Addition Of Fe2O3 Research Articles

Structural, Optical and Electrical Conductivity Studies in Polycarbazole and its Metal Oxide Nano Composites

Polycarbazole (PCz) has been synthesized by chemical oxidation method using APS as an oxidizing agent and PCz/CuO and PCz/Fe2O3 nanocomposites by in situ polymerization method for different wt% of CuO and Fe2O3 at room temperature. XRD patterns confirmed crystalline nature of samples. FTIR indicated strong interaction between PCz and nano fillers. The morphological and optical absorption studies were carried out using SEM and UV–Vis respectively. Addition of CuO or Fe2O3 to PCz decreased its direct and indirect band gaps. However, band gap showed a small change with dopant contents up to 30%. Urbach energy decreased with the addition of dopants. But Urbach energy of the composites increased with increasing dopants content from 10 to 30%. DC conductivity of PCz and its nanocomposites has been measured by following two probe technique in the temperature range 300–423 K. The conductivity of both the nanocomposites is found to be less than the pure PCz and it is found to increase with wt% of CuO or Fe2O3 as the case may be. The activation energy has been determined by fitting Arrhenius expression to the dc conductivity data at high temperature. The activation energy of polycarbazole is determined to be less than that of the composites. In both the composites, activation energy decreased and conductivity increased with the increase of dopant content.

Role of injection pressure on fuel atomization and spray penetration on the Thevetia peruviana and Jatropha curcas biodiesel blends with nanoparticle

This study investigates the effect of the injection pressure on the spray characteristics and atomization of the fuel. The novelty of the work lies in examining the injection pressure (IP) at four different scenarios such as 180 MPa, 200 MPa, 220 MPa and 240 MPa. A series of test conducted in the single cylinder engine at three different concentrations of B10 (5% Jatropha curcas and 5% Thevetia peruviana-50 ppm of Fe2O3), B20 (5% Jatropha curcas and 5% Thevetia peruviana-50 ppm of Fe2O3) and B30 (5% Jatropha curcas and 5% Thevetia peruviana-50 ppm of Fe2O3). All the samples were tested for performance and emission characteristics. Based on the procured results, the combination of the dual biodiesel blends improvised the production of higher brake power and lowered specific fuel consumption. Adding two blends together reduced the overall viscosity of the Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander oil) since the viscosity of the jatropha is lower than the yellow oleander oil. As the concentration of the blends is increased there is a marginal drop in the brake thermal efficiency, however there is an improvement in the brake specific fuel consumptions. In terms of the combustion efficiency, the heat release rates were improvised upon addition of Fe2O3. With regard to the emissions, there is no significant change in the NOx. Nevertheless, there is a drastic reduction in the HC and CO formation has been witnessed. Among various blends, B30 at 240 MPa of IP reported lower emissions than B10 and B20. In order to examine the fuel atomization and spray characteristics, numerical modelling was applied. At 240 MPa, the fuel mixing rates were higher compared to the other injection pressure.

Effects of phosphorus and iron on the composition and property of Portland cement clinker utilized incinerated sewage sludge ash

Recently, a large amount of incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) has been produced with the popularization of sludge incineration technology. And it needs to be disposed of properly to reduce the environmental impact. In this work, the ISSA is used as a partial substitution of raw materials in the production of Portland cement clinker. Moreover, the influence of phosphorus and iron on the mineral composition and hydration property of Portland cement clinker utilized ISSA is studied. In the experiment, 0 ∼ 3 wt% of Fe2O3 and P2O5 are respectively added into the raw material incorporated 3.6 wt% of ISSA. The results show that the C3A in the clinker increases and the hydration heat rate grows in the pre-induction period with the incorporation of P2O5. In addition, the formation of C3S is blocked and the general hydration process of produced clinker is delayed. With the addition of 0.5 wt% P2O5 the compressive strength of clinker could achieve 96.7% of the reference clinker, however, when P2O5 achieves 3 wt%, there is no C3S forming in the clinker and the compressive strength is reduced by 83.3% at 28d. Furthermore, little influence on the mineral composition and hydration property of produced clinkers has been observed with the addition of Fe2O3. The results provide supports for the utilization of ISSA in the production of industrial cement clinker.

Facile synthesis of zinc ferrite as adsorbent from high‑zinc electric arc furnace dust

A facile route was proposed to prepare zinc ferrite as a heavy-metal adsorption material from high‑zinc electric arc furnace (EAF) dust by roasting it directly with the addition of low-cost Fe2O3, followed by purification via dilute acid leaching. The effect of the addition of Fe2O3, revealed by the Fe/Zn molar ratio, on the formation of zinc ferrite was investigated. The results showed that adding Fe2O3 could increase the percentage of acid-insoluble zinc in the form of zinc ferrite to 94.13% after roasting at 1000 °C for 2 h with the Fe/Zn molar ratio of 1.8. After removing Ca2ZnSi2O7 impurity and nano bead milling, the product could be used as a good adsorbent due to its superior adsorption capacities of 198.26 mg/g, 24.95 mg/g, and 151.45 mg/g for Pb (II), Cr (VI), and Cd (II), respectively. This study offered a novel method for overall and value-added utilization of EAF dust.

Catalytical enhancement on hydrogen production from LiAlH4 by Fe–Fe2O3 addition

Hydrogen storage technology plays an important role on the development of hydrogen fuel cell and lithium aluminum hydride is a powerful candidate for solid-state hydrogen storage materials. However, the high stability and slow dehydrogenation kinetics of LiAlH4 hinder its application. In this paper, the two-step thermal decomposition properties of LiAlH4 with and without Fe–Fe2O3 catalysts are investigated. According to the master plots, the model of mample power law (Pn) and nucleation and growth (An) are the optimal mechanism functions for the two-step decomposition of LiAlH4, respectively. After doping catalysts, the activation energies decrease significantly. The theoretical and optimized kinetic method are consistent with each other on activation energy. And the latter can also yield other kinetic parameters for a more comprehensive kinetic modelling of LiAlH4 decomposition. Furthermore, Fe–Al2O3 and Fe–Al intermetallics generated during dehydrogenation might significantly improve the hydrogen release properties of LiAlH4.

Influence of micro Fe2O3 and MgO on the physical and mechanical properties of the zeolite and kaolin based geopolymer mortar

Geopolymer binders can be used as a sustainable alternative to Portland cement. Despite the extensive research regarding the influence of different parameters on the properties of geopolymers, the studies investigating the effect of Fe2O3 and MgO on the performance of geopolymer concrete are minimal. This study investigates the impact of micro Fe2O3 and MgO additives on the physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer binder. For this reason, the binder was developed by replacing 10%, 20%, and 30% kaolin with zeolite. In addition, Fe2O3 and MgO amounts in the binder were increased by substituting 4%, 6%, and 8% Fe2O3 and MgO with zeolite. The binder was activated with NaOH containing 15% Na (Na/binder) by weight. Geopolymer mortar specimens were prepared by mixing binder, sand, and NaOH-water solution, and the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer specimens were investigated. Results show that replacing zeolite with kaolin and adding micro Fe2O3 and MgO increase the geopolymer specimens' unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra show no significant difference between the zeolite and zeolite + kaolin based geopolymer specimens. However, hematite mineral phases and periclase and forsterite mineral phases are prominent in geopolymer specimens incorporating micro Fe2O3 and MgO, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows a dense structure in the zeolite + kaolin based geopolymer specimens than zeolite based geopolymer specimens. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis shows sodium aluminosilicate and calcium silicate hydrates as the main hydration products of all the geopolymer specimens. Based on the results, adding Kaolin, Fe2O3, and MgO in a zeolite-based geopolymer improves the physical and mechanical properties of the specimens.

Iron enriched peraluminous glasses: Incorporation limit and effect of iron on glass transition temperature and viscosity

This study investigates the effect of iron oxide Fe2O3 on the homogeneity, viscosity, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of peraluminous glasses. As-quenched glass samples elaborated at 1350 °C show an incorporation limit around 17.5 wt% of Fe2O3 (10.4 mol%), while slowly cooled glass samples show a limit of 7.5 wt% of Fe2O3 (4.2 mol%). Iron in the peraluminous glasses investigated was detected under three configurations: 6-fold coordinated 6Fe3+ in majority, 4-fold coordinated 4Fe3+ and 6-fold coordinated 6Fe2+. It was observed that Fe2O3 addition has a strong fluidifying effect on peraluminous glasses and tends to slightly decrease the glass transition temperature Tg, depending on its thermal history.

Basic Evaluation of Phase Relation in a Phosphorus-Containing System Saturated with CaSiO3 at Elevated Temperatures for the Utilization of Steelmaking Slag and Sewage Sludge as Phosphorus Resources

In view of obtaining fundamental information on phosphorus recovery from steelmaking slag and sewage sludge, a laboratory experiment using the model specimen of a slag/sludge mixture prepared at 1573 K was carried out to investigate phase relation in a [CaO-SiO2-P2O5]-based system. The triangular compositional region, comprising of apices CaO·SiO2 (CS), 3CaO·P2O5 (C3P), and 2CaO·SiO2-3CaO·P2O5 solid solution (C2S-C3Pss), was considered with particular interest. In this region, using SEM-EDX observation it was found that solid saturated CS and the solid C2S-C3Pss with a relatively high phosphorus content can coexist. With the addition of Al2O3 or Fe2O3 to the same specimens, the liquidus phase appeared as a third phase; however, CS and C2S-C3Pss phases were still observed for up to 5mass% addition. The further addition of Al2O3 or Fe2O3 to 10mass% resulted in dissolution of the solid CS phase, although C2S-C3Pss remained as the phosphorus concentrated phase. These results show that phase equilibria based on the ternary system would be stable and be beneficial for phosphorus recovery.

Effect of multiphase flux with BaO addition on phosphorus partition

It is important to clarify the effect of BaO in phosphorus partition of multiphase flux. In current work, the slag CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5 with different contents of BaO was cooled from 1873 K to 1673 K to investigate the effect of BaO on phosphorus partition of solid solution. The phosphorous partition between the solid solution phase and liquid phase was obtained. In order to further inspect the effect of BaO on phosphorus partition, the experiment of reaction between 2CaO · SiO2 (C2S)-FetO/Fe2O3-BaO slag and hot metal was carried out. Furthermore, the CaO-FetO slag was also studied to compare the dephosphorization effect to C2S-FetO/Fe2O3-BaO slag. The phosphorus partition ratios Lp between the slag and hot metal were obtained. The result showed that when the slag CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5-BaO with various BaO content was cooled down from 1873 K to 1673 K, the solid solution was precipitated, and the enrichment of phosphorus in solid solution phase was improved with the addition of BaO. The phosphorus element content in solid solution increased from 4.16% to 5.27% with the increasing of BaO content in slag from 0 to 15% at the interval of 5%. Based on the experiment of reaction between slag and hot metal, the phosphorus content in hot metal showed that the barium ion was more beneficial to enrichment of phosphorus and the function of BaO was promoted by the addition of Fe2O3. The phosphorus partition ratio Lp between the slag C2S-FetO-BaO and hot metal was 295.38, which was higher than 208.24 that without BaO. The phosphorus partition ratio Lp between the slag CaO-FetO and hot metal was 217.50. The phosphorus partition ratio Lp between the slag C2S-Fe2O3-BaO and hot metal was 418.75, higher than that of the slag C2S-FetO-BaO.

Favorable osteogenic activity of iron doped in silicocarnotite bioceramic: In vitro and in vivo Studies.

BackgroundCalcium phosphate silicate (Ca5(PO4)2SiO4 or CPS) is a promising bioceramic for bone grafting. Iron (Fe) is a trace element in the human body that has been reported to enhance the mechanical strength of CPS ceramics. However, the exact biofunctions of Fe, combined with another human trace element, viz. silicon (Si), in CPS and the optimal dose for Fe addition must be further investigated.MethodsIn vitro: the morphology, structure and cell adhesion were observed by SEM; the ability to promote osteogenic differentiation and mineralization was explored by ALP and alizarin red staining; the expression of osteogenic-specific genes and proteins was detected by PCR, WB and immunofluorescence. In vivo: Further exploration of bone regeneration capacity by establishing a skull defect model.ResultsIn vitro, we observed increased content of adhesion-related proteins and osteogenic-related genes expression of Fe-CPS compared with CPS, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction experiments, respectively. In vivo micro-computed tomography images, histomorphology, and undecalcified bone slicing also showed improved osteogenic ability of Fe-CPS bioceramics.ConclusionWith the addition of Fe2O3, the new bone formation rate of the Fe-CPS scaffold after 12 weeks increased from 9.42% to 43.76%. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo experimental outcomes indicated that Fe addition improved the CPS bioceramics in terms of their osteogenic ability by promoting the expression of osteogenic-related genes. Fe-CPS bioceramics can be employed as a novel material for bone tissue engineering on account of their outstanding new bone formation ability.The translational potential of this articleThis study suggests that Fe-CPS bioceramics can be employed as a novel material for bone tissue engineering on account of their outstanding new bone formation ability,which provides promising therapeutic implants and strategies for the treatment of large segmental bone defects.

Study of milling time impact on hydrogen desorption from LiAlH4-Fe2O3 composites

LiAlH4 was modified by mechanical milling and with the addition of 5 wt.% Fe2O3 in order to improve its hydrogen desorption properties. The composite was milled for 1, 3, 5, 7 or 15min, and depending on the milling time, various phenomena took place. Up to a milling time of 5min, the particle size of the composite decreases. Further milling leads to the particles agglomeration reaching the size of the starting material after 15min. Moreover, the mechanical milling process leads to the transformation of AlH - 4 to AlH 3 - 6 structure as a result of partial hydrogen desorption. Hydrogen desorption during the milling is the most pronounced in the sample milled for 15min, so this sample has only one hydrogen desorption peak in the temperature-programmed desorption measurements.Mechanical milling with the addition of Fe2O3 for up to 15min improves LiAlH4 hydrogen desorption properties as hydrogen desorption temperature and apparent activation energies decrease.

Catalytic upgrading of coal volatiles with Fe2O3 and hematite by TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS

Pyrolysis plays a critical role in clean coal technology and energy conversion and is also conducive to the early peaking of carbon dioxide emissions. Light tar production from traditional coal pyrolysis using various iron-based catalysts for chemicals and fuel oil has gained attention recently. In this study, waste hematite was initially used for catalytic upgrading of rapid coal pyrolysis. Subsequently, thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were utilized to compare the performances, kinetic parameters, and volatile composition of coal pyrolysis with Fe2O3 and hematite. The results showed that the maximum weight loss rate of coal pyrolysis increased by 1.55 %/min and 0.32 %/min with the addition of Fe2O3 and hematite, respectively, indicating that the pyrolysis reaction became more rapid and intense with iron-based catalysts. Both Kissinger Akahira Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods revealed that the catalysts reduced the apparent activation energy of coal pyrolysis. Online FTIR showed the emission temperature and content of coal volatiles, suggesting iron-based catalysts were conducive to the cracking of oxygen-containing functional groups and the directional cracking of groups to CO. Py-GC/MS illustrated the presence of Fe2O3 and hematite could reduce polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. In addition, a mechanism for rapid coal pyrolysis with iron-based catalysts was proposed to provide fundamental information for the transformation of aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is believed that iron-based catalysts have great potential for future research on upgrading coal volatiles and tar.

Signal-to-noise ratio uniformity and stability of agar gel phantom with iron (III) oxide as relaxation modifier

BackgroundAgar has been commonly used as one of the materials to fabricate magnetic resonance imaging phantoms in the past few decades. In this study, eleven agar gel phantoms with different iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) masses were prepared. This study was aimed to evaluate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) uniformity and stability of agar gel phantoms with and without the addition of Fe2O3 at two different time points (TPs). Fe2O3 powder was used as a relaxation modifier to manipulate and produce various SNR, T1 and T2 values. These phantoms were scanned using turbo spin echo pulse sequence to produce T1- and T2-measurement images. The SNR was then computed by plotting 1, 3 and 25 regions of interest on the images using ImageJ software. The T1 and T2 relaxation equations were then fitted to the experimental results of SNR versus TR and SNR versus TE curves for the determination of saturation (SNRo), T1 and T2 values.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the agar gel phantoms were able to maintain SNR uniformity but not SNR stability after 4 weeks of phantom preparation. The change in the water content and microstructure of the phantoms have no significant effect on T2 relaxation but on T1 relaxation. The T1 and T2 of the agar gel phantoms were minimally affected although there was a systemic increase in the content of the Fe2O3 powder.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the agar gel phantoms exhibited the characteristics of SNR uniformity, but they showed instability of SNR at TP2. The Fe2O3 in powder form is not an effective relaxation modifier to reduce the T1 and T2 when it is introduced into the agar gel phantoms. Dissolved nanosized particles should be the focus of future studies.

Reactivity Study of Bimetallic Fe-Mn Oxides with Addition of TiO2 for Chemical Looping Combustion Purposes

The objective of the research was to prepare Mn-based materials for use as oxygen carriers and investigate their reactivity in terms of their applicability to energy systems. The family of Fe2O3-MnO2 with the addition of TiO2 was prepared by mechanical mixing method and calcination. Five samples with addition of Fe2O3 (20, 30, 35, and 50 wt.%) to MnO2 (65, 55, 50, 35, and 85 wt.%) with constant amount of inert TiO2 (15 wt.%) were prepared. The performance of TiO2 supported Fe-Mn oxides oxygen carriers with hydrogen/air in an innovative combustion technology known as chemical looping combustion (CLC) was evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis was used for reactivity studies within a wide temperature range (800–1000 °C). Comprehensive characterization contained multipurpose techniques for newly synthesized materials. Moreover, post-reaction experiments considered morphology analysis by SEM, mechanical strength testing by dynamometry, and crystal phase study by XRD. Based on wide-ranging testing, the F50M35 sample was indicated as the most promising for gaseous fuel combustion via CLC at 850–900 °C temperature.

Dephosphorisation behaviour of BOF crude steel using CaO-based flux

ABSTRACT A dephosphorisation technology using CaO-based flux during the tapping process of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) converter was developed by metallurgists. In order to understand the dephosphorisation mechanism during this process, laboratory experiments were carried out using industrial BOF crude steel and some CaO-based fluxes. It was found that the dephosphorisation behaviour of CaO in BOF crude steel differs from that of the dephosphorisation processes of hot metal. Owing to the lack of liquid phase, the efficiency of dephosphorisation using pure CaO is relatively low. The formation of 2CaO·SiO2 phase is also crucial, but the low Si content in BOF crude steel restricts the formation of 2CaO·SiO2–3CaO·P2O5 (C2S–C3P), thus affects the dephosphorisation efficiency. Kinetically, suitable addition of SiO2 and FeO x can accelerate the dissolution of the flux; and thermodynamically, the addition of SiO2 is helpful for the formation of C2S–C3P, resulting in a better dephosphorisation efficiency.

Variation of gas composition and energy utilization in biomass CLG process with Fe and Ca oxides through thermodynamic simulation

Chemical looping gasification (CLG) proves to be effective route for biomass thermal conversion for quality gas production. Fe2O3 and CaO were applied in sawdust thermal decomposition as oxygen carrier and CO2 absorption agent to improve syngas composition and yield. The CLG process was investigated based on experiment and process model simulation. Process model was developed based on thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetics of 22 representative reforming reactions in CLG, with the model applicability validated with experimental results. The effect of Fe2O3 and CaO addition on CLG process, including product distribution, gas composition, energy balance and exergy efficiency, was analyzed through extensive simulation under varied combination of reaction temperature(773 ∼ 1273 K), blending ratio of Fe2O3 (0 ∼ 2) and CaO (0 ∼ 2) conditions in order to clarify the effect of variables. Especially the interaction between Fe2O3 and CaO addition on process performance was discussed to discover the potential synergetic effect on mechanism. The blending of Fe2O3 or CaO changed the gas composition with improved oxidation and reforming reactions. Optimum syngas production with maximum H2 and CO yield 682 mL/g was achieved at 1073 K CLG process. And the blending ratio of oxidant was an important factor influencing the energy balance and exergy efficiency, with the equivalent point between CLG reaction heat and char combustion heat appeared at 0.4–0.45 Fe2O3 addition. The results achieved from process simulation would be informative for CLG process mechanism understanding and efficient syngas conversion.

Effect of Fe2O3 on the leaching behavior of Cr in hazardous waste incineration fly ash after thermal treatment

The effect of Fe2O3 on the leaching behavior of Cr in hazardous waste incineration fly ash (HWFA) after thermal treatment was investigated. Addition of Fe2O3 could inhibit the static leaching behavior of Cr at most temperature conditions: the maximum reduction in leaching was 98.3% at 1200 °C. Long-term dynamic leaching behavior of Cr could be inhibited when using a thermal treatment temperature of 1200 °C and proportion of Fe2O3 exceeding 14.3%. At 1200 °C, Fe2O3 reacted strongly with the hazardous fraction of Cr in HWFA to form a stable chromite (Fe+2Cr2O4). The study results illustrate that the leaching behavior of Cr in HWFA after thermal treatment is affected by addition of Fe2O3 and treatment temperature. Adding Fe2O3 could effectively control the static and dynamic leaching behavior of Cr in HWFA after thermal treatment at 1200 °C, but excessive Fe2O3 addition accelerated dynamic leaching rate of Cr in HWFA after thermal treatment at 1100 °C.

Constituent phases optimization of modified sulphoaluminate cement and its characteristic of Cl− solidification and resistance to marine erosion

The predominant phase of modified suphoaluminate cement (SAC) was C4A3($,P), which was originated from part replacement of element phosphorus (P) to sulfur (S). For the aim of improving the mechanical property, the ability to solidify chloride ions and the resistance to marine erosion, all constituent phases ratio of modified SAC were optimized by the addition of excessive Fe2O3 and P2O5, whose mineralogical composition and properties were analyzed by using XRD, SEM-EDS, TGA and so on. The experimental results indicated that C4A3($,P), 6C2S∙C3P, C4AF as well as unexpected C2AS were included in clinker system based on the XRD analysis. The replacement ratio of P to S of 9 mol% endowed the modified SAC excellent mechanical property, and excessive Fe2O3 (less than 50 wt%) as well as P2O5 (40–60 wt%) were more beneficial to the compressive strength improvement of modified SAC. Moreover, excessive Fe2O3 and P2O5 attributed to the improvement of the ability to solidify chloride ions and resistance to marine erosion. The solidification ratio of chloride ions increased by 36.0% while the coefficient of resistance to marine erosion of modified SAC increased by 7.1% at 90 days compared with the control. Furthermore, the addition of P2O5 may be responsible for the increase of decomposition temperature of hydration products of modified SAC.

Effect of Fe components in red mud on catalytic pyrolysis of low rank coal

Bayer red mud (RM) is a solid waste in alumina production, and the main components is Fe2O3. To investigate the effect of Fe2O3 in RM on pyrolysis of low-rank coal and catalytic upgrading mechanism on tar quality, pyrolysis experiments of pure Fe2O3 and RM mixed with a lignite, Baiyinhua (BYH) coal, were carried out. The results indicate that RM exhibits a similar catalytic effect to Fe2O3 in terms of product distribution and tar composition of coal pyrolysis. At 20% addition of RM or Fe2O3 in coal, the yield of gas and water increases, while that of char decreases; the yield of H2 increases by 38.6% or 37.1%, and the yields of CO and CO2 increase by 58.9%, 78.1% and 24.6%, 44.1%, respectively. GC and GC-MS results prove that the existence of RM or Fe2O3 improve the tar quality, and RM shows a better effect, as the content of heavy components decreases by 11.7% with RM and 5.1% with Fe2O3. Besides, the content of bisphenol, aliphatic hydrocarbon, oxygenated compounds and heteroatomic compounds decrease simultaneously, thus generating more monophenol and naphthalene. Several characterizations show that Fe2O3, as an active component of RM, provides lattice oxygen species to participate in the reaction and changes to Fe3O4 by partial oxidation during the pyrolysis process. TGA results and kinetic analysis of coal pyrolysis illustrate that RM can promote BYH coal pyrolysis and increase the yield of gas and liquid.

Evaluation of three different glassy composites (quinary matrix designed using Cr2O3/Na2O/MnO2) in respect of radiation shielding behaviors

Novel multiple glassy composite materials were offered for gamma shielding applications, photovoltaic applications, nuclear engineering, etc. as an alternative to concrete and pure lead. Studied glassy composite materials demonstrated better gamma-ray shielding than ordinary glass and concrete in the 15 keV–15 MeV energy range. The multiple composites were prepared with (xA + 0.11B + 0.02C + (0.87− x)[(1 − y)D1 + yD2] = 1) recipe. BXCOM software was used to calculate exposure buildup factors (EBFs), energy absorption buildup factors (EABFs), and effective atomic numbers (Z eff). Monte Carlo simulations were performed via MCNP 6.2 code to evaluate the important shielding factors like mass attenuation coefficients (µm ), half-value layers (HVLs) and compared with XCOM results. The quinary composites were compared in each step with each other to determine which component is better for radiation shielding [(Cr2O3/Na2O/MnO2), Sb2O3, B2O3, V2O5, and Fe2O3]. From the investigated ratios, Cr2O3 and MnO2 at 85%, and Na2O at 70% were evaluated to be the best ratios to reduce radiation dose in the incident energy range. Also, Fe2O3 addition at 10% enhanced shielding ability. According to the simulation results, the quinary MnO2 composite (MnO2/Sb2O3/B2O3/V2O5/Fe2O3) was determined to have the best shielding property among all the studied composites. A gamma spectroscopy system with NaI(Tl) detector was used to determine the shielding properties of this best material, experimentally. All the studied composites indicate better gamma shielding properties than concrete, some of them are approaching pure lead.