Fe2O3 Catalyst Research Articles

Investigation of the deactivation and regeneration of an Fe2O3/Al2O3•SiO2 catalyst used in catalytic ozonation of coal chemical industry wastewater

Catalyst deactivation is an ongoing concern for industrial application of catalytic ozonation processes. In this study, we systematically investigated the performance of a catalytic ozonation process employing Fe2O3/Al2O3•SiO2 catalyst for the treatment of coal chemical industry (CCI) wastewater using pilot-scale and laboratory-scale systems. Our results show that the activity of the Fe2O3/Al2O3•SiO2 catalyst for organic contaminant removal deteriorated over time due to formation of a dense and thin carbonaceous layer on the Fe2O3 catalyst surface. EPR and fluorescence imaging analysis confirm that the passivation layer essentially inhibited the O3-catalyst interaction thereby minimizing formation of surficial •OH and associated oxidation of organic contaminants on the catalyst surface. Calcination was demonstrated to be effective in restoring the activity of the catalyst since the carbonaceous layer could be efficiently combusted during calcination to re-establish the surficial •OH-mediated oxidation process. The combustion of the carbonaceous layer and restoration of the Fe layer on the surface on calcination was confirmed based on SEM-EDX, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis. Cost analysis indicates that regeneration using calcination is economically viable compared to catalyst replacement. The results of this study are expected to pave the way for developing appropriate regeneration techniques for deactivated catalysts and optimising the catalyst synthesis procedure.

Enhanced ultrasound-assisted pore-adjustable spherical imma-Fe3O4 catalytic-activated piezoelectric Fenton reaction for PDE-5i degradation

The focus of this study was the ultrasound-assisted degradation of sildenafil by three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous Fe3O4 with large surface undulations. The influence of various factors, such as pH, H2O2 dosage, and ultrasonic (US) power, on sildenafil decomposition was examined. The maximum difference in the undulations of Fe3O4 was observed with a synthesis time of 8 h (40 nm). The optimal experimental conditions were 10 mmol H2O2, pH 3, and US intensity of 300 W, and the maximum kinetic constant (0.23903 min−1) was achieved under these experimental conditions. The 3D spherical Fe3O4 (8 h) catalyst almost completely removed 50 mg L−1 of sildenafil within 120 min, and AFM characterizations revealed that the Fe3O4 catalyst had a piezoelectric response of 33 pm/V. These data demonstrate that a piezoelectric catalyst with large surface undulations can substantially enhance the US cavitation effect. Free-radical experiments indicated that •OH radicals were the main active species during the process. Based on the quantitative structure–activity relationship results obtained under neutral conditions, the US–Fenton–piezoelectric process reduced the ecotoxicity and improved the biodegradability of sildenafil.

Mechanism of NO removal in selective catalytic reduction based on γ‐Fe2O3 catalyst doped with Mg element

AbstractThe doping of different elements will make the Fe2O3 catalyst show different catalytic characteristics and improve the activity of the Fe2O3 catalyst in selective catalytic reduction (SCR), mainly by increasing the types of reactive oxygen species and the specific surface area of the catalyst. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) was used to reveal the reaction path and adsorption behaviour of the Mg‐doped γ‐Fe2O3 catalyst. The results show that the doping of Mg ions can contribute electrons and lead to electron migration on the catalyst surface, which changes the acidity of some sites on the catalyst surface. The adsorption energy of NH3 is related to the binding sites of N atoms on the catalyst surface, and different adsorption sites will be enhanced or weakened due to Mg doping. NH2 reacts with NO to form N2 and H2O, so the dehydrogenation of NH3 to the NH2 radical is a key step in SCR. With doping, this process becomes more likely to occur. In addition, the activation energy barrier of NH2 formation in the aerobic environment is lower than that in the anaerobic condition, which contributes to NH3 dehydrogenation. Therefore, doping Mg on the surface of γ‐Fe2O3 catalyst can improve the catalytic activity of NO removal.

Ofloxacin Degradation over Nanosized Fe3O4 Catalyst viaThermal Activation of Persulfate Ions

In this work, an Fe3O4 catalyst was synthetized in a single step via electrochemical synthesis. The Fe3O4 catalyst was used to evaluate the degradation of Ofloxacin (OFX) using a heterogeneous advanced oxidation process with sodium persulfate (PS). PS activation was successfully achieved via thermal conventional heating directly and subsequently applied for the degradation of OFX. The degradation kinetics were studied under different conditions, such as catalyst and oxidant concentration and temperature. The results show that a higher reaction temperature, catalyst and initial PS dose strongly influence the degradation efficiency. Thermal activation of persulfate was tested at 20, 40 and 60 °C. At 60 °C, the half-time of OFX was 23 times greater than at 20 °C, confirming the activation of persulfate. Mineralization studies also showed that under optimized conditions (20 mM of persulfate, 1 g/L catalyst and 100 mg/L OFX), a 66% reduction in organic matter was observed, in contrast to that obtained at 40 °C and 20 °C, which was null. The reusability, as tested through the fourth reuse cycle, resulted in a 38% reduced degradation efficiency when comparing the first and last cycle. Furthermore, the electrosynthesized catalyst presented similar degradation efficiencies in both real water and MilliQ, mainly because of the Cl2− generation at high Cl− concentrations that takes place in Cl− contaminated water.

A new catalyst CHCP-Fe2O3 for enhanced removal of tetracycline through the Fenton-like process: Economical synthesis, catalytic performance, and practicability

Oxidation by the Fenton-like (Fe3+/H2O2) process is considered an economically feasible technology for wastewater degradation, which relies heavily on the reactivity of the Fe2O3 catalyst. In this study, a new catalyst CHCP-Fe2O3 was fabricated by calcining an Fe-containing hyper-crosslinked polymer (HCP). The catalyst displayed outstanding catalytic performance (98.56 % removal rate and 57.96 % total organic carbon conversion efficiency) in the activation of H2O2 for tetracycline degradation. By in situ impregnation, the Fe2O3 in the catalyst can bond better with the carbon carrier, and the CHCP-Fe2O3-2 catalyst results in more structural defects and richer pores, which could supply more exposed reaction active sites and accelerate mass and electron transfer. This study demonstrates that the CHCP-Fe2O3/H2O2 system exhibits excellent practical application potential because of its excellent recyclability and wide pH range (pH = 3–10) for the abatement of hazardous organic pollutants, which provides a facile and promising design of Fenton-like catalysts for wastewater treatment.

Enhanced H2O2 utilization efficiency in Fenton-like system for degradation of emerging contaminants: Oxygen vacancy-mediated activation of O2

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most commonly used oxidant in advanced oxidation processes for emerging organic contaminant degradation. However, the activation of H2O2 to generate reactive oxygen species is always accompanied by O2 generation resulting in H2O2 waste. Here, we prepare a Ti doped Mn3O4/Fe3O4 ternary catalyst (Ti-Mn3O4/Fe3O4) to create abundant oxygen vacancies (OVs), which yields electron delocalization impacts on enhancing the electrical conductivity, accelerating the activation of O2 to produce H2O2. In Ti-Mn3O4/Fe3O4/H2O2 system, OVs-mediated O2/O2•−/H2O2 redox cycles trigger the activation of locally generated O2, boost the regeneration of O2•− and on site produce H2O2 for replenishment. This leads to a 100% removal of tiamulin in 30 min at an unprecedented H2O2 utilization efficiency of 96.0%, which is 24 folds higher than that with Fe3O4/H2O2. Importantly, further integration of Ti-Mn3O4/Fe3O4 catalysts into membrane filtration achieved high rejections of tiamulin (> 83.9%) from real surface water during a continuous 12-h operation, demonstrating broad pH adaptability, excellent catalytic stability and leaching resistance. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for developing OVs-rich catalysts for improving H2O2 utilization efficiency via activation of locally generated oxygen during the Haber-Weiss reaction.

Enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen redox reactions of iron oxide nanorod films by combining oxygen vacancy formation and cobalt doping.

A synergistic effect of Co-doping and vacuum-annealing on electrochemical redox reactions of iron oxide films is demonstrated in the present work. In this research, a series of defect-rich iron oxy/hydroxide nanorod arrays: α-FeOOH, Fe2O3, and FeOx nanorod thin film catalysts were synthesized via a hydrothermal approach followed by thermal and vacuum treatments. Besides, a cobalt doping process was employed to prepare the thin film of Co-doped FeOx nanorods. The morphology, crystallinity, and electrochemical activities of Co-doped oxygen-deficient FeOx (Co-FeOx/FTO) show strong correlations with metal concentration and thermal treatments. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the as-deposited Co-doped FeOx NR catalyst could achieve a maximum OER current of 30 mA cm-2, which was six times greater than that recorded by as-deposited Co-doped FeOOH NR catalysts (5.7 mA cm-2) at 1.65 V vs. RHE, confirming the superior electrocatalytic OER activity at the as-deposited Co-doped FeOx NR catalyst after cobalt doping. It is believed that these results are attributed to two factors: the synergistic effect of Co doping and the defect-rich nature of FeOx nanorod catalysts that are used in sustainable energy systems.

Boosting Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis of Bio-Inspired Porous Mo-Doped Hematite via Nitrogen Activation.

Electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) emerges as a highly attractive alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia (NH3) under ambient circumstances. Currently, this technology still faces tremendous challenges due to the low ammonia production rate and low Faradaic efficiency, urgently prompting researchers to explore highly efficient electrocatalysts. Inspired by the Fe-Mo cofactor in nitrogenase, we report Mo-doped hematite (Fe2O3) porous nanospheres containing Fe-O-Mo subunits for enhanced activity and selectivity in the electrochemical reduction from N2 to NH3. Mo-doping induces the morphology change from a solid sphere to a porous sphere and enriches lattice defects, creating more active sites. It also regulates the electronic structures of Fe2O3 to accelerate charge transfer and enhance the intrinsic activity. As a consequence, Mo-doped Fe2O3 achieves effective N2 fixation with a high ammonia production rate of 21.3 ± 1.1 μg h-1 mgcat.-1 as well as a prominent Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 11.2 ± 0.6%, superior to the undoped Fe2O3 and other iron oxide catalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further unravel that the Mo-doping in Fe2O3 (110) narrows the band gap, promotes the N2 activation on the Mo site with an elongated N≡N bond length of 1.132 Å in the end-on configuration, and optimizes an associative distal pathway with a decreased energy barrier. Our results may pave the way toward enhancing the electrocatalytic NRR performance of iron-based materials by atomic-scale heteroatom doping.

Low-cost iron-based electrocatalysts for high-performance Li–O2 batteries

Li–O2 batteries have garnered considerable attention as demands for better energy storage systems continue to increase rapidly. Notably, Li–O2 batteries possess a substantially higher theoretical specific energy than that of conventional Li-ion batteries. However, for Li–O2 batteries to be utilized in various applications, highly efficient cathode catalysts must be developed. This study demonstrates the direct introduction of iron-based catalysts on carbon paper using a simple method, namely, by immersing carbon paper in a Fe precursor-melted solution; this immersed carbon paper is then dried and heated. In a nonaqueous Li–O2 cell, a carbon cathode containing Fe2O3 as a catalyst shows a ∼7% overpotential reduction on average during 40 cycles. Herein, we demonstrate that even introducing approximately 1% Fe2O3 catalyst material could reduce the charging overpotential in a rechargeable Li–O2 cell.

Pt-O-Cu anchored on Fe2O3 boosting electrochemical water-gas shift reaction for highly efficient H2 generation

Electrochemical water–gas shift (EWGS) reaction is an emerging technology with energy-saving and environmental-friendly advantages to produce high-purity hydrogen form the waste gas containing CO. However, it remains a significant challenge to design superior activity and highly durable EWGS electrocatalysts, particularly with low content of noble metals. Herein, a series of Pt-xCu/Fe2O3 (x = 0, 2, 5) catalysts are synthesized by the complexation precipitation method to construct coupling sites between Pt and CuOx, aiming to optimize the adsorption of CO and the activation of OH–. The obtained 2.5Pt-2Cu/Fe2O3 catalyst presents a unique Pt-O-Cu structure, delivering a much lowest onset potential, high specific activity, and excellent mass activity (1.5 A·mgPt-1) at 0.73 V (vs. RHE), which is over 15 and 3 times that of commercial Pt/C (20%) and unmodified Pt/Fe2O3 catalyst, respectively. Meanwhile, the in-situ X-ray absorption results demonstrate that the facilitated interaction among the Pt-O-Cu structure promotes the high durability of the 2.5Pt-2Cu/Fe2O3 catalyst and the operability at high potential. More importantly, the moderate binding of CO and moderate activation of OH* are suggested for boosting the reactivity in the CO electro-oxidation reaction. In particular, the fabricated Pt||2.5Pt-2Cu/Fe2O3, employed in coupling the HER and CO electro-oxide reaction, shows a remarkable hydrogen production of about 98 mmolH2·h−1·mgPt−1 at 0.8 V (vs. RHE). This work also definitely confirms the possibility of the catalyst being applied to produce hydrogen under practical conditions with different concentrations of CO, even being applied in the purification of trace CO in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.

Synthesis and characterization of Pt/ZnO@SWCNT/Fe3O4 as a powerful catalyst for anodic part of direct methanol fuel cell reaction

Platinum is a preferred metal in fuel cell applications owing to its superior catalytic activity; Platinum's high cost and CO poisoning in oxidation processes, limit its usage as a standalone catalyst. At this point, it is important to develop new intermediate tolerant electrocatalysts. In this study, Zinc Oxide/Single Wall Carbon Nanotube/Iron oxide (ZnO@SWCNT/Fe3O4) catalyst was obtained by using ZnO, SWCNT/Fe3O4 support material, and Zinc Oxide/Single Platinum/Wall Carbon Nanotube/Iron oxide (Pt/ZnO@SWCNT/Fe3O4) catalyst was obtained by chemical synthesis method by adding Pt metal. With these catalysts, the efficiency of the use of Pt was examined within the scope of the study, and reducing limiting factors by using a low amount of Pt, at the same time, it is aimed to prepare a high electrocatalyst. The morphological structure of the obtained catalysts was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Methanol oxidation reactions (MOR) were conducted to determine the electrochemical performance of the catalysts. In the results obtained, it was observed that the current value obtained as a result of the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) of the ZnO@SWCNT/Fe3O4 catalyst was 103.36 mA/cm2, and the current value obtained as a result of the CV of the Pt/ZnO@SWCNT/Fe3O4 catalyst was 362.46 mA/cm2. The results showed high stability for both catalysts, and it was seen that Pt increased the conductivity, methanol oxidation performance, and stability in the catalyst. The obtained catalysts showed high potential for methanol oxidation and are promising for fuel cell applications.

Production of clean hydrogen fuel on a bifunctional iron catalyst via chemical loop reforming of methanol

This study has been proposed to increase the efficiency of the chemical loop process. Iron oxide doped with cobalt was used as a bifunctional material because of catalyst and oxygen carrier properties and methanol was used as a reducing agent. The co-precipitation method was used to synthesis of Co/Fe oxide. To evaluate the performance of the synthesized catalysts, a microchannel reactor was designed and built with a parallel channel arrangement.To increase H2/coke ratio, the effect of different amounts of cobalt (10, 20, and 30 %) in Fe2O3 catalyst has been investigated. Then, the optimal amount of cobalt concentration was selected for investigation of reduction temperature from 350 to 450 °C.The results showed that increasing the Co concentration to 30 % and increasing the temperature of the reduction step to 450 °C causes the catalytic reactions to start in a shorter time and the process efficiency increases due to the high H2/coke ratio. The repeated cycles investigation of the 0.3CoFe2O4 during 10 redox cycles showed decreased oxidation power and low stability. To enhance the oxidation power and stability, applying two-step reoxidation and adding Zr (30, 40 and 50 %) in the catalyst structure were examined.In the next step, using optimized Zr content (40%), to achieve pure H2 stream for fuel cell applications, the reaction time of the reduction step was optimized. The results showed that during reduction times of 7 min, coke formation was prevented and pure H2 (99.9999%) was produced. Finally, the stability of the 0.3CoFe2O4-ZrO2 during 50 redox cycles in reduction time of 7 min showed that the use of Zr maintains the stability of the catalyst.

Reusable Plasma‐Sprayed Transition Metal Oxide Catalyst for Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Organic Waste

AbstractCatalytic wet oxidation (CWO) is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for decomposing organic wastes. This work uses transition metal oxide powders of FeO, MnO2, NiO and the novel mixed oxide Co1.5Mn1.5O4, for plasma‐spraying on stainless‐steel substrates to prepare catalyst plates. These catalysts were used to treat d‐glucose as a model compound for organic waste, using CWO process reactions at temperatures from 150 °C to 170 °C and in the presence of oxygen (20 bar and 40 bar). The catalysts were pre‐oxidised to their suitable phases for better catalytic activity. The plasma‐sprayed Fe2O3 catalysts showed the highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 72 %. At high reaction severity the catalyst performances were similar improving the overall performance compared to non‐catalytic wet oxidation reactions. Plasma‐sprayed Fe2O3 was found to be the best catalyst for future CWO trials due to its ability to withstand the reaction severity and acetic acid production.

Analysis of the Effect of Fe2O3 Addition in the Combustion of a Wood-Based Fuel.

A comparative study was carried out of emissions from the catalytic combustion of pellets made from furniture board waste and pellets made from wood mixed with Fe2O3. The mass content of the Fe2O3 catalyst in the fuel was varied from 0% to 5%, 10%, and 15% in relation to the total dry mass weight of the pellets. The average flame temperature in the boiler was between 730 and 800 °C. The effect of the catalyst concentration in the fuel was analysed with respect to the contents of O2, CO2, CO, H2, and NOx in the flue gas and the combustion quality of the pellets in the heating boiler. Changes in the CO2 content and the proportion of unburned combustible components in the combustion residue were assessed. It was established that an increase in the Fe2O3 content of the prepared fuels had a positive effect on reducing NOx, CO, and H2 emissions. However, the proportion of iron oxide in the tested fuel pellets did not significantly influence changes in their combustion quality. A strong effect of the addition of Fe2O3 on the reduction of the average NOx content in the flue gas occurred with the combustion of furniture board fuel, from 51.4 ppm at 0% Fe2O3 to 7.7 ppm for an additive content of 15%. Based on the analysis of the residue in the boiler ash pan, the amount of unburned combustibles relative to their input amounts was found to be 0.09-0.22% for wood pellets and 0.50-0.31% for furniture board waste pellets.

Poisoning mechanism of alkali metal on Cu–Fe2O3 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

The poisoning mechanism of Na on Cu–Fe2O3 solid solution catalyst was studied by a series of characterization methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen (H2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and in-situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy (in-situ DRIFT). The characterization results manifest that one part of Na ions can enter into the crystal lattice of Fe2O3, and replace the original Cu2+ in the crystal lattice of Fe2O3. The replacement results in the electrophilicity of Fe3+ species, thereby restraining the generation and adsorption of NO2, nitrate and nitrite species and reducing Lewis acid sites. In addition, the displaced Cu2+ ions form CuO species and lead to excessive oxidation of NH3 to NOx. In addition, Na2O covers the adsorption sites for NH3, NO2, nitrate and nitrite species. According to in-situ DRIFTS results, the reaction still proceeds through both “fast SCR” and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) reaction mechanism after sodium poisoning, but the reaction rate reduces obviously. This work reveals the influence and poisoning mechanism of alkali metal on the solid solution catalyst, establishes an alkali metal poisoning model, and offers a new way to develop low-temperature SCR catalysts with high alkali resistance.

Hematite Photoanodes Decorated with a Zn-doped Fe2O3 Catalyst for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

Hematite Photoanodes Decorated with a Zn-doped Fe2O3 Catalyst for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation

Novel photocatalyst system to deep desulfurization of petroleum model and gas condensate by Box–Behnken design

In this research, cobalt (Co)/molybdenum (Mo) and nickel (Ni) doped with titanium dioxide (TiO2) were loaded onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Then, the magnetization catalyst, iron oxide (Fe3O4), was loaded on them, which was used for the deep desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT). These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, differential reflectance spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques. The photocatalytic activity of these catalysts was experienced under visible light using DBT. The response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate parameters, including catalyst dosage (g), time (min), and concentration of DBT (mg L−1). The highest degradation efficiency under optimal conditions for CoMoNi/TiO2/MWCNTs/Fe3O4 catalysts with a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g, a time of 180 min, and a concentration of 50 mg L−1 was 99.99%. Optimum conditions were studied for desulfurization of the gas condensate. The highest desulfurization efficiency (90.33%) was obtained by the CoMoNi/TiO2/MWCNTs/Fe3O4 catalyst.

Activity Self-Optimization Steered by Dynamically Evolved Fe3+@Fe2+ Double-Center on Fe2O3 Catalyst for NH3-SCR.

Identification of the active centers dynamically stable under the reaction condition is of paramount importance but challenging because of the limited knowledge of steady-state chemistry on catalysts at the atomic level. Herein, focusing on the Fe2O3 catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3 (NH3-SCR) as a model system, we reveal quantitatively the self-evolving Fe3+@Fe2+ (∼1:1) double-centers under the in-situ condition by the first-principles microkinetic simulations, which enables the accurate prediction of the optimal industry operating temperature (590 K). The cooperation of this double-center achieves the self-optimization of catalytic activity and rationalizes the intrinsic origin of Fe2O3 catalyzing NH3-SCR at middle-high temperatures instead of high temperatures. Our findings demonstrate the atomic-level self-evolution of active sites and the dynamically adjusted activity variation of the catalyst under the in-situ condition during the reaction process and provide insights into the reaction mechanism and catalyst optimization.

Comparison of pure-hydrogen production performances of blast furnace slag, and metal powders in sodium borohydride hydrolysis reaction

In this study, hydrolysis reaction performances of raw BFS powder and metal powders (which are ingredients of BFS) that are using as a catalyst are compared. Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis reaction of the Al and Fe2O3 Nano & Granule powders with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) addition in water was studied by using different catalysts amount at reaction vessels. The measured values of reaction temperatures and hydrogen flow rates were measured by using high-precision equipment. As a result of the obtained data, it was determined that Fe2O3 and Al catalysts have advantages over hydrogen production rate and fuel conversion, also, these experiments show a very high success in different parameters, and create promising effects in the reactions. Among the Al catalyst samples, the highest efficiency performances are achieved with Al Nano catalyst samples at 85.31 °C preheat with an instantaneous hydrogen generation rate of approximately 11.226 L / min for 33 minutes. Among the Fe2O3 catalyst samples, the highest efficiency performances are achieved with Fe2O3 Nano catalyst samples at 50 °C preheat with an instantaneous hydrogen generation rate of approximately 29.91 L / min for 12 minutes.

The Renewable of Low Toxicity Gelcasting Porous Ceramic as Fe2O3 Catalyst Support on Phenol Photodegradation

Low toxicity gelcasting water-based method was conducted using a non-acrylamide system, with cassava starch and natural clay as poregenic agent and raw material, respectively, and the resulting porous ceramic was used as Fe2O3 catalyst support. The concentrations of cassava starch used were 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%, the sintering process was performed based on the results of TGA/DTA thermal analysis. In addition, the sol-gel coating method was used to impregnate the Fe2O3 catalyst into the porous ceramic. BET results show that the pores formed in the ceramic body are micro pores with a size range of 21.41-23.27 Å, hence the concentration of cassava starch does not affect the pore characteristics. The morphology of SEM results also indicated the presence of pore formation in the ceramic body. According to the quantitative XRD analysis, the cassava concentration affects the percentage of catalyst impregnated. The highest percentage of Fe2O3 catalyst on 7% cassava starch was 41.15% and the phase of the catalyst successfully impregnated was α-Fe2O3with a rhombohedral structure. In addition, the highest percentage of phenol degradation was 59.15% with good performance after 8 times of recycling. In this study, we provide for the first time, utilization of Fe2O3-porous ceramics with a wonderful performance of recycling ability in the process of phenol photodegradation.