Fear Of Punishment Research Articles

Opinions of Individuals Exposed to Earthquake Regarding Their Psychological Rigidity

This is a qualitative study conducted to evaluate the thoughts of individuals who were exposed to the earthquake that took place on 06.02.2023, centered in Kahramanmaraş, regarding their psychological rigidity. A phenomenological approach was adopted in the study. 14 participants were included in the study. Data were collected by audio recording with a semi-structured interview form. Content analysis technique was used to analyze the data. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that individuals exposed to the earthquake avoided the emotions of joy, happiness, love, sadness, anger and fear. It was determined that thoughts are suppressed and thoughts about the loss of family members are avoided. However, there are also participants who do not have avoidant thoughts or behaviors. Individuals exposed to earthquake reported situations such as fear of loss, nightmares, anxiety, hopelessness, rumination, powerlessness, failure, fear of punishment, burnout, embarrassment, claustrophobia, crying spells, eating problems, increase in alcohol/cigarette use, sleep problems, social isolation, excessive cleaning, staying away from entertainment, and disruption of social relations. In this study, after the trauma experienced, some individuals stated that they became aware of the value of life, created new options, had positive changes in social relations, and change in the perception of self. Considering the results, it is evaluated that practices aimed at increasing psychological flexibility will reduce the negative effects of traumatic experiences and increase psychological resilience in individuals.

Causes of medication administration errors and barriers to reporting as perceived by nurses in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study.

Medication administration errors significantly impact patient safety, potentially leading to severe harm or fatality. Reporting such errors through active systems improves medication administration, thereby enhancing patient safety and the quality of care. However, in the context of Saudi Arabia, little is understood about the causes of medication administration errors and the obstacles hindering their reporting. This study aimed to explore nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication administration errors and the barriers to reporting them. The study employed a qualitative descriptive design, conducting face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 43 nurses from three hospitals in Taif Governorate, Saudi Arabia, between October and November 2023. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants, and thematic analysis was utilized for data analysis. The following themes emerged regarding the causes of medication administration errors: order deficiencies, high workloads and staff shortages, and malpractice. Regarding the barriers to reporting errors, the emerging themes were fear of punishment and lack of support, lack of knowledge and awareness about reporting, and lack of feedback. This study reveals nurses' perceptions of the causes of medication administration errors and the barriers to reporting them. Recognizing and addressing these causes and barriers are essential for patient safety and the improvement of the healthcare environment. Efforts should be directed toward implementing interventions that address high workloads, enhance staff education and awareness, and promote a workplace culture conducive to reporting errors without fear of repercussions. Additionally, supportive mechanisms, such as feedback systems and resources for professional development, should be implemented to empower nurses to actively participate in error reporting and contribute to continuous improvement in medication administration practices.

Coping strategies of intensive care unit nurses reducing moral distress: A content analysis study

Background Moral distress has negative effects on physical and mental health. However, there is little information about nurses’ coping strategies reducing moral distress. Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the coping strategies of intensive care unit nurses reducing moral distress in Iran. Study design This is a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. Participants and research context The research sample consisted of nurses working in intensive care units of teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Samples were selected among eligible nurses by purposive sampling. Data were obtained through 17 in-depth, individual, and semi-structured interviews with 17 nurses. Graneheim and Lundman’s (2004) 6-step content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Data management was also performed by MAXQDA software version 20. The COREQ checklist was used to report the study. Ethical considerations This project was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All ethical guidelines in research were followed. Finding The data analysis resulted in the formation of two main categories of desirable coping strategies (with two subcategories of compensation and rejuvenation) and less desirable coping strategies (with three subclasses of indifference over time, escape and concealment). Discussion The intensive care unit nurses in dealing with ethical problems first try to solve the problem through discussion, but when they fail to resolve it peacefully, they resort to several coping strategies. Factors, such as increasing experience, lack of support from hospital managers and officials, poor communication between colleagues, the need to maintain hierarchy, fear of reprimand, and a sense of powerlessness, changed the nurses’ preferred strategies. It is important for managers to provide a blame/punishment-free atmosphere for expression of ethical experiences; a supportive atmosphere in which staff can engage in ethical discussions without fear of punishment. They should also provide opportunities for rest, rejuvenation, and adequate training for their employees.

Устрашение как свойство наказания

As long as criminal law exists as a reflection of the conditions of social development, the fear of punishment will remain, which, although not the only component of a general preventive effect, is necessarily inherent in it. A person who wishes or intends to commit an illegal act must understand the prohibitions, as well as be able to evaluate the action itself and its consequences.

Explaining Medical Cannabis Diversion Among Medical Cannabis License Holders: A Moderation Model

This study explores cannabis diversion and its associated factors through the lens of procedural justice theory and deterrence concepts. A quantitative research survey was conducted among 202 medical cannabis license holders in Israel to assess the prevalence, frequency, attitudes, trust in the healthcare system, and fear of punishment related to medical cannabis diversion. Our findings revealed that 60% of license holders engage in medical cannabis diversion, primarily driven by altruistic motives. Attitudes toward diversion were found to act as mediators between trust in the healthcare system, fear of punishment, and the act of diversion. The widespread occurrence of medical cannabis diversion underscores its significance and warrants focused attention. The disparity between criminal law and practical realities necessitates policy revisions concerning medical cannabis.

Investigating the Relationship Between Kernberg's Personality Organization and Obedience to Authority

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Kernberg's personality organization and obedience to authority. Methodology: The present research is fundamental in terms of its objective and utilizes a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of methodology. The statistical population included all undergraduate psychology students at the Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, in the 2022-2023 academic year. A convenience sampling method was used to select a class of 30 psychology students as the sample. The quantitative phase of the study was descriptive-correlational, while the qualitative phase employed qualitative content analysis. Spearman's correlation test was conducted using SPSS version 26. Data from the interviews were analyzed using MAXQDA 2022, and categorization was based on thematic analysis. Validity was assessed through respondent validation, and the coding reliability achieved a Kappa coefficient of 0.62. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews, Kernberg's Personality Organization Inventory, and a researcher-made questionnaire. Findings: The results of the correlation test indicated a positive and significant correlation at the 99% confidence level between the variables of obedience and the components of personality, lower-level defenses, reality testing, and personality organization. Additionally, thematic analysis identified eight factors underlying obedience and disobedience: guilt, inner conflict, adherence to inner values, absence of inner conflict, respect for authority, the authority's request, trust in authority, and fear of punishment. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the diversity in obedience and disobedience to authority cannot be explained solely by environmental stimuli. Instead, the interaction between environmental and personality stimuli determines individuals' responses to authoritative commands.

Analysis Disciplinated Docents of the Faculty of Economy and Business Islam UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta

The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the lecturer discipline at the Faculty of Economics and Business Islam UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta. Discipline is the process or result of directing or controlling a desire, urge, or interest toward an ideal or to produce more effective and reliable behavior. The research approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with a type of descriptive method. Sampling technique using purposive sampling. Based on the analysis results of the informants, the lecturer discipline of the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business UIN Raden Mas was excellent. The results of this study explained that employees obey the rules set by the organization not because they fear punishment but because they understand and support them. To get the accreditation of a good agency, the discipline and responsibility of its employees will be necessary. With time management and cultivation, discipline will encourage officers to act and carry out all activities according to the rules that have been established.

Teaching About Contraception: Adolescent Attitudes Surrounding Sexual Education.

Adolescent pregnancy remains an important public health issue in the United States as it has profound health consequences for both mother and child. Evidence shows that improved contraception use is a critical factor in decreasing rates of adolescent pregnancy. In order to provide effective and engaging contraception education, it is important to understand adolescents' attitudes, questions, and misconceptions around the topic and its delivery. Two searches were conducted using PubMed. Articles were limited to those published in the last 10 years that were written in English. The first search was completed using the search terms "Adolescent attitudes on sex education in the United States", and resulted in 688 articles. The second search was completed using the search terms "Adolescent attitudes on contraception in the United States", and resulted in 840 articles. Articles including contraception but focusing more on HIV, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), LGBTQ+ health and practices, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, and studies completed in other countries were excluded. Remaining articles were screened by the authors for inclusion, and articles were included if they addressed information on adolescent attitudes on both contraception for pregnancy prevention and sex education, including education by schools, community organizations, the media, peers, parents, and physicians. A total of 56 articles were included in the review. The overwhelming theme that emerged from the review is that adolescents prefer comprehensive sex education in a safe space that allows for exploration and questioning. Adolescents want to ask their parents questions about sexual health without fear of punishment, and they desire the opportunity to learn from their physicians in a confidential environment. The foundation of effective sex education is a non-judgmental, confidential, and safe space where adolescents can ask questions. There are multiple resources that adolescents use to gather information and establish their preferences and attitudes.

The role of International Civil Society Organizations in democratization: A crisp-set QCA approach to anti-corruption in Ghana.

An anti-corruption strategy is essential in the process of continuous democratisation for effective governance. The objective of our study is to examine the mechanisms that contribute to an effective anticorruption strategy in a case study of civil society organisations in Ghana. These CSO cases illustrate the efforts of non-state actors to promote democracy in their interactions with Ghana's government. A model of anticorruption strategy and the crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis (cs-QCA) method were employed to examine 264 cases of local civil societies in Ghana that responded to questions on the conditions for an effective anticorruption strategy. Our results indicate that no single condition is sufficient as an anti-corruption strategy. However, the role of international civil society organisations (RISCO) is necessary for any anticorruption strategy. RISCO has to be combined with freedom of expression, good leadership, fear of punishment, and training to provide an effective strategy. On the other hand, despite the fear of punishment, social trust and leadership, rules and regulations, and training, the absence of RISCO explains all ineffective anticorruption strategies. Therefore, Ghana's anti-corruption strategy must always consider the role of organisations such as Amnesty International (AI), Transparency International (TI), and the Global Organization of Parliamentarians against Corruption (GOPAC) in mitigating corruption. Policymakers should therefore promote the presence of international civil society in Ghana because they ultimately contribute to democratization in addition to all government effort.

Agreement Between Self-reports and Urine Toxicology Measures of Illicit Methamphetamine and Cocaine Use During Early Pregnancy.

This study aimed to assess agreement between self-report and urine toxicology measures assessing use of 2 illicit simulants (methamphetamine and cocaine) during early pregnancy. This cross-sectional study of 203,053 pregnancies from 169,709 individuals receiving prenatal care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2019, assessed agreement ( κ , sensitivity, and specificity) between self-reported frequency and urine toxicology measures of methamphetamine and cocaine early in pregnancy. Prenatal use of the illicit stimulants was rare according to toxicology (n = 244 [0.12%]) and self-report measures (n = 294 [0.14%]). Agreement between these measures was low ( κ < 0.20). Of the 498 positive pregnancies, 40 (8.03%) screened positive on both measures, 204 (40.96%) screened positive on toxicology tests only, and 254 (51.00%) screened positive by self-report only. Relative to toxicology tests, sensitivity of any self-reported use was poor with 16.39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.75%-21.04%) of pregnancies with a positive toxicology test self-reporting any use in pregnancy. Relative to self-report, sensitivity of toxicology tests was also poor with 13.61% (95% CI, 9.69%-17.52%) of pregnancies who self-reported any use having positive urine toxicology tests. The sensitivity improved slightly at higher frequencies of self-reported use: daily, 17.50% (95% CI, 5.72%-29.29%); weekly, 25.00% (95% CI, 11.58%-38.42%); and monthly or less, 11.06% (95% CI, 6.89%-15.23%). Specificity was high (>99%), reflecting the high negative rate of use. Findings suggest that using self-report and toxicology measures in combination likely provides the most accurate information on methamphetamine and cocaine use in early pregnancy. Findings also highlight the need to provide supportive nonstigmatizing environments in which pregnant individuals feel comfortable disclosing substance use without fear of punishment.

Exploring the Contexts of Child Sexual Abuse Within Families: A Field Study on the Taboo of Incestuous Adultery in Iran

According to structuralist theory in anthropology, the family unit has an internal order based on the rule ‘no adultery’, but through evolution and transformation, this cultural order can become its opposite. In some cases, this can lead to the violent suppression of individuality, rejection, isolation, harassment, sexual assault and even honour killings. In Iran, sexual abuse by incest is a taboo topic with significant social stigma attached to it. Victims’ fears of punishment and rejection, combined with the lack of registration and reporting, means that there are no reliable statistics or evidence, but some studies show that it is prevalent in Iranian society. This study aims to investigate the causes and factors associated with the sexual abuse of children by family members. It uses semi-structured interviews with 452 people who experienced incest in childhood. The study confirms that child sexual abuse by family members is facilitated by favourable circumstances and makes abused people more vulnerable to their abusers. The study identified several factors that contribute to sexual abuse, including inequality, poverty, patriarchy, ineffective sex education, lack of community support and family dysfunction. These factors lead to subsets of social and individual consequences, such as weakened social relations, early or delayed marriage, interpersonal problems, divorce, dysfunction, negative feelings and a sense of being ‘other’. Efforts to address these underlying factors are necessary to prevent sexual abuse and improve the well-being of victims.

National Study of Quality, Safety, and Just Culture in Prelicensure Nursing Education.

The study's aim was to evaluate the integration and application of quality and safety competencies and concepts of fair and just culture in prelicensure nursing education. Health care organizations support a safety culture by encouraging error reporting without fear of punishment and by conducting investigations to determine causes to improve quality and learn from mistakes. In prelicensure nursing education, the response to errors is often punitive and threatens dismissal. Members of the National Student Nurses' Association were recruited to participate in an electronic assessment through the organization's mailing system. Students representing all prelicensure program types (BSN, ADN, diploma, accelerated) and 46 states ( N = 268) completed the survey. Nurse educators were found to have a positive impact on student quality and safety competency. Improvement is possible in developing and supporting just culture within nursing programs to bridge the gap between academia and practice.

Patient safety 4.0: "Failure of the Week" It's all about role modelling!

The rate of mistakes and near misses in clinical medicine remains staggering. The tendency to cover up mistakes is rampant in "name-blame-shame" cultures. The need for safe forums where mistakes can be openly discussed in the interest of patient safety is evident. Following a comprehensive review of the literature, a semi-structured weekly conference, named "mistake of the week" (MOTW), was introduced, enabling physicians to voluntarily discuss their mistakes and near-misses. The MOTW is intended to encourage cultural change in how physicians approach, process, accept and learn from their own and their peers' mistakes. This study seeks to assess if physicians appreciate, benefit from and are motivated to participate in MOTW. Physicians and medical students of the I. and II. Medizinische Klinik at the Academic Teaching Hospital Klinikum Konstanz (Germany) were eligible to participate voluntarily. Four groups of physicians (n=3-6) and one group of medical students (n=5) volunteered to participate in focus group interviews, which were videotaped, transcribed and analyzed. The following success factors are crucial for dealing with and voluntarily disclosing mistakes and near-misses: 1. Exemplification ("follow the boss's lead"), 2. Fixed time slots and a clear forum, 3. Reporting mistakes without fear of penalty or punishment, 4. A trusting working atmosphere. The key effects of the MOTW approach are: 1. People report their mistakes more, 2. Relief, 3. Psychological safety, 4. Lessons learned/errors (potentially) reduced. The MOTW conference models an ideal forum to mitigate hierarchy and promote a sustainable organizational dynamic in which mistakes and near misses can be discussed in an environment free from "name-blame-shame", with the ultimate goal of potentially improving patient care and safety.

Mind your actions: the place attachment - contextual factors nexus of environmental civic actions (ECA)

This paper examined the level of Environmental Civic Actions (ECA) using a modified version of the Environmental Action Scale (EAS) and Place Attachment Theory (PAT). The Environmental Action Scale measured the level of participation that would have a collective impact on environmental issues. The data was obtained via online questionnaire from 230 young and middle-aged citizens living in Nigeria. 152(66%) males and 75(33%) females indicated their gender, and most participants identified as under­graduate students (n = 179). SPSS statistical software package was used for factor analysis to ascertain if measure items were suitable for the study context using principal component analysis (extraction method) and Kaiser Normalization rotation method. Some findings revealed that the majority of participants have a high level of pro-environmental intention and low levels of actual environmental civic behav­iors. In addition, most participants never participated, organized a protest, or boycotted a company engaging in negative environ­mental behaviors. Furthermore, place attachment, and fear of punishment in form of fines, and levies influenced the intention to engage in positive environmental behavior. The study contrib­utes to the dearth of knowledge on environmental civic actions in a developing country and provides specific insights that are beneficial to policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders.

Role of social aversion in the motivations for tax law compliance

AbstractDiscovering individuals' internal motivations for paying taxes is essential to a tax system since the basic assumption of any tax system is that most of the population pays their taxes voluntarily. This article examines the existence of a social aversion towards tax offenders in Israel as well as the variables that affect tax law compliance and increase tax payments. In this respect, the article presents quantitative questionnaire data collected by the author, which is based on a sample of 189 participants from Israel. The study shows that the social response to tax evaders exerts a greater impact on increasing tax law compliance than the fear of punishment per se and clarifies the importance of education for paying taxes.

Self and Others: Empirical and Neuropsychoanalytic Considerations of Superego and Conscience

Freud's mature theorizing about human morality entrenched the functioning of the superego in anxiety stemming from the fear of punishment, a view with which many later psychoanalysts took issue, producing a debate as to the distinction between superego and conscience. This debate would later be mirrored more broadly in academic psychology concerning distinctions between shame and guilt. This is an area where the clinical observations and theoretical discussions of psychoanalysis have subtly guided research in cognitive psychology and the cognitive and affective neurosciences. These areas, in turn, have both clarified and supported psychoanalytic theory and practice without negating the rich phenomenological and theoretical basis on which psychoanalysis rests.

Neural correlates of bribe-taking decision dilemma: An fNIRS study

Bribe-taking decision is a social dilemma for individuals: the pursuit of economic self-interest vs. compliance with social norms. Despite the well-known existence of the conflict in deciding whether to accept bribes, little is known about its neural responses. Using functional near-infrared imaging (fNIRS) technology and the bribe-taking decision game (economic gambling game as a control condition), the current study dissociated the neural correlates of the different motivations in the bribery dilemma, as well as the inhibitory effect of social norms on bribery and its underlying brain mechanisms in supra-cortical regions. Findings revealed that if individuals are more motivated by economic interest, rejecting money (vs. accepting money) accompanies higher activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and frontopolar cortex (FPC), which reflects impulse inhibition and decision evaluation; whereas, if individuals are more consider social norms, their DLPFC is more active when they accept bribes (vs. reject bribes), which reflects their fear of punishment. Additionally, the key brain region where social norms inhibit bribery involves the left DLPFC. The current findings contribute to the literature on the neural manifestations of corrupt decisions and provide some insights into the anti-corruption movement.

Fear, learning, or self-control? Predictors of Russian citizens’ compliance with mandatory and voluntary Covid-19 prevention measures

In this article, we examine citizens’ willingness to comply with Covid-19 prevention strategies of mandatory mask-wearing and recommended social distance/contact limitation measures from competing theoretical perspectives. These include self-control, deterrence, learning, social control theories, and fear of the infection. Data for the study come from 508 respondents from St. Petersburg—Russia’s second largest city—in May 2020, when the Covid-19 regional legislation that mandated citizens to wear masks in public went into effect. Overall, our findings suggest mixed support for various theoretical perspectives. Among the variables included in the analysis, fear of the infection is positively related to compliance with both mandated and recommended measures. Fear of Covid-19 infection, fear of punishment, and fear of disapproval on behalf of significant others that would follow non-compliance appear to be strong predictors of law-abiding behavior. Learning and self-control theories explain compliance with non-mandatory measures, but not with mask-wearing, which carried a penalty for violating the mandate.

What Does the Law Have to Do with Virtue?

In light of truths expressed by Thomas Aquinas and in lawyers’ oaths, lawyers sworn to uphold the civil law must work toward the goal of teaching and gradually encouraging citizens to have the inner virtues that would make civil law itself irrelevant. This follows from claims central to the civic and the Catholic intellectual traditions: the civil law is a teacher, its effect ought to be the promotion of virtue, and virtuous living is constitutive of the common good. Natural law undergirds and gives substance to the civil law, which nonetheless should only demand under fear of punishment what is followable for the majority of men, given the needs of good public order and the habits and customs of their country.

Characteristics of the Motivation of Educational Activities in Middle School Students Institutions with Different Educational Systems

Problem definition. The constant transformation of external motives, which is caused by frequent changes in society and changes in the education system, requires a corresponding modification of the internal regulation of the students' personality. The existence of institutions with mixed education systems requires a study of the peculiarities of the motivation of the educational activities of the students in them, which is especially important in adolescence. Problem analysis. In the scientific literature, two main groups of types of motives are distinguished in the structure of educational motivation: external and internal. External motives include: social approval, study prestige, communication, fear of punishment, extracurricular educational motivation; to internal ones: achievement motivation, cognitive interest, self-realization, awareness of social necessity. The purpose of the study. To reveal the peculiarities of the motivation of educational activity in middle school students of institutions with different education systems. The research methods. Methodology for diagnosing the type of school motivation in schoolchildren" (E. Lepeshva). For mathematical and statistical processing, we used: factor analysis by the Varimax principal components method and φ - Fisher's angular transformation. Description of the sample. The sample consisted of 84 respondents. These are students of the 6th grade (12 years old) of secondary schools of the Donetsk region. They were divided into three groups. The first two groups consisted, respectively, of girls (30) and boys (24), who studied in classes exclusively with peers of the same sex. The third group is mixed, which included 15 girls and boys each. Conclusions No significant differences were found in the educational motivation of middle school students studying in institutions with different education systems for all motives, except for "extracurricular educational motivation" and "self-realization". The group of internal motives is the most pronounced among representatives of all three groups. The factor structure of the motivation of educational activity was created for each of the groups of motives. In girls who study in mixed classes, the phenomenon of "transformation" of the structure of the motivation of educational activities according to the male type was revealed.