Feasible Policy Research Articles

Priority setting for non-communicable disease prevention – Co-producing a regulatory agenda informing novel codes of practice in Australia

There are a range of priority setting methods for non-communicable disease (NCDs) prevention. However, existing methods are often designed without detailed consideration of local context and political economy– critical success factors for implementation. In Australia, codes of practice under state government Public Health Acts could be used for NCD prevention. To inform the potential development of codes of practice under Public Health Acts, this study aimed to co-create a priority setting framework that accounts for local context and the prevailing regulatory agenda. A priority setting framework was co-produced by a multidisciplinary technical advisory group consisting of government representatives, public health lawyers and academic experts. It incorporated general prioritisation criteria (evidence, cost-effectiveness, equity, burden of disease) and local contextual criteria (legal compatibility, unmet-needs, political acceptability, structural and technical feasibility, community support). The framework was then applied in practice through surveys and policy dialogue workshops to discuss political economy factors. Policies were limited to nutrition, alcohol and physical activity risk factors. Through the prioritisation process, the most impactful, feasible and acceptable policies for NCD prevention via state government codes of practice were: restrictions on in-store placement of unhealthy products, enhancing data systems and capabilities for health surveillance and implementation monitoring, removal of unhealthy foods and drinks sold and supplied in public institutions, prohibition of marketing of unhealthy foods and drinks on assets controlled by government, and implementation of subsidies or grants to increase fruit and vegetable intake. The process illustrated that explicit consideration of local context, legal compatibility and the political economy had a substantial influence on the prioritised list of actions. The proposed priority setting framework is designed to be flexible and adaptable to varying contexts, can be embedded in government processes or utilised by researchers and practitioners to co-produce a regulatory agenda that is locally relevant.

Fishers’ perceptions of global change to inform coastal planning in a data-poor socio-ecological system

Global change has a significant impact on coastal populations and their reliance on coastal ecosystems and resources. This is particularly true for small-scale fisheries (SSF) in Brazil, where limited data exacerbates their vulnerability. Acquiring local user knowledge is crucial to enhancing the sustainability of SSF. In Rio Formoso, Northeast Brazil, a fisher's association plays a vital role in conserving coastal ecosystems and raising awareness about anthropogenic activities. This study examines various social, governance, economic, and ecological aspects of Rio Formoso fisheries, focusing on fishers' perceptions of global change. We carried out individual and collective interviews, participatory mapping, and discourse analysis. Rio Formoso fisheries stood out by the diversity of their activities (gears, species, habitats), women's leading role, and the intense involvement of the association in coastal management initiatives. Fishers reported decreased abundance and biodiversity, and increased demand for their products. They perceived the threats to their fishing activities posed by the consequences of global change, including temperature and rainfall modifications, pollution generated by anthropogenic activities, and conflicts with tourism. Social challenges, such as gender discrimination against fisherwomen and the ongoing struggle for fishers to be included in policy-making decisions, further hinder fisheries' sustainability. This study demonstrates the valuable insights gained from fishers' perceptions in a data-poor system, enabling a preliminary global assessment to identify conflicts, social challenges, ecological concerns, and suitable actors to lead feasible and acceptable policies. As conflicts and community concerns can provide opportunities for co-management, it is imperative to operationalise community-based management tools, particularly in Brazil, to alleviate fishers' struggles in meaningful decision-making involvement.

Markov decision processes with burstiness constraints

We consider a Markov Decision Process (MDP), over a finite or infinite horizon, augmented by so-called (σ,ρ)-burstiness constraints. Such constraints, which had been introduced within the framework of network calculus, are meant to limit some additive quantity to a given rate over any time interval, plus a term which allows for occasional and limited bursts. We introduce this class of constraints for MDP models, and formulate the corresponding constrained optimization problems. Due to the burstiness constraints, constrained optimal policies are generally history-dependent. We use a recursive form of the constraints to define an augmented-state model, for which sufficiency of Markov or stationary policies is recovered and the standard theory may be applied, albeit over a larger state space. The analysis is mainly devoted to a characterization of feasible policies, followed by application to the constrained MDP optimization problem. A simple queuing example serves to illustrate some of the concepts and calculations involved.

Environmental regulations, green development of agriculture, and residents' health-empirical analysis of Yangtze River Economic Belt in China.

Environmental pollution and food safety have become key public health issues to be addressed in China. Since they are closely related to the green development of agriculture, it is of great practical significance to elucidate the intrinsic relationships between green development of agriculture, environmental regulation and residents' health. Based on the panel data of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2011 to 2020, this study investigates the impacts of environmental regulation and green development of agriculture on residents' health and the influencing mechanism by applying fixed effects method, mediating effectsmethod and the spatial Dubin method. Results show that the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films is harmful to residents' health; environmental regulation has a negative correlation with the green development of agriculture and affect residents' health through mediating effects; the green development of agriculture has negative spillover effects on residents' health, indicating that purchasing finished products instead of producing locally reduces the input of production factors such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides and transfers health risks associated with agricultural production activities to neighboring areas. Intensifying command-and-control environmental regulation will induce the expansion of hidden economic activities and harm local residents' health, while intensifying market-incentive environmental regulation will lead to the 'Pollution Haven' phenomenon because of the 'race to the bottom', in government and is harmful to the health of residents in neighboring areas. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate reasonable and feasible policies and strengthen the control and prevention of agricultural pollution to enhance green development of agriculture and improve residents' health.

Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on air pollutant emissions from vessels in Lianyungang Port

The COVID-19 has had a particularly significant impact on the shipping industry. Using AIS data, a “bottom-up” method was adopted to investigate whether the removal of port-imposed prevention regulations would affect ship activity and ship emissions in Lianyungang Port. The study discovered that, except for passenger ships, the total number of other ships has increased significantly, with tugs, tankers/chemical vessels, ROROs and work boats ranking among the top four. After the regulations were removed, the average normal cruising time per vessel increased from 12.23 to 20.05 h, an increase of 63.94 %, while the average operating time per vessel during slow cruising, maneuvering and hotelling decreased. Meanwhile, the total emissions of air pollutants from vessels have increased by >60 %. Relevant departments need to pay more attention to NOx and develop feasible policies to reduce emissions from especially cargo vessels, tankers and chemical vessels.

Trustworthy Science Advice: The Case of Policy Recommendations

AbstractThis paper examines how science advice can provide policy recommendations in a trustworthy manner. Despite their major political importance, expert recommendations are understudied in the philosophy of science and social epistemology. Matthew Bennett has recently developed a notion of what he calls recommendation trust, according to which well-placed trust in experts’ policy recommendations requires that recommendations are aligned with the interests of the trust-giver. While interest alignment might be central to some cases of public trust, this paper argues against the significance of interest-alignment to meritorious public trust. First, political bodies and citizens can have a basic kind of well-placed recommendation trust in science advice based on an all-things-considered judgement regarding the possession of relevant competencies, responsible conduct, and a proper institutional design. Moreover, scientists’ policy recommendations can be seen as open-ended and as dynamic proposals that enable inter-institutional reasoning and political deliberation. Finally, by providing conditional recommendations, scientists can expand the scope of feasible policy options from which political bodies can choose, thus making the condition of interest alignment even less significant to the trustworthy provision of recommendations.

An appraisal of guidelines and practices for municipal infrastructure support agent to execute labour-intensive construction projects in South Africa

PurposeSeveral studies have shown that the mechanism of labour-intensive construction (LIC) projects can mitigate high unemployment and create skilled development, especially in developing nations. The guidelines and practices for implementation may have faced some encumbrances in some countries. Whether the current guidelines and practices for municipal infrastructure support agent (MISA) to execute LIC projects face hindrances in South Africa has yet to receive in-depth studies. Thus, this study attempts to proffer policy solutions to improve the proposed revised guidelines and practices for MISA in LIC project execution in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study's objectives were accomplished via a combination of 16 virtual interviews of built environment professionals and government officials involved in LIC project execution in South Africa and supported by the analysed documents. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data and presented two main themes.FindingsFindings show lax enforcement of discretionary funds, lax institutional capacity and inadequate individual skills, among others, as the gaps in existing South Africa's LIC guidelines and practices. Also, policy solutions to address the gaps were proffered.Practical implicationsThe suggested feasible policies will improve the proposed revised guidelines and practices for MISA in LIC project execution in South Africa. This guide will promote the development of individual skills, institutional capacities and increase employment across South Africa.Originality/valueThis study promotes the use of LIC to create employment and contribute to proffering measures that will improve the proposed revised third edition of the guidelines and practices for MISA to execute LIC.

Policy Recommendations for Reducing Food Waste: An Analysis Based on a Survey of Urban and Rural Household Food Waste in Harbin, China

Food waste has become a pressing global issue in recent years. In China, the issue of food waste has become increasingly severe. As a provincial capital city, Harbin is also a major agricultural city in China with distinct urban and rural features. This paper uses Harbin as a case study to evaluate different strategies for preventing and reducing food waste based on these urban–rural differences. This research is based on official data on household food waste in urban and rural areas of Harbin, as well as data collected from 333 telephone surveys through stratified random sampling. Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the survey data, followed by a review of existing food waste policies and strategies. Our findings show that Harbin has had a positive response in adhering to national anti-food waste policies. However, its implementation has not been effective. There is a continuous increase in food waste generation. Moreover, gender, level of education, and household annual income have a significant impact on residents’ food waste habits and there are significant differences between urban and rural areas in terms of “eating out” and “ordering food ingredients”. The average daily amount of food waste generated by urban households is 3216.31 g, which is 2.4 times that of rural households. There are also differences in the causes of food waste between urban and rural residents due to different diets and eating habits. As a result, feasible and effective policy recommendations have been proposed to reduce food waste in response to these urban–rural differences.

Nickel-based tungstate supported with different forms of SnS2 to achieve improved photocatalytic performance

Semiconductor materials have been applied in many research directions such as photoelectrocatalysis, and shortening the electron transport pathway by coupling semiconductors is an effective path to promote the capability of photocatalytic hydrogen-producing. The crystalline SnS2 and amorphous SnS2 were combined with NiWO4 respectively, in the respective optimal hydrogen-producing conditions, it was 298.6 μmol for SnS2/NiWO4 (amorphous J-SnS2 and NiWO4) and 228.5 μmol for J-SnS2 NiWO4 (crystalline SnS2 and NiWO4). A series of characterization results showed that SnS2/NiWO4 showed better photocatalytic hydrogen-producing performance than J-SnS2/NiWO4 under the same test conditions. The catalysts SnS2 and NiWO4 were constructed into p-n type heterojunction SnS2/NiWO4 by electrostatic self-recombination. SEM, XRD and electrochemical tests demonstrate that the high hydrogen-producing performance of SnS2/NiWO4 is due to the establishment of p-n heterojunction, which enhances the electron transport efficiency. The experimental data were used to test the photocatalytic hydrogen-producing activity of SnS2/NiWO4 with the control variable method, then it was proved that the photocatalytic hydrogen-producing volume of SnS2/NiWO4 reached 298.6 μmol in 5 h, which was 3.51 times that of NiWO4 at 5 h hydrogen-producing of 85 μmol. The morphology of nanoparticles NiWO4 attached to a smooth surface sphere SnS2 provides a larger specific surface area and more reactive sites for the photocatalytic eosin hydrogen-producing system, in addition the establishment of p-n type heterojunction structure effectively improves the utilization rate of the sacrificial TEOA and photosensitizer EY, thereby improving the hydrogen-producing performance of SnS2/NiWO4, which offers a feasible policy for photocatalytic efficient hydrogen-producing technology.

Evaluating building decarbonization potential in U.S. cities under emissions based building performance standards and load flexibility requirements

In an effort to decarbonize the built environment, municipalities across the United States are joining the National Building Performance Standard Coalition. The National Building Performance Standard Coalition is an effort by the United States federal government to encourage cities to design and implement effective and equitable building performance standards. A building performance standard is an energy policy that requires buildings to meet energy use or greenhouse gas emissions targets in effort to reduce the carbon intensity of buildings. In this paper, we examine the impact of implementing various building performance standards for commercial buildings in 15 cities and one county in the United States from 2024 to 2050. We first estimate the emission reductions associated from a null case (no building performance standard). Next, we implement two building performance standards: (1) an annual greenhouse gas emissions target and (2) a peak grid load flexibility requirement. Lastly, we combine the two to assess the potential impact of an integrated energy and demand building performance standard. We find that individually a load flexibility building performance standard does not contribute to significant emissions reductions but when paired with a greenhouse gas building performance standard it leads to a combined 89% reduction (a cumulative savings of 189 MMtCO2e) across commercial buildings in the 15 cities and one county analyzed. This potential reduction represents a massive decarbonization scenario that far exceeds a 2050 80% decarbonization target and points to feasible policy pathways for meeting climate and sustainability goals.

Environmental Policy in Vertical Markets with Downstream Pollution: Taxes Versus Standards

Abstract This paper examines the performance of two environmental regulation policies – emission taxes and absolute standards – in a vertical market where an upstream foreign monopolist sells a specific input to two downstream multiproduct firms that generate pollution in the domestic country. Specifically, we use a three-stage game to analyze and compare the two policies for regulating downstream pollution. In the first stage, the domestic government determines an optimal tariff and sets one of the two instruments (taxes or standards) by maximizing social welfare, in stage two, the upstream foreign monopoly sets its input price, and finally, the downstream domestic firms independently make their output and abatement decisions for profit maximization. We find that total emissions are lower under the absolute standard. Nevertheless, the tax dominates the standard in terms of domestic welfare, consumer surplus, and downstream multiproduct firms’ profits. Thus, the tax equilibrium leads to a win-win-win situation compared to the standard equilibrium. These results show the non-equivalence of emission taxes and absolute standards in regulating downstream pollution. The analyses suggest that a pollution tax is an economically and politically feasible policy.

Least Squares Monte Carlo and Pathwise Optimization for Merchant Energy Production

Modeling as real options the operations of energy production companies that operate in wholesale markets gives rise to a challenging Markov decision process. In “Least Squares Monte Carlo and Pathwise Optimization for Merchant Energy Production,” Yang, Nadarajah, and Secomandi study the performance of two reinforcement learning techniques that can be used to determine feasible operating policies and optimality bounds for this model, namely least squares Monte Carlo and pathwise optimization, extending the applicability of the latter method beyond optimal stopping by using principal component analysis and block coordinate descent. They find that both approaches lead to near optimal policies, but pathwise optimization outperforms least squares Monte Carlo in terms of dual bounds at the expense of more sizable computational requirements. These findings have potential relevance for managers of energy production assets that use analytics to optimize their operations and researchers interested in broadening the scope of pathwise optimization.

The Impact of Sodium Reduction on Overall Nutrient Content in Child and Adult Care Food Program Meals.

To understand the impact of sodium reduction on the nutrient content of Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) meals served through At-Risk Afterschool Meals (ARASM) without compromising the nutritional quality of the meals served. Sodium Reduction in Communities Program (SRCP) partnered with a CACFP ARASM program from October 2016 to September 2021. We assessed changes in Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) food component scores and macro-and micronutrients using cross-sectional nutrient analyses of October 2016 and 2020 menus. ARASM program sites in Indianapolis, IN, USA. October 2016 and 2020 menus from one CACFP ARASM program.Intervention: Sodium reduction strategies included implementing food service guidelines, modifying meal components, changing procurement practices, and facilitating environmental changes to promote lower sodium items. From baseline in 2016 to 2020, 15 meal components were impacted by the intervention which impacted 17 (85%) meals included in the analysis. Average sodium per meal reduced significantly between 2016 (837.9 mg) and 2020 (627.9 mg) (p=0.002). Between 2016 and 2020, there were significant increases in whole grains (p=0.003) and total vegetables (p<0.001) and significant reductions in refined grains (p=0.001) and sodium (p=0.02), all per 1,000 calories served. This study demonstrates that sodium content can be reduced in CACFP meals without compromising the nutritional quality of meals served. Future studies are needed to identify feasible best practices and policies to reduce sodium content in the CACFP meal pattern.

The impact of older adult care policy mixes on the construction of senior centers.

The problem of an aging population is becoming increasingly serious, and the establishment of senior centers helps to promote the physical health and mental health of the older adult, a key factor in achieving the high-quality development of the old-age security industry. The government has issued a number of policies to promote the establishment and development of senior centers. However, more and more older adult care policy mixes have gradually shown the phenomenon of poor policy connection, confusing standards, and even mutually exclusive content, resulting in many problems in the construction of policy-driven senior centers. Therefore, based on the overall perspective of the older adult care policy mix, this paper uses the GMM method to explore the impact of the comprehensiveness, balance, and consistency of older adult care policy tool portfolios issued by Chinese government agencies on the construction of senior centers in China. The empirical analysis results show that a comprehensive and consistent policy mix can promote the establishment of senior centers, while the balance of the policy mix will inhibit the establishment of senior centers. This paper analyzes the impact of older adult care policy on the construction of senior centers from the perspective of the policy mix, which helps to clarify the different policy effects produced by different policy mix characteristics and provides feasible policy suggestions for the government to formulate more reasonable and effective policies.

A new look at environmental sustainability from the lens of green policies, eco-digitalization, affluence, and urbanization: Empirical insights from BRICS economies

The unwavering adverse effects of global warming continue to threaten the sustainability of the ecosystem and peaceful human coexistence. Efforts to resolve this ecological matter promulgate the interest in green policies, which the extant studies are yet to explore fully. Consequently, this study provides the first empirical evidence on the roles of green policies vectoring, green energy, green finance, and green innovation amidst eco-digitalization and urbanization on environmental sustainability captured by CO2 emissions, ecological footprint, and PM2.5 air pollutions in BRICS countries from 1995 to 2019. The study relies on the STIRPAT framework alongside second-generation estimators in providing the empirical evidence. Findings indicate that green energy, green finance, green innovation, and eco-digitalization promote environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions, ecological footprint, and PM2.5 air pollutions. Conversely, urbanization and affluence deter environmental sustainability due to their inducing effects the highlighted pollutants. The distributional analysis based on quantile regression and country-level estimation based on fully modified ordinary least squares technique accentuates the empirical regularity of the main findings. Besides, the Granger causality reveals the presence of bidirectional and unidirectional causality relationships in the estimated model. Based on the findings, feasible policies that enhance sustainability of the BRICS environment are formulated.

Error Analysis in Second Language Acquisition (SLA): Types and Frequencies of Grammatical Errors of Simple Present and Past Tense in the Elicited Written Production Task of Arab EFL Undergraduate Learners

This investigation aimed to examine the types and frequencies of grammatical errors of present and past tense and agreement in the elicited written production task (EWPT) of Arab EFL learners. The sample of the study comprised 67 Arab EFL undergraduates selected through a simple random sampling method and subdivided into three proficiency levels. The data collection instrument was the EWPT, which consisted of two passages and a total of 46 test items. The EWPT was collected and the errors committed by the students were identified, classified, and analyzed in frequencies. Then, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21. The findings demonstrated two basic types of grammatical errors: error of misformation (EM) and error of omission (EO). Overall results revealed that incorrect use of inflectional morphemes was higher for the EM than for the EO of inflectional morphemes across the three groups of participants. The ungrammatical EM is characterized by the use of incorrect forms, including misusing phonologically similar words, incorrect suffixation, substitution, as well as overgeneralization of be verb forms. Based on these findings, some recommendations and pedagogical implications were proposed, which might assist EFL teachers in developing feasible teaching propositions and policies.

Exploring Chinese and Ethiopian higher VET adolescent learning motivation through the lens of self‑determination theory.

Ethiopia and China share a common educational agenda in cultivating and obtaining competent vocational graduates who fulfill the need of the modern, technologically advanced industrial workplace. Unlike most evidence, the present study adopted Self-determination Theory to understand Ethiopian and Chinese higher Vocational education and Training (VET) college students' learning motivation. Hence, this study recruited and interviewed 10 volunteers senior higher VET students from each setting to unfold their satisfaction with psychological needs. The study's main finding affirms that although both groups felt the autonomy of choosing the vocational field they sought to master, their learning process was submissive to their henpecked teaching method, which ultimately restrained the participants' feeling of competence for being enclosed in less practical training space. As per the study findings, we forward feasible policy and practical implications suggested for meeting the motivational needs of VET students and promoting learning stability.

Measurement Indicators and an Evaluation Approach for Assessing the Sustainable Development Capacity of Tropical Agriculture: A Case Study for Hainan Province, China

Agriculture is increasingly facing major challenges, such as climate change, the scarcity of natural resources, environmental degradation, labor shortages, and changing societal demands. To meet these challenges, there is an urgent need to move towards more sustainable agricultural practices. The aim of this research was to construct the evaluation index system for the sustainable development of tropical agriculture and evaluate the sustainable development level of tropical agriculture in China’s Hainan Province from 1988 to 2020. Eighteen indicators were selected from the four aspects of agricultural resources, the ecological environment, economic conditions, and social conditions to establish an evaluation index system for the sustainable development of tropical agriculture. A combination of the Coefficient of Variation Method (CVM) and the Index Weighted Method (IWM) was applied to evaluate the comprehensive index of the sustainable development of tropical agriculture. The results of our research indicate that there were significant differences in the level of sustainable agricultural development in Hainan in 2020 across counties and cities, with a downward trend from the central mountainous areas to the surrounding coastal areas. The cities and counties of Wuzhishan, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong had a high level of sustainable development, while Sanya, Dongfang, Wenchang, Qionghai, Ding’an, Danzhou, and Haikou had a low level. From 1988 to 2020, the sustainable development level of tropical agriculture in the province gradually improved, with the highest improvement value of the sustainability index (SI) in Wuzhishan, Wanning, Chengmai, Linggao, and Lingshui and the lowest improvement value of the SI in Baisha, Haikou, and Sanya. Indicators such as the use of agricultural mechanization, construction of farmland infrastructure, improvement of crop productivity, investment in science and technology, and investment in agricultural insurance played a positive role in promoting sustainable development. However, the high use of fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural films per unit area and the increase in agricultural input prices were not conducive to the sustainable development of tropical agriculture. It is suggested to strengthen the construction and protection of farmland quality, improve the farmland ecological environment, promote agricultural scientific and technological innovation, and formulate feasible policies for the sustainable development of tropical agriculture. The results provide a basic theoretical and methodological reference for achieving Hainan’s sustainable development goals and for assessing the sustainable development capacity of tropical agriculture in similar regions.

Does regionalism increase industrial policy space? An analytical framework applied to the East African textiles and apparel sector

We introduce a multidimensional and multilevel framework for industrial policy space as the set of legally permitted, economically viable and politico-institutionally feasible policy options for industrial development, given constraints at the national, regional and global levels. This is applied to the East African Community (EAC) textiles and apparel (T&A) sector, using data from policy documents and semi-structured interviews. The EAC customs union nominally transfers trade policy sovereignty to the regional level, but we present evidence showing how the duty remission scheme allows governments to provide targeted trade policy rents to domestic T&A firms, maintaining national legal policy space. This comes at a cost, because firms benefiting from national duty remission rents may not sell their goods duty free in other EAC countries, so the expanded economic policy space offered by regional integration is curtailed. In the political-institutional sphere, the EAC allowed a new policy option to emerge at the regional level – import substitution of used clothes – but global-level policy space constraints prevented implementation when US authorities threatened to remove trade preferences underpinning thousands of jobs. Regional integration policies should take into account tensions between different dimensions and levels of industrial policy space to maximise prospects for sustainable development.

Carbon pricing, health co-benefits and trade-offs: protocol for a systematic framework synthesis

Carbon pricing is considered an important instrument in the fight against climate change (World Bank, 2022). In particular, many experts and stakeholders have called for the implementation of carbon pricing as a part of ambitious climate policy agendas (Hepburn et al., 2020). This requires consideration of the interactions of carbon pricing with other policies, as well as of the societal outcomes of carbon pricing. In particular, carbon pricing has been found to have potentially large health impacts, leading to important co-benefits as well as potentially some trade-offs (Parry et al., 2014), (Hasegawa et al., 2018). Information on health impacts of carbon pricing, their distribution and how they are affected by policy design is necessary in order to progress towards more socially sustainable and politically feasible policy design. Recent reviews have focussed on various aspects of carbon pricing design and outcomes, synthesizing evidence on its effectiveness, equity impacts or societal perception (Boyce, 2018), (Green, 2021), (Maestre-Andrés et al., 2019). Others have reviewed the evidence on health co-benefits of mitigation, but do not analyse specific policies or issues of policy design Gao et al.(2018). This review will narratively synthesize the evidence on the health impacts of carbon pricing between 2010 and 2021 and identify gaps in the literature. We will use a framework synthesis approach to analyse different categories of policy-relevant information in contexts where carbon pricing is implemented as part of wider, coordinated policy agendas or complex policy mixes. This includes for example impacts on health inequalities and how health co-benefits are affected by issues of policy design and policy interactions.