Fear Of Punishment Research Articles

Tools of single party hegemony in Tanzania: evidence from surveys and survey experiments

ABSTRACTPolitical systems dominated by a single party are common in the developing world, including in countries that hold regular elections. Yet we lack knowledge about the strategies by which these regimes maintain political dominance. This article presents evidence from Tanzania, a paradigmatic dominant party regime, to demonstrate how party institutions are used instrumentally to ensure the regime's sustained control. First, I show that the ruling party maintains a large infrastructure of neighbourhood representatives, and that in the presence of these agents, citizens self-censor about their political views. Second, I provide estimates of the frequency with which politicians give goods to voters around elections, demonstrating that such gifts are more common in Tanzania than previous surveys suggest. Third, I use a survey experiment to test respondents’ reaction to information about corruption. Few voters change their preferences upon receipt of this information. Taken together, this article provides a detailed picture of ruling party activities at the micro-level in Tanzania. Citizens conceal opposition sympathies from ten cell leaders, either because they fear punishment or seek benefits. These party agents can monitor citizens’ political views, facilitating clientelist exchange. Finally, citizens’ relative insensitivity to clientelism helps explain why politicians are not punished for these strategies.

The Causes of Peer Effects in Production: Evidence from a Series of Field Experiments

Workers respond to the output choices of their peers. What explains this well documented phenomenon of peer effects? Do workers value equity, fear punishment from equity-minded peers, or does output from peers teach them about employers' expectations? We test these alternative explanations in a series of field experiments. We find clear evidence of peer effects, as have others. Workers raise their own output when exposed to high-output peers. They also punish low-output peers, even when that low output has no effect on them. They may be embracing and enforcing the employer's expectations. (Exposure to employer-provided work samples influences output much the same as exposure to peer-provided work.) However, even when employer expectations are clearly stated, workers increase output beyond those expectations when exposed to workers producing above expectations. Overall, the evidence is strongly consistent with the notion that peer effects are mediated by workers' sense of fairness related to relative effort.

Quality of life and human rights conditions in a public psychiatric hospital in Cairo

Purpose – There is no documented evidence on service users’ perceptions of quality of care and observance of human rights in mental health residential facilities in Egypt after the new mental health law passed in 2009. The purpose of this paper is to investigate El-Abbassia Mental Health Hospital in Cairo. Special attention is paid as to the variety of human rights violations which are experienced by the users and the context in which these violations occur. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional study was performed relying on 36 depth interviews with patients, 58 staff members and 15 family members, reviews of documents and observations by an independent assessment team consisting of the author, another psychiatrist, a nurse and a family member using the World Health Organization Quality Rights Tool Kit which uses the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) as its framework. Findings – The study reported empirical insights into how the steps taken by the hospital to address several of the themes drawn from the CRPD require either improvement or initiation to comply fully with the convention’s themes. Research limitations/implications – Respondents may have failed to disclose their true experiences due to fear of punishment. Practical implications – Users admitted to mental hospitals have often been forgotten, thus becoming victims of violence, neglect and other human rights violations. Social implications – An opportunity to promote public awareness of the rights of patients. Originality/value – The importance of this study came from being the first documented evidence on service users’ perceptions of quality of care and observance of human rights in mental health residential facilities in Egypt after the new mental health law passed in 2009.

The issue of enforcement in Chinese corporate governance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss two important aspects of enforcement of ethical standards: indirect enforcement, that is the Confucian approach, and common law enforcement. In the context of Confucianism, one must adopt the ethical teachings in a moderate or “middle” way. We should not be too attached to the liberal interpretation of the Confucian texts but must have the wisdom to apply the concepts case-by-case. The issue then is if there are no legal consequences or punishment, then how we can ensure that someone will continue to comply with the standards. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyze the Confucian texts in relation to the enforcement of the ethical standards. The authors investigate the Entity Maximization and Sustainability Model by referring to the exit option, the voice option, the influence exerted on the board of directors, the sending of the Confucian representatives to sit on the board of directors, the oppression remedy and statutory derivative actions. The authors adopt a comparative study approach and argue that the Confucian enforcement of ethics can fill in the gap where common law rules of procedure cannot reach in the context of Chinese corporate governance system. Findings – By referring to the Confucian teaching, there are several ways to encourage the superior to follow the ethical standards, namely, education, fear of punishment by society, peer pressure, intrinsic value, continuing education and codification of Confucian value/moral standards. In addition, there are several enforcement options based on the Entity Maximization and Sustainability Model, which is highly relevant to the enforcement model of Confucianism. Originality/value – It is the first of its kind in strengthening the enforcement of Chinese business ethics by adopting the Confucian approach and common law approach. The two are not mutually exclusive but complementary with each other to bring the enforcement of Chinese business ethics to the next level.

More Prayer, Less Hope: Empirical Findings on Spiritual Instability

Spiritual instability is a spiritual struggle characterized by emotional dysregulation, fear of abandonment, and fear of punishment in relation to the sacred. The present study tested the relationships between spiritual instability, petitionary prayer, and hope among graduate trainees in the helping professions. The sample consisted of 206 graduate students from a Protestant-affiliated university in the United States. Results revealed moderator effect for petitionary prayer in the negative association between spiritual instability and hope. As frequency of petitionary prayer increased the correlation between spiritual instability and hope became increasingly negative. Future directions for research and implications for clinical practice are considered.

Binding in Conscience: Early Modern English Protestants and Spanish Thomists on Law and the Fate of the Soul

In Romans 13:5, St. Paul famously announced that Christians must obey law not only for fear of punishment, but also “for conscience sake.” Early modern Protestants and Catholics agreed that violations of laws that bound conscience, if unrepented, threatened damnation. But not all law obligated conscience. Natural law typically did. So did Jesus's injunctions and God's moral law revealed in the Old Testament, but not His judicial law governing civic affairs or His ceremonial law regulating Jewish religious observance. Human laws about things indifferent, matters neither commanded nor forbidden in scripture and nature, presented the most complicated case. Disobedience to only certain classes of human laws—but not all—imperiled the soul. Catholics and Protestants fiercely debated how to distinguish rulers’ ordinances that bound conscience from those that did not. This article explores the principles that animated the dispute and the methods used for linking human law to the fate of the soul or challenging that connection.

Duty Hour Reporting: Conflicting Values in Professionalism.

Duty hour limits challenge professional values, sometimes forcing residents to choose between patient care and regulatory compliance. This may affect truthfulness in duty hour reporting. We assessed residents' reasons for falsifying duty hour reports. We surveyed residents in 1 sponsoring institution to explore the reasons for noncompliance, frequency of violations, falsification of reports, and the residents' awareness of the option to extend hours to care for a single patient. The analysis used descriptive statistics. Linear regression was used to explore falsification of duty hour reports by year of training. The response rate was 88% (572 of 650). Primary reasons for duty hour violations were number of patients (19%) and individual patient acuity/complexity (19%). Junior residents were significantly more likely to falsify duty hours (R = -0.966). Of 124 residents who acknowledged falsification, 51 (41%) identified the primary reason as concern that the program will be in jeopardy of violating the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) duty hour limits followed by fear of punishment (34, 27%). This accounted for more than two-thirds of the primary reasons for falsification. Residents' falsification of duty hour data appears to be motivated by concerns about adverse actions from the ACGME, and fear they might be punished. To foster professionalism, we recommend that sponsoring institutions educate residents about professionalism in duty hour reporting. The ACGME should also convey the message that duty hour limits be applied in a no-blame systems-based approach, and allow junior residents to extend duty hours for the care of individual patients.

Perceived barriers to reporting adverse drug events in hospitals: a qualitative study using theoretical domains framework approach.

BackgroundAdverse drug events (ADEs) are a major source of morbidity and mortality, estimated as the forth to sixth cause of annual deaths in the USA. Spontaneous reporting of suspected ADEs by health care professionals to a national pharmacovigilance system is recognized as a useful method to detect and reduce harm from medicines; however, underreporting is a major drawback. Understanding the barriers to ADE reporting and thereafter design of interventions to increase ADE reporting requires a systematic approach and use of theory. Since multiple theories in behavior change exist that may have conceptually overlapping constructs, a group of experts suggested an integrative framework called theoretical domains framework (TDF). This approach considers a set of 12 domains, came from 33 theories and 128 constructs, covering the main factors influencing practitioner behavior and barriers to behavior change. The aim of this study is to apply TDF approach to establish an evidence-based understanding of barriers associated with ADE reporting among nurses and pharmacists.MethodsA total of three focus group discussions were conducted; among them two consisted of nurses and one involved pharmacists. Discussions were guided by questions designed based on TDF. Transcriptions of discussions were then thematically analyzed, and detected barriers to reporting ADEs were categorized based on extracted themes.ResultsA total of 34 nurses and pharmacists attended the group discussions. Six domains were identified to be relevant to barriers of ADE reporting in hospitals. These domains included “Knowledge,” “Skills,” “Beliefs about consequences,” “Motivation and goals (intention),” “Social influences (norms),” and “Environmental constraints.” We detected several barriers to ADE reporting, such as lack of knowledge of what should be reported, fear of punishment and criticism, lack of time, lack of teamwork, and lack of active support by hospital managements and other colleagues.Based on detected barriers, “Cognitive and behavioral factors,” “Motivational factors and teamwork,” in addition to “Organizational processes and resources” could be targeted in designing appropriate interventions.ConclusionsDetection of barriers to reporting ADEs is necessary to design appropriate interventions. The TDF is a comprehensive approach that enables us to better understand barriers to behavior change in reporting ADEs.

Ordered Rape

Policy makers and academics often contend that organizational anarchy permits soldiers to perpetrate sexual violence. A recent United Nations report supports this thesis especially with regard to the massive sexual abuse in the Congolese civil war. We challenge the anarchy argument and maintain, based on a principal-agent framework, that opportunistic military commanders can order their soldiers to rape through the use of sanctions and rewards. Our qualitative and quantitative analysis of a survey of 96 Congolese ex-soldiers shows that ordered rape is more likely in organizations where soldiers fear punishment and in which commanders distribute drugs as stimulants.

Responding to plagiarism using reflective means

Abstract Academic integrity violations have become widespread and pervasive in the university. The manner in which we respond to such violations is important. The prevalent approaches based on procedures, policies, appeals, and sanctions are seen as inadequate and may often be viewed as punitive or disciplinary. Even if they may bring about desired changes in behavior, it is not clear whether the behavioral changes are based on fear of punishment or due to transformative inner learning. Drawing upon reflective learning theories, this paper reports and reflects on the exploratory use of reflective means in two courses over four semesters to deal with students who had plagiarized on their class assignments. As there is little prior work in terms of methodology or research or practice addressing reflective approaches dealing with plagiarism, the goal of this study is to explore the feasibility and promise of integrally combining two reflective practices – an initial dialogue between instructor and student and a reflective essay subsequently written by the student. (Anti-plagiarism software was used to help detect plagiarism.) The main finding of this study is that such an approach is sensible, feasible, and promising. The reflective approach calls for mindfulness, empathy, and skillful dialogue on the part of the instructor and appears to encourage critical self-reflection in the student. Innovative reflective approaches warrant further research for inclusion as significant elements of a wise and holistic institutional response to academic integrity violations. Self-reflection may not only reduce the incidence of plagiarism and other academic integrity violations but may also be conducive to the growth of practical wisdom and inner change that spills over into other dimensions of integrity. Implications for institutional practices and further research are discussed.

Truly Free Consent? On the Nature of Duty to Obey

Legitimacy is generally seen as an unqualified social good. On the one hand, legitimacy tames power; to gain legitimacy in the eyes of citizens, institutional actors need to act in normatively appropriate ways. On the other hand, legitimacy minimizes the need for coercive forms of social control; when people view an institution as legitimate, they will comply and cooperate because they feel a moral duty, not because they fear punishment. Yet, scholars have recently questioned whether prior studies have conflated a normatively-grounded sense of “truly free consent” with a more instrumental motivation to obey external authority. This is an important critique. If measures of legitimacy capture a sense of fear, powerlessness and “dull compulsion,” then we may be misunderstanding the normative significance of legitimacy in policing policy and practice. Drawing on data from a randomized controlled trial of procedurally just policing in Scotland, we provide the first sustained empirical assessment of the nature of normative (consensus-based) and instrumental (coercive-based) forms of obligation to obey. Placing both forms of obligation in a procedural justice framework, we find that procedural justice seems to increase normative obligation and decrease instrumental obligation. We also show that consensual obligation is strongly and positively related to procedural justice, social identity, normative alignment and proactive cooperation, and that coercive obligation is moderately and negatively related to the same diagnostic constructs. We conclude with the idea that consent-based obligation can reasonably be included in the legitimacy concept, so long as the measures capture a sense of moral duty.

Icons vs satirical inversions: Islamic rule and the ‘death of the author’ – the murder of the Charlie Hebdo cartoonists in Paris

The satirical inversions of the images of the Prophet Muhammad by the Charlie Hebdo cartoonists that brought the wrath of two gunmen to their authors, projected a world in which the reader is recognised as an autonomous subject. Consequent on this autonomy is the restricted power of the author who used to derive it from the re-enactment of sacred Truth. Multiple and diverse readers, on the other hand, owe their authority from the right of the individual to reason and judge independently, which places them at arm's length from the author. The inverted images drawn by the cartoonists represented a departure from the Prophet's traditional iconic images whose resemblance to the referent left little room for variation among their faithful viewers driven to identify with the Messenger of Allah either by desire to imitate or for fear of punishment. The fixed iconic ‘reading’ by the faithful was mediated by the homogeneous Muslim Community (Umma) whose members were unable to use words to objectify among an association of citizens their internal sense of injury as an excess. As a consequence, this injury caused by the readers operating outside the Community called for the use of force by its members in retaliation (qisas) for the infidels’ reading as sanctioned in the sacred text. The more entrenched the membership of the Umma, largely the product of reading the sacred text – where the author retains his traditional power – the more inclined were the members to resort to brutal force to restore the traditional power of the author.

Factors Contributing to Examination Malpractices at Secondary School Level in Kohat Division, Pakistan

The purpose of this research work was to identify the factors that contribute to examination malpractices at secondary school level. The target population of the study was all the heads, teachers and students at secondary school level in Kohat Division (Pakistan). The study was delimited to the 80 male secondary schools. The sample for this study was made up of 840 respondents which were selected through simple random sampling technique. A self-developed semi-structured questionnaire was used as research instrument for data collection. Descriptive statistics i.e., simple percentage, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics i.e., ANOVA were applied for the statistical analysis of data. The findings of the study explored that there are various factors that contribute to examination malpractices i.e., corruption; poor implementation of examinations rules; students and parental threats; no fear of punishment; inadequate preparation for examination; poor invigilation; collusion; disloyalty of examination bodies; fear of failure; poor morale and economic depression of supervisory staff etc. Furthermore, the findings of the study revealed that bringing of unauthorized materials to examination hall; sending of prepared answers to students by teachers and parents; impersonation; questions and papers leakage; cheating; and scripts changing are the various forms of examination malpractices. Based on findings, it was recommended that examination rules should be implemented effectively and those who were found guilty should be given severe exemplary punishment according to the examination’s rules.

Field burning practices in a southern region of Brazil

Purpose– The practice of field burning has been used for many years in the south regions of Brazil as an ideal way to maintain pastures. The purpose of this paper is to understand if such activity is logically explicable or if it is the result of a cultural reality, being “prisoner” of this technique because of path dependence, within the paradigm of the path dependence theory.Design/methodology/approach– This present research is exploratory. The use of cases study was the most appropriate technique to explore the field burning practices and their impact in this specific region of Brazil, while describing its context, for which limits are not clearly defined. Thus, this research carries out a multi-case study that provides a greater perception than a single case and has an identical methodological structure.Findings– This paper analyzed the reasons why the producers insist with the procedure and identified these reasons are not merely economical. The study demonstrates a clear path dependent process and it became obvious that once the technique is part of the family use history, it anchors a strong conviction that field burning is actually the best technique to be used for land maintenance.Research limitations/implications– This work suggests a need for other specific researches to substantially complement field burning practices to other phenomenon.Practical implications– The fact that alternative techniques are rejected, giving priority to field burning, it may suggest that other situations and practices may be tied to inadequate or less profitable technologies as well (milk, confined raising, pasturing). The study raises the question on the validity of such practice as a paradigm of reason and pragmatism, or as a “Platoons Cavern” in which they are “trapped” in their decision process developed over time.Originality/value– Presence and implications of environmental laws, which tend to be observed by the producers much more because they fear punishment than because they really understand the benefits of its application; showing the government’s failure in teaching and informing the producers about environmental laws.

Factors that influence the recognition, reporting and resolution of incidents related to medical devices and other healthcare technologies: a systematic review.

BackgroundMedical devices have improved the treatment of many medical conditions. Despite their benefit, the use of devices can lead to unintended incidents, potentially resulting in unnecessary harm, injury or complications to the patient, a complaint, loss or damage. Devices are used in hospitals on a routine basis. Research to date, however, has been primarily limited to describing incidents rates, so the optimal design of a hospital-based surveillance system remains unclear. Our research objectives were twofold: i) to explore factors that influence device-related incident recognition, reporting and resolution and ii) to investigate interventions or strategies to improve the recognition, reporting and resolution of medical device-related incidents.MethodsWe searched the bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and PsycINFO database. Grey literature (literature that is not commercially available) was searched for studies on factors that influence incident recognition, reporting and resolution published and interventions or strategies for their improvement from 2003 to 2014. Although we focused on medical devices, other health technologies were eligible for inclusion.ResultsThirty studies were included in our systematic review, but most studies were concentrated on other health technologies. The study findings indicate that fear of punishment, uncertainty of what should be reported and how incident reports will be used and time constraints to incident reporting are common barriers to incident recognition and reporting. Relevant studies on the resolution of medical errors were not found. Strategies to improve error reporting include the use of an electronic error reporting system, increased training and feedback to frontline clinicians about the reported error.ConclusionsThe available evidence on factors influencing medical device-related incident recognition, reporting and resolution by healthcare professionals can inform data collection and analysis in future studies. Since evidence gaps on medical device-related incidents exist, telephone interviews with frontline clinicians will be conducted to solicit information about their experiences with medical devices and suggested strategies for device surveillance improvement in a hospital context. Further research also should investigate the impact of human, system, organizational and education factors on the development and implementation of local medical device surveillance systems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0028-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Is Autobiographical Writing a Historical Document?: The Impact of Self-Censorship on Life Narratives

Self-censorship is the act of censoring one's own written or spoken words, usually out of fear of punishment or loss of face but sometimes also out of respect for the feelings of others. Self-censorship is usually related to public discourse—whether in literature, the visual arts or in the media—but it may infiltrate private discourse if the speaker has internalised the rules of what can be said and what should remain unsaid. In this chapter, we analyse the linguistic mechanisms of self-censorship in the context of the autobiographical writings of Andrzej Czcibor-Piotrowski (1931–2014). The self-censorship can be traced to the political system in works published prior to 1989 but a different justification is required for the novels published after 1989 when there was more freedom of expression in Poland. We believe that the explanation can be traced to the trauma experienced in childhood and the inability to disclose true memories, even some 70 years later. This finding challenges somewhat the concept of the documentary value of life writings from periods of historical terror.

The Role of Affect in Theology and Public Life: A Review of Joshua Hordern's Political Affections: Civic Participation and Moral Theology

The Role of Affect in Theology and Public Life: A Review of Joshua Hordern's <i>Political Affections: Civic Participation and Moral Theology</i>

Adverse events and safety in nursing care.

To identify the scientific publications about adverse events in nursing care in adult hospitalized patients and discuss the main adverse events in nursing care. Integrative revision with a qualitative approach. The data were collected at LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF and the library SCIELO and were submitted to thematic analysis. Three categories were developed: Adverse events in nursing care; The main causes of the adverse events in nursing care; Attitude of nursing professionals in face of errors. The main events were identified in nursing care with emphasis on the medication error, the failure to perform dressings and falls of patients. The importance of instruments was emphasized for notification of adverse events in the institutions. However the fear of punishment on professionals stimulates the underreporting of events. It is important to discuss effective prevention strategies that ensure patient safety in healthcare institutions.

"A Great Championess for Her Sex": Sarah Chapone on Liberty As Nondomination and Self-Mastery

In her 1735 work, The Hardships of the English Laws in Relation to Wives, Sarah Chapone (1699-1764) recounts the story of Gyges of Lydia and his magical ring, story that also appears in book II of Plato's Republic. According to Platonic legend, Gyges's golden ring possesses the extraordinary power of rendering its wearer completely invisible. With the help of this ring, the lowly shepherd Gyges enters the court, seduces the king's wife, then murders the king and takes his throne-all with impunity. In her own text, Chapone asks the question: what would man of honour do, had he such ring? Her answer is, the same as he would without it. Though the wearer of the ring might steal whatever he pleased, or slay whomever he despised, all without fear of punishment, the honourable man would not take such action. Chapone also points out that Man of Honour would not desire such Ring and that a Man without Honour should not be trusted with it.1 Nobody would think it wise or prudent to permit any man in the kingdom to wear Gyges's ring, she says, lest the Power of doing Mischief, might create, as well as assist an Inclination to it.2The main purpose of Chapone's text is to show that the laws in eighteenthcentury England have in fact granted husbands this power of doing mischief with impunity. In this time and place, she points out, the laws permit husbands to hold their wives captive, to psychologically and physically abuse them, to deprive them of their property, and to keep them from seeing their children-all without being accountable to any earthly authority whatsoever. Chapone observes that good Husband would not desire the Power of Horse-whipping, confining, Half-starving his Wife, or squandering her Estate; bad Husband should not be allowed it.3 In her anonymous seventy-page treatise, she appeals to King George II and both houses of parliament an Alteration or Repeal of some Laws, which, as we conceive, put us (i.e., married women) in worse Condition than Slavery itself.4In this paper, I argue that Chapone deserves prominent place in the history of feminist philosophy as one of the first writers consistently to apply what is now known as the republican concept of liberty to the situation of married women in early modern society. Historians have identified at least three republican moments in England in the 1600s: the first during the Interregnum of 1649-60; the second in response to the looming threat of Catholic succession and an absolute monarch, ca. 1675-83; and the third in the late 1690s as result of various constitutional crises following the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89.5 At each moment, the most prominent republicans did not call for the abolition of monarchy as such, but rather for limited or regulated monarchical rule.6 In their view, the liberty of the people could be assured only if just and reasonable laws prevented the sovereign from exercising an arbitrary power over the lives of subjects. A state in which monarch could take away his subjects' property (their 'lives, liberty, and estates') at his arbitrary will and pleasure, was not free state-it was state of tyranny. The early modem republicans thus called for monarchical rule in the service of the law, and for restrictions on the sovereign's power to amass standing army in times of peace (a typical harbinger to absolute rule).Though some English women writers endorse the republican ideal of liberty prior to Chapone,7 she is the first to follow through with its implications for married women in civil society: call for an institutionalised guarantee of security for women against domination in marriage. More than this, I believe that Chapone articulates an ideal that is both negative freedom from domination and positive freedom to be one's own master. Present-day theorist Philip Pettit describes the republican notion of freedom as intermediate between the ideals of non-interference and self-mastery, but nevertheless denies that the concept is positive in Isaiah Berlin's sense of requiring agents actively to govern or to gain control over themselves. …

Morality and ethics without religion.

Dear Sir, A man's ethical behavior should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary. Man would indeed be in a poor way if he had to be restrained by fear of punishment and hope of reward after death.[1] Albert Einstein Morality and ethics are exceedingly important aspects of neurosurgery and are the subject of a recent editorial in Surgical Neurology International.[2] Patients and doctors should work together to ensure an ethical approach to the clinical neurosciences in general and to neurosurgery in particular. The editorial in question repeatedly suggests that morals are derived from religious principles. This is a common misconception. Indeed, amoral and unethical behavior is often supported by religion; historical and contemporary examples are support for slavery and oppression of women and homosexuals. Moreover, numerous secular, nonreligious individuals and organizations (such as Doctors Without Borders) display highly moral and ethical behavior without belief in a god/gods or religion. Personal religious bias has no role in scientific discourse, including the neurosurgical literature.