft winter wheat during hybridization of forest-steppe, steppe and western European ecotypes

The article presents the results of research on the features inheritance of the number of grains of the main ear in F1 by hybridization of varieties soft winter wheat of various ecotypes. The purpose of the research was to establish the formation of grains number in the main ear of parental forms and hybrids of the first generation for determination of the degree of phenotypic dominance and the inheritance type in F1 by reciprocal crosses of wheat varieties of soft winter forest-steppe, steppe and western European ecotypes. During 2022–2023 the research was conducted in the conditions of the experimental field of the educational and production center of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. We studied 30 hybrid combinations created by varieties hybridization: «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi», «Kvitka poliv» – forest-steppe ecotype; «Lastivka odes’ka», «Znahidka odes’ka» – steppe ecotype; «Mulan», «Fidelius» – western European ecotype. High indicators of the number of grains (55.4– 74.2 pcs.) in 2022 the following hybrids were formed: ♀ «Kvitka poliv» / ♂ «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi»; «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi» ↔ «Lastivka odes’ka»; «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi» ↔ «Znahidka odes’ka»; «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi» ↔ «Fidelius»; «Znahidka odes’ka» ↔ «Fidelius»; «Lastivka odes’ka» ↔ «Fidelius». In 2023 in terms of the grains number (51.8–64.9 pcs.) the best hybrids were the following: ♀ «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi» / ♂ «Kvitka poliv»; «Kvitka poliv» ↔ «Lastivka odes’ka»; ♀ «Znahidka odes’ka» / ♂ «Mulan»; ♀ «Znahidka odes’ka» ↔ «Fidelius»; ♀ «Lastivka odes’ka» / ♂ «Mulan». Positive overdominance in 2022–2023 was found in 19 out of 30 crossbreeding combinations, among which, based on the high stable manifestation of the grains number in the main ear, the following varieties stood out: «Kvitka poliv» ↔ «Lastivka odes’ka»; «Zorepad bilotserkivskyi» ↔ «Fidelius»; «Znahidka odes’ka» ↔ «Fidelius»; «Znahidka odes’ka» ↔ «Mulan»; «Mulan» ↔ «Fidelius». Thus, high rates of grains number were formed in F1 , obtained by reciprocal crosses: forest-steppe ecotype with steppe, forest-steppe with western European, steppe with western European, western European with western European. Key words: soft winter wheat, variety, parental forms, hybrids, number of grains number in main ear, inheritance type.

Designing Muslimheir Application As An Educational Game About Heritage (Case Study MAN 1 Bener Meriah)

Inheritance is property or property that is entitled to be received by heirs, legally must be divided fairly so as not to cause family division. This is used as a learning material taught to class XII MAN 1 Bener Meriah students. Based on the results of initial observations, learning at MAN 1 Bener Meriah usually still uses the monotonous lecture method. As a result, students' understanding tends to be minimal and students quickly forget it. So a heritage learning application is needed for class XII students to facilitate understanding of the material. One solution that can be used is the use of the Muslimheir application. Muslimheir app is an app that provides learning services about inheritance. This application is designed by utilizing the principles of educational games so that it can be used by all circles, especially among MAN 1 Bener Meriah students. The purpose of this study is to know the concept and testing of the Muslimheir application as a learning medium for inheritance. This research method uses an incremental model method, which consists of: analysis, design, coding and testing. The population of this study was all students of Class XII MAN 1 Bener Meriah. The sample included 20 students who were randomly drawn to try the Muslimheir app and then gave testimonials via Google Forms. The results showed that the Muslimheir application has a concept as an edu-game equipped with Faraidh, Game, History, Application Info, FAQ, and Calculate Inheritance features. Researchers concluded that based on testing 20 panelists, 90% of participants revealed that this application increased their understanding of the distribution of inheritance according to Islamic law. The results of validation tests by 4 expert validators show that the Muslimheir application has a score of 88,278 which means very good. Thus, the Muslimheir application can be used in learning related to inheritance in the future.

Court Disputes of Determining the Scope of Copyright and Related Rights to Works and Phonograms Acquired by Inheritance

The article analyzes the features of inheritance of exclusive rights to works and phonograms as the results of intellectual activity belonging to the testator. The author points out the difficulties that arise when proving by the heirs the fact of the inclusion of copyright and related rights in the mass of the succession and their volume since exclusive rights to such objects are not subject to registration. The author cites as an example the alienation by heirs of rights in respect of musical works, the exclusive rights to which belonged to the testator, provided that the heirs did not know that the testator, as the right holder, during his lifetime, such rights had already been alienated in favor of third parties (for example, on the basis of a license agreement on the rights of an exclusive license) that as a result, it generates a transaction of heirs for the disposal of intellectual property rights that do not belong to the heirs, that is, an insignificant transaction. At the same time, there is no bad faith on the part of the heirs when making such an insignificant transaction. The author concludes that the protection of the rights of heirs will be facilitated by the establishment of a presumption of ownership of copyrights to the results of intellectual activity to heirs in relation to the results of intellectual activity of the testator, in respect of which state registration of such a result is not required by law. At the same time, the existence of any restriction in the use of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity must be proved to third parties to whom exclusive or non-exclusive rights to the corresponding result of intellectual activity were transferred by the testator based on relevant contracts. The above, therefore, will lead to the ordering and accounting of contracts on the transfer of rights to such results of intellectual activity in order to avoid proving by the acquirer of such rights under the contract in court each time the fact of alienation of his rights by the right holder. It is concluded that when establishing the presumption of ownership of copyrights to the results of intellectual activity to heirs in respect of the results of intellectual activity of the testator, in respect of which state registration of such a result is not required by law, to persons to whom the rights to the relevant objects were transferred by the testator during his lifetime on the basis of transactions on the disposal of such rights, the burden of proving the ownership of such rights will be assigned to the acquirer, to which it will be necessary to challenge the rights of the heirs in respect of the relevant works, however, in order to avoid a plurality of lawsuits by third parties to challenge transactions on the disposal of copyright and related rights concluded by the heirs in respect of the same amount of intellectual property rights that the testator did not have at the time of death due to their alienation to third parties, it seems most appropriate to file the right holder of the claim at the place of the opening of the inheritance to the heirs on the exclusion of rights to specific works, phonograms from the inheritance.

Features of the expression of breeding traits in Linum usitatissimum L. somaclones

Aim. Determining the level of expression, variability and features of inheritance of the main breeding traits of flax somaclones (Linum usitatissimum L.) in connection with the possibility of their use as initial selection material was the aim of our research. Methods. Hypocotyl and epicotyl segments for the induction of callusogenesis and somatic embryogenesis were cultured in vitro on the nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog with the addition of 1.00 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.05 mg/l 1-naphthylacetic acid, 30 g/l sucrose, a photoperiod of 16 h, illumination 2500 lux, relative air humidity 60–80 %, air temperature 22–24°C. Somaclones were adapted in vivo, and their generations were studied in the field. Results. Somaclones of the Hlinum variety were tested in the field according to the main selection traits and were not significantly inferior to the control variant; however, among them it is possible to single out some valuable individual plants for further breeding. Conclusions. Peculiarities of correlations between traits indicate the possibility of creating breeding material with a high level of fibrousness and seed productivity at the same time, high fiber mass and its content, allow selection for fibrousness by indirect traits – total and/or technical stem length, stem mass. A promising direction is the use of somaclones as sources of a high level of manifestation of the trait of the number of capsules on a plant (up to 17 pcs.).

Expert consensus on the standardization and clinical application of genotyping for human leukocyte antigens

The genes encoding human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are located in the region of 6p21.31 of the human chromosome, accounting for 1/3 000 of the human genome. The area is seen as a structurally complex, with the characteristics of multi-gene inheritance, high polymorphism, haplotype inheritance, linkage disequilibrium, racial diversity, and regional distribution. In recent years, with the continuous innovation of HLA genotyping technology, new issues and challenges have emerged in terms of the standardization of the technology platform, the implementation of the performance validation and verification plan for clinical testing projects, quality control of the entire testing process, analysis and interpretation of results, consultation and selection of donors, and clinical application. This consensus, in combination with the current status of HLA genotyping technology in clinical practice in China, systematically sorts out the key contents in the standardization and clinical application of the HLA genotyping technology platform. The first part proposes the basic requirements for the standardization of the HLA typing technology platform from the perspectives of personnel, instrumentation, reagents and consumables, experimental methods, environmental settings, and introduces the methods and performance indicators for confirming the performance of HLA genotyping with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. The second part elaborates on the key points of quality control during the entire process of HLA genotyping procedure, quality control of result reporting and releasing, and management of result interpretation and bioinformatics systems. The last part describes the clinical consultation and application promotion of HLA genotyping. After widely soliciting revisions and discussions from domestic experts in the field of HLA and transplantation, the consensus aims to promote the development and clinical application of the HLA gene in related medical field.

A Novel Heterozygous TGFBI c.1613C>A Pathogenic Variant is Associated With Lattice Corneal Dystrophy in a Chinese Family

To investigate the gene mutations and relationship of clinical manifestation in a Chinese family with familial lattice corneal dystrophy (LCD). Single-family case-control study. A family with familial LCD was recruited for this study. A total of 10 affected and 13 healthy family members participated in this research. Clinical features were examined by slit-lamp examination and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Peripheral blood samples were collected from each participant, and genomic DNA was extracted. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis was performed, and the pathogenic variants of LCD were identified using bioinformatics tools and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Slit-lamp examination revealed diffuse grayish-white punctate, linear, and "lattice-like" opacities in the corneal epithelium and superficial corneal stroma. AS-OCT revealed an irregularly shaped cornea. The corneal epithelium and anterior corneal stroma showed high-reflective deposits and bulges. The clinical appearance of the patients fit the pattern and features of autosomal dominant inheritance of LCD type I (LCD I). A novel pathogenic variant of exon 12 in TGFBI was found by WES analysis, in which cytosine at position 1613 was substituted by adenine (c.1613C>A), and the amino acid was changed from threonine to lysine (p.T538K). Mutated genes and proteins were predicted to be deleterious. A novel heterozygous pathogenic variant (c.1613C>A) of TGFBI was identified in the Chinese family with LCD I.

Phylogenetic Analyses of Pristipomoides (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) Based on New Mitochondrial Genomes

The species in the genus Pristipomoides are commercial fishes with high economic value. There are few studies on the phylogenetic relationship within the genus Pristipomoides at present. mtDNA has the characteristics of maternal inheritance, close gene arrangement, and a high evolutionary rate, which is an excellent tool to study the phylogeny of the species. In this study, the mitochondrial genomes of five species in the genus Pristipomoides were sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method and analyzed for their features. The mitochondrial genome length of the five species ranged from 16,499 to 16,530 bp. The start codon was ATG\GTG, and the stop codon was TAA\TAG\T--\AGG. The ratio of Ka and Ks for protein-coding genes ranged from 0 to 0.117, suggesting a strong purifying selection acting on the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The gene with the highest diversity was nd2 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2), suggesting the highest evolutionary rate. Phylogenetic analysis of five Pristipomoides species with other species of Lutjanidae was conducted using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). The results showed that P. zonatus and P. auricilla were closely related to P. argyrogrammicus and P. sieboldii, respectively, and P. filamentosus and P. multidens clustered together. Furthermore, A. rutilans is deeply nested within the Pristipomoides genus, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship with the species in the Pristipomoides genus. Based on this evidence, we suggest that A. rutilans should be classified under the Pristipomoides genus and recommend a revision in its taxonomy. The molecular data and phylogenetic analysis provided in this study would be helpful for the species identification and phylogenetic studies of the family Lutjanidae.