Parental Fear Research Articles

A New Instrument to Define Parental Fear Regarding Feeding Their Children: A Reliability and Validity Study.

This study aimed to develop the 'Fear of Feeding My Child- A Parental Report (FF-PR)', which measures the parental fear of feeding their children, and to determine its reliability and validity. The study consists of the developmental phase and reported the content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct, criterion, and discriminant validity. The study included two groups; 'Group I (N = 90)' who had a neurological disorder and their parents, and 'Group II (N = 60)' who were typically developing children without any feeding and swallowing problems and their parents. Limited literature review, clinical experience, and parental interviews have been used in creating the item pool. A panel of 7 experts assessed the content validity in two Delphi rounds. Cronbach's α measured the internal consistency of each item. The test-retest reliability was determined using the FF-PR scores given by the parents in Group I one week apart. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure the construct validity. The Nordic Orofacial Screening Test (NOT-S), Dysphagia Disorder Survey (DDS), and the Turkish version of the Feeding-Swallowing Impact Survey (T-FS-IS) were used for the criterion validity of the FF-PR. The discriminant validity of the FF-PR was determined by comparing the FF-PR scores of the groups and using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The content validity index was 0.92. The Cronbach's α was found to be high (test: 0.966, retest: 0.969). The FF-PR had an excellent chi-square fit (χ2/df = 123.075/127 p = 0.582) and according to the fit indices; the FF-PR was found to have a good fit. There was a low-moderate correlation between FF-PR and NOT-S (r = 0.335 - 0.462, p < 0.001) and DDS (r = 0.461 - 0.535, p < 0.001) and a moderate-high correlation between FF-PR and T-FS-IS (r = 0.501 - 0.807, p < 0.001). The FF-PR total and subscale scores were higher in Group I than in Group II. In conclusion, the FF-PR scale is a valid and reliable tool for measuring parental fear about feeding their child.

Influence of Parental Dental Anxiety on Children’s Oral Health Status - a Cross Sectional Survey

Objective: Parental dental fear and anxiety (DFA) significantly influence adolescents’ access to the dental care and their ability to maintain oral health. The study aimed to evaluate how dental anxiety of parents affects the oral health status of their children using the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear “(IDAF)-4C+” scale.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 111 parent-child pairs in the out patient department (OPD) of the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha (India). Children aged 6 -14 years and one of their parents were selected using convenient sampling for the study. An investigation was done to assess the impact of the dental anxiety of the parents on the oral health status of their children. A pre-tested questionnaire, “IDAF-4C+” was used to measure the dental anxiety and fear of the parents. Clinical examinations of the children were done using the World Health Organization (WHO) dentition status (2013). The STATA-14 was used for statistical analysis. Results: 44% of the parents reported no or little, or low dental fear. Of the rest, 8% reported moderate dental fear and 4% reported high dental fear. Positive correlations were found between the dental fear, phobia symptom, and dental experience of the parents and the oral health status of their children (r1=0.1254, r2=0.1120, r3=0.1829) for each of the 3 modules of the IDAF-4C+ (IDAF-4C, IDAF- P, IDAF-S) i.e. core, phobia and stimulus model respectively.Conclusion: The dental anxiety of a parent affects the oral health of their children. The IDAF-4C+ scale provides a comprehensive insight into the origins of dental anxiety and its impact on emotions, cognitive processes, and behaviour.

Walkability and Parental Safety Perceptions as Determinants of Children’s School Commutes: A Systematic Review

Walking is the oldest, most affordable, and environmentally healthy mode of transport. Its importance is widely recognised in the scientific and political fields, with active school travel being a consensual target goal. Children’s active school travel promotes physical activity, independence, and social interaction. Additionally, it contributes to mitigating traffic congestion, reducing air pollution, and enhancing societal well-being. Despite these positive effects, children’s commuting patterns and outdoor activities are becoming more restricted due to the continuous growth of motorised traffic and car-oriented urban environment conditions. As a result, school walkability indexes are emerging in literature, although few consider parental safety perceptions. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the existing evidence, examining and summarising quantitative and qualitative studies on school walkability and the impact of parental barriers on children walking to school. The updated information provided in this review highlights the link between the urban environment, parental fear of traffic, and children’s school travel behaviour. Using the PRISMA method and a series of in-depth interviews, we developed a comprehensive walkability model. The literature review highlights the importance of geographical differences and social and environmental diversities, requiring different solutions to promoting active commuting to school. Distance and quality of infrastructure are critical factors, but not exclusive. Our interview results suggest that social norms, parents’ fear of car traffic, and educational background can influence the results. This study offers insights into perceived walkability, particularly regarding school walkability in a Portuguese context.

Children’s healthy and unhealthy food intake related to parental fear of COVID-19, family communication patterns, and parental controlling feeding practices

ABSTRACT Background The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 changed the daily lives of families, including their food environments. We tested a conceptual model of potential influences on children’s dietary intake under these conditions. Methods 310 (51% fathers) parents with children ages 5–12 were recruited for an online study. Parents completed questionnaires to measure fear of COVID-19, family communication patterns, parental controlling feeding practices, and child’s healthy and unhealthy food intake. Structural equation modeling was conducted, including a path analysis and a multi-group analysis to compare mothers and fathers. Results Parental fear of COVID-19 was related to more conversation and conformity-oriented family communication patterns, which were associated with more parental controlling feeding practices. Conversation-oriented communication was related to less, while conformity-oriented communication was related to more unhealthy food intake by children. Conclusion Family communication patterns play an important role in children’s dietary intake. Therefore, it may be useful to help parents adopt positive parenting approaches to influence their children’s healthy development.

Coverage of Second Dose of Measles-Containing Vaccine (MCV-2) and Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (JE-2) and Its Predictors Among Children 2-5 Years Old in the Ormanjhi Block of Ranchi, Jharkhand, India: A Mixed Method Study.

Introduction Administering the measles vaccine at an appropriate age and dosage in childrenis important for India to eliminate measles, a potentially deadly vaccine-preventable disease. Similarly, the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine, particularly in endemic regions is important to prevent morbidity and high-case fatality from the disease. The study attempts to evaluate the coverage of measles and JE vaccines and their predictors. Materials and methods A mixed method study design, incorporating a three-stagecluster random sampling process was used in the cross-sectional survey conducted among 604 children aged 2-5 years in the Ormanjhi block of Ranchi, Jharkhand, from April 2023 to June 2024. The parents/caregivers of the eligible children were interviewed using a predesigned, pretested semi-structured questionnaire, and the immunization status of children was taken from vaccination cards. A focused group discussion(FGD)and an in-depth interview (IDI) with healthcare providers formed the qualitative component. We conducted descriptive, and logistic regression analysis using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The association between the coverage of the vaccine and sociodemographic variables was done using the Chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to study the predictors, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In the household survey, the coverage of the measles-containing vaccine first dose (MCV-1) was 594 (98.3%), while the second dose (MCV-2) was 536 (88.7%) out of 604 participants. For the JE vaccine, the coverage of the first dose (JE-1) was 588 (97.4%), while the second dose (JE-2) coverage was 492 (81.5%). In the multivariate logistic regression, religionand the lack of parental knowledge about measles were significant predictors for lower MCV-2 uptake, while the for JE vaccine, religion, father's education, and household head's occupation remained statistically significant factors (p ≤ 0.05). Vaccine hesitancy had mixed perceptions with the child's unavailability being the most significant reason for hesitancy in both MCV and JE vaccinations. In the FGD, child's unavailability at times of vaccination and parent's fear of side effects post vaccination were major factors for missing doses of the vaccine. Conclusion While the initial coverage of MCV and JE vaccines is commendable, the substantial drop in the second dose coverage and the delays in administration present significant challenges.

Association between Dental Fear and Children's Oral Health-Related Quality of Life.

This study aimed to examine the association between both parental dental fear and children's dental fear and its impact on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of Saudi children in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Data on 93 individuals aged 7-12 years were collected using clinical examination and Arabic-validated questionnaires: the Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Short Form (COHIP-SF19), and the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Negative binomial regression analysis was performed to study the association between children's fear and parental dental fear as well as the OHRQoL, while adjusting for certain confounders. Overall, our multivariate analyses showed that children with high dental fear (CFSS-DS ≥ 38, p = 0.027) and a higher percentage of dental caries (p = 0.013) had a significantly lower OHRQoL after adjusting for clinical and socio-demographic factors. Further, parental fear of dentists was significantly associated with children's fear of dentists (p < 0.001). Our findings demonstrate that children's fear and dental caries are both associated with poorer OHRQoL. Further, parental dental fear about dentists was associated with children's fear of dentists.

A Mixed Method Investigation of Parent-Adolescent Communication About Mental Health

PurposeParent-adolescent communication is critical for parents' recognition of a need for mental health treatment in their adolescent children. This study aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to parent-adolescent communication about mental health in order to generate ideas for interventions that improve communication and increase adolescent uptake of mental health services. MethodsTwenty adolescents aged 12 to 19 with a history of depression and/or anxiety were enrolled alongside one parent/guardian. Participants completed an online survey, followed by separate, semistructured interviews. Survey data were analyzed via paired and two-sample t tests. Separate, data-driven codebooks were developed from interview transcripts. Qualitative data were analyzed via a template analysis approach. ResultsAdolescents reported higher barriers to psychological help-seeking (24.0 + 7.3) when compared to parents (18.6 + 4.7), both on average (p = .008) and between individual dyads (p = .003). Parents reported better communication with their child (79.0 + 11.5), than adolescents did with their parents on average (68.7 + 17.3, p = .04). Fear of burdening parents, parental guilt and fear of parents' dismissal of mental health concerns were described as barriers to communication. Facilitators of communication included disclosure of familial mental health history, open-mindedness, and patience. Psychotherapy was described as positively impacting communication by assisting adolescents in understanding parents' perspectives, and teaching communication strategies. DiscussionBrief clinical interventions addressing structural and emotional barriers to psychological help-seeking, depression literacy, stigma and self-blame among parents, and disclosure of familial mental health history may encourage parent-adolescent communication and increase adolescents' access to mental health care.

Evaluation of Parents’ Opinions About the Fear of Inhaler Corticosteroid Treatment in Child Patients Diagnosed with Asthma

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine concerns and fears of parents of children with asthma towards the use of ICS, and its’ impact on asthma management. Material and Methods: This prospective study was conducted between 01.04.2023 and 01.06.2024, at the Dr.Burhan Nalbantoğlu Hospital, The Pediatric Immunology and Allergy Clinic, and patients who had been followed up with asthma diagnosis, were included. Results: There was 100 patients in our study. Out of 100 patients, 67 (67 %) were male. The median age of the children was 84.5 months (IQR,73.2-119.5). The median age of asthma diagnosis was 65.5 months (IQR, 24-76.75). All of the patients were using asthma maintenance therapy, and 87 (87%) patients were using it regularly. Out of 100 parents, 78 (78 %) had fear and concern of potential adverse effects of using inhaled corticosteroid treatment long time in their children. The most common fears and concerns were described as causing weight gain in 34 (34%) parents, dependance to drug in 33 (33%) parents, and causing growth retardation in 27 (27 %) parents. Patients having fear of corticosteroid tended to have difficulties in medicine use (p=0.001). Patients not knowing the treatment of asthma, and not knowing the role of corticosteroid in asthma tended not to have fear of corticosteroid treatment (p=0.046, and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: In our study, 78% of the parents had fear and concern of potential adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid treatment. The most common fear and concerns were about weight gain, dependance to drug, and growth retardation.

Diagnosis of Student’s Anxiety on Undergraduate Thesis Writing at Raden Wijaya State Buddhist College

This research aims to measure the level of anxiety and analyze the factors that cause student anxiety in writing their thesis. The research was conducted at the Raden Wijaya State Buddhist College, Wonogiri, Central Java using descriptive quantitative research. The sample for this research consisted of 55 students in semester VII of the 2023/2024 academic year. The instruments used were Zung's Self-rating Anxiety Scale and questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The research results show that students' anxiety level in writing their thesis is in the medium category with an average score of 40.8. Factors that cause student anxiety include: lack of understanding of research methodology, difficulty in finding references, fear of failure and disappointing parents, and worry about the thesis trial.

The relationship between parental anxiety, fear of Covid‐19, partner involvement in children's care and sleep quality during the Covid‐19 pandemic in Italy

AbstractDuring the Covid‐19 pandemic new stressors were added to the usual challenges parents face, changing habits and reduced physical activity, all factors that negatively affect sleep quality in adults and children. This study examines (1) possible changes in the sleep‐wake patterns of parents and children before and after the March–May 2020 lockdown and during the new restrictions imposed by the Italian government in March 2021; (2) possible associations between children and parents' sleep quality reported by parents and intrinsic and extrinsic factors. A total of 264 Italian parents with children aged 1–6 years (M = 40 months, SD = 18.18) completed self‐report questionnaires. Children's sleep habits changed, and parental insomnia symptoms worsened after the March–May 2020 lockdown, while children's insomnia symptoms decreased. Positive associations between children's negative affectivity and insomnia symptoms emerged, as well as between generalized parental anxiety and parental insomnia symptoms and between parental fear of Covid‐19 and sleep‐related habits not in line with paediatric recommendations. Partner's involvement in children's care promoted good sleep habits. Results identified risks and protective factors that could impact Italian parents' and children's sleep during the second wave of the Covid‐19 pandemic, raising awareness among families, education practitioners, healthcare providers and the general public.Highlights Italian children's sleep habits changed, and parental insomnia symptoms worsened after the March–May 2020 lockdown, while children's insomnia symptoms decreased. During the second wave of the Covid‐19 pandemic, higher levels of children's temperamental negative affectivity were associated with higher levels of parental and children's insomnia, higher levels of parental anxiety, and the presence of children's sleep‐related habits not in line with pediatric recommendations. Partner's involvement in children's care promoted good and healthy children's sleep habits.

255-OR: The Relationship between Daytime Child Glycemic Levels and Parent Fear of Hypoglycemia

255-OR: The Relationship between Daytime Child Glycemic Levels and Parent Fear of Hypoglycemia

‘I praie ye send for the courall’: children’s coral as the physical embodiment of parental hopes and fears in early modern England

ABSTRACT Mediterranean red coral has long been believed to be imbued with sacred, spiritual and healing power and was given to children across Europe in the form of an amulet, teether or medicine. In early modern England, portraits of children from affluent families and medical receipts provide snapshots of coral usage, a moment in time, which do not adequately reveal the spiritual, therapeutic and affective significance of this material within the context of unique family circumstances and a multitude of perceived threats to children’s health. Focusing on five case studies, this article delves into the lived experience of families who deemed coral objects an essential childhood accessory in the period from 1590 to 1775. Julian Herrick, a goldsmith’s widow, Sir John Oglander, a knight caught up in the civil war, Dr Garencières, a doctor confronting dangerous infection, Lady Blackett, a devoted grandmama, and Ann Lord, a woman facing destitution, all placed value on coral for their young children. This study draws on a diverse range of material and documentary evidence from the seventeenth and eighteenth century to unpack the significance of red coral for parents within a changing religious, political and medical landscape. Building on scholarship within material culture studies and the history of emotions, this study also situates children’s coral objects within emotional relationships and seeks to uncover the implicit meanings such objects held which could not be written or articulated due to illiteracy, controversy or persecution. By combining a micro-historical approach with a broader thematic analysis, the case studies presented indicate that coral occupies an important place in the history of the early modern family as the embodiment of the anxieties of parents and grandparents, a means to soothe and protect young children and a material expression of hope, love and faith, particularly during periods of crisis and separation.

Reducing risk: navigating emotional triangles in clinical work with youth suicidality and self‐harm

AbstractIn clinical work with families in which a young person is at real and significant risk of self‐harm or even death by suicide, predictable emotional triangles both within the family and within the treating system intensify. As understandable fear and worry in parents and clinicians rises in response to potential risk, these emotionally driven relational processes become even more rigid. This typically results in a reduction in cognitive and behavioural flexibility, which can potentially and unwittingly increase the risk of self‐harm by suicide. This article outlines some basic principles pertaining to the notion of emotional triangles, a central concept in Bowen family systems theory; its relevance for clinicians working with suicidal youth and their families; and its application to the context of a community child and youth mental health service. Practical application of theory to clinical work is demonstrated through clinical vignettes that describe the work of two clinicians and their clinical supervisor. The authors reflect on their understanding of the development of emotional triangles in the vignettes presented alongside their efforts to navigate these triangles through the regulation of their own anxiety and more objective thinking.

Parental Expectations and Fear of Negative Evaluation Among Indian Emerging Adults: The Mediating Role of Maladaptive Perfectionism

Background: Contrary to traditional notions of emerging adulthood as a period free from parental pressures, the prolonged transition to adulthood in contemporary society implies that parental influence remains a significant factor in the lives of emerging adults. This presents a potential challenge to emerging adults, as navigating independence while managing parental expectations can result in adverse psychological outcomes. The present study examined the relationship between perceived parental expectations and fear of negative evaluation (FNE) and the mediating role of maladaptive perfectionism. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 466 emerging adults from India between 18 and 25 years old. They responded to the Perception of Parental Expectations Inventory, the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism-Brief Scale, and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation–Straightforward Items Scale. Results: Correlation analyses revealed significant, positive associations between perceived parental expectations, maladaptive perfectionism, and FNE. Findings from regression analyses indicated that increased perceptions of parental expectations and maladaptive perfectionism predicted increased levels of FNE. The relationship between perceived parental expectations and FNE was fully mediated by maladaptive perfectionism. Conclusion: A key reason for heightened perceptions of parental expectations associated with increased FNE is that emerging adults tend to adopt unrealistic perfectionistic standards. Maladaptive perfectionism represents a vital intervention target for individuals who perceive elevated parental expectations and are at risk for FNE, offering promising avenues for promoting well-being in emerging adults.

Parental Migration and Fear of Crime Among Left-Behind Children in Rural China

Utilizing a probability sample of 1,985 middle school students from Guizhou Province, China, this study aims to explore the association between different patterns of parental migration and fear of crime among adolescents in rural China. Nested OLS regression analyses revealed that compared to adolescents who live with both parents, adolescents experiencing dual-parent migration reported a heightened fear of crime. However, adolescents with only their mother or father migrating did not exhibit any difference in fear of crime compared to those who lived with their parents. Being female, younger, having experienced crime victimization, perceiving greater family economic pressure, and perceiving greater neighborhood disorder and weaker collective efficacy also elevated crime fear. Findings from this study highlight the acute vulnerability of adolescents experiencing dual-parent migration and urge more targeted social support for this group.

U.S. Parental Vaccine Hesitancy and the COVID-19 Vaccine: A Scoping Review.

Parental vaccine hesitancy has been a hotly debated issue long before the COVID-19 pandemic. Still, the emergence of a new vaccine during this public health crisis made even pro-vaccine individuals reconsider vaccines for their children. This scoping review was conducted to understand why parents expressed hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine for children under 12 years old. The search included primary sources of evidence published in English from 2020-2022. A final 41 articles met the criteria. Overall, more vaccine-hesitant characteristics were non-white, female, lower education level, lower income, on public insurance, conservative political affiliation, younger age, and rural residence. Concerns affecting confidence in the vaccine were the risk of possible side effects and lack of trust in the development of the emergency approval of the vaccine. School nurses can acknowledge parental fears and provide parents with evidence-based information when communicating with them about vaccinations.

Roseola Infantum: An Updated Review.

Roseola infantum is a common viral disease that occurs during childhood worldwide. The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of roseola infantum. A search was conducted in April, 2022, in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "roseola infantum" OR "exanthem subitum" OR "sixth disease". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. Roseola infantum is a viral illness characterized by high fever that lasts 3 to 4 days, followed by the sudden appearance of rash at defervescence. The disease occurs most frequently in children between 6 months and 2 years of age. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is the major cause of roseola infantum, followed by HHV-7. Transmission of the infection most likely results from the asymptomatic shedding of the virus in the saliva of the caregivers or other close contacts. Characteristically, the rash is discrete, rose-pink in color, circular or elliptical, macular or maculopapular, measuring 2 to 3 mm in diameter. The eruption is first seen on the trunk. It then spreads to the neck and proximal extremities. Typically, the rash blanches on pressure and subsides in 2 to 4 days without sequelae. Most children look well otherwise and appear to be happy, active, alert, and playful. The diagnosis is mainly clinical. Febrile seizures occur in 10 to 15 % of children with roseola infantum during the febrile period. In general, serious complications are rare and occur more often in individuals who are immunocompromised. There is no specific treatment. An antipyretic may be used to reduce fever and discomfort. Roseola infantum is generally a benign and self-limited disease. Failure to recognize this condition may result in undue parental fear, unnecessary investigations, delay in treatment for conditions that mimic roseola infantum and complications from roseola infantum, unnecessary treatment of roseola infantum per se, and misuse of healthcare expenditure.

Exploring Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Factors Influencing Decision-Making in Stem Cell Banking: Rising the Future of Medical Treatment.

Stem cellbanking (SCB) is a promising area of modern medicine with the potential to yield innovative treatments and cures. To effectively educate parents and implement laws and regulations that address parental concerns and encourage informed decision-making, it is imperative to emphasize parental viewpoints and their consequences for future healthcare. The study aims to establish the Saudi Arabian population's level of understanding regarding SCB and to comprehend the elements influencing parental knowledge, attitudes, and SCB decision-making processes. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the population in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, knowledge levels, attitudes, and decision-making variables were gathered from 380 respondents. The study reveals a lack in their comprehension of the objectives and possible uses of SCB, together with the main sources of information on those banks and conveniently available banking choices. It showed varied results regarding attitudes about considering an SCB for their children. In addition, the majority of respondents had not made a consent decision about SCB for their children. It also illuminates the factors that could influence participants' decisions about SCBfor their children and shows that a lack of information and understanding is the main obstacle faced by parents regarding SCB. It highlights that participants were generally in favor of learning more about SCB for their children. This study broadens our understanding of parental decision-making toward SCB and clarifies the elements influencing parents' opinions and worries and offers significant ramifications for lawmakers, medical professionals, and SCB. These implications can be utilized to enhance communication strategies, create instructional programs, and ease the fears of concerned parents.

Corticosteroid fear in parents of children with atopic dermatitis.

Background: Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the mainstay of therapy for paediatric atopic dermatitis (AD). The use of TCS is often met with fear by parents. Assessing this parental TCS fear in clinical practice is still lacking. Aim: The aim was to assess parental fear and beliefs about TCS. Furthermore, we evaluated the quality of life (QoL) of the family and the disease severity of affected children. Methods: We conducted an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Inclusion criteria were children aged 0 to 5 years with a diagnosis of AD and outpatient treatment. The outcome measures were parental fears and beliefs about TCS, assessed with the "Topical Corticosteroid Phobia Score" (TOPICOP), parental QoL evaluated with the "Family Dermatology Life Quality Index", and disease severity, assessed with the "Scoring atopic dermatitis" (SCORAD). Descriptive statistic was used to analyse the data. Results: The current study found that in 40 affected children, 25 (62.5%), suffered from mild AD, 12 (30%) children had moderate AD, and 3 (7.5%) children had severe AD. TCS fear among parents was notable (mean TOPICOP score 18.1, standard deviation (SD) 7.1). The QoL was moderately affected (mean FDLQI score 6.5, SD 2.8). Conclusions: Our study indicates that fear of TCS is prevalent. Furthermore, our data indicate that severity of TCS fear varies markedly between parents, ranging from parents with almost no fear to parents with high levels of fear. For effective education in clinical practice, the individual level of fear must be recognized and taken into account.

Parental Attachment and Fear of Missing Out among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model

Parental Attachment and Fear of Missing Out among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model