Fe Content In Grain Research Articles

Effects of Land Preparation and Iron-coated Rice Seeds on Yield, Growth Parameters, and Soil Properties in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land preparation methods and iron-coated (Fe-coated) rice seeds on the growth, yield, and Fe uptake of rice in alluvial soils in the Mekong Delta region. The experiment was conducted in the 2020 summer-autumn cropping season under the triple rice cultivation system in Chau Thanh district, An Giang province. The field experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: (T1) puddled + water seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T2) non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T3) zero-tillage + non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds; (T4) puddled + water seeding + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds; (T5) puddled + wet seeding + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds; and (T6) puddled + transplanting + sprouted + non-Fe-coated seeds. The results showed that changes in the land preparation, planting method, and Fe-coated seeds did not significantly affect the number of tillers, plant height, yield components, soil chemical properties, grain yield, or Fe uptake of the rice plants and grains. However, the T3 and T6 treatments tended to have higher grains yields (5.86-5.90 tons ha-1), and higher total Fe content in grains (93.0-94.3 mg kg-1) and rice plants (83.1-84.0 mg kg-1). The findings from this study confirmed that the new planting method using zero-tillage + non-puddled + dry seeding + Fe-coated seeds can maintain the germination rate, growth, and grain yield of rice.

Effect of VIT1/VIT2 overexpression on Fe and Cd accumulation in rice endosperm

Iron (Fe) deficiency and excess cadmium (Cd) in rice grain are important problems to be solved in agricultural production. Previous studies have shown that OsVIT1 and OsVIT2 are vacuolar iron transporters. In this study, wild-type ZH11 was selected as the background material and OsVIT1 and OsVIT2 were overexpressed in endosperm by using endosperm specific promoter Glb-1. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of OsVIT1 and OsVIT2 overexpression on Fe and Cd accumulation in different parts of rice. The results showed that OsVIT1 overexpression in endosperm significantly reduced Fe content in grain by about 50%, while significantly increased zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) contents in straw and Cu content in grain. OsVIT2 overexpression in endosperm significantly decreased Fe and Cd contents in grain by about 50%, and significantly increased Fe content in straw by 45%-120%. Overexpression of OsVIT1 and OsVIT2 in endosperm did not affect the agronomic traits of rice. In conclusion, OsVIT1 and OsVIT2 overexpression in endosperm reduced Fe accumulation in rice grain, which did not achieve the expected effect. OsVIT2 overexpression in endosperm also decreased Cd accumulation in grain and increased Fe accumulation in straw, which provided reference for iron biofortification and cadmium reduction in rice.

BIO FORTIFICATION WITH IRON AND ZINC IMPROVES THE GRAIN QUALITY AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF WHEAT CROP

The nutritional and economic value of wheat is not debatable especially for developing countries just like Pakistan. The present study was planned to investigate the effect of Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) on yield attributes and nutritional value of wheat. Soil application and foliar application (two sprays of three levels 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) were adopted to evaluate the effect of Fe and Zn in district Bahwalnagar during 2018-19 and 2019-20, for this purpose Galaxy-2013 variety was used. The RCBD design with four replications was used in this study. The results revealed that the data taken after 50 days of sowing about physiological parameters (Leaf area index, Leaf area duration, Crop growth rate and Relative growth rate) showed non-significant results but the data taken after 100 days of sowing showed significant results of these physiological parameters. The treatment having two sprays of 0.3% Fe showed highest yield (4.9 t ha-1) and increased the 31% Fe contents in grains over control. In the mean while treatment having two sprays of 0.3% Zn increased the Zn concentration 43.8% in grains as compared to control. Soil application of these nutrients also showed encouraging results as compared to control but foliar sprays gave more significant results about no. of tillers, no. of spikelets per spike, no. of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight. By this way we can not only increase the wheat yield but can also overcome malnutrition that is a serious issue now a day’s especially in developing regions.

Comparative Efficiency of Mineral, Chelated and Nano Forms of Zinc and Iron for Improvement of Zinc and Iron in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through Biofortification

Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their tailored properties, serve as potential sources of nutrients for the biofortification of edible grains. Chickpeas are a valued legume crop, widely consumed in developing countries. Thus, to improve the Zn and Fe content in chickpeas, a two-year study was conducted to examine the potential of the foliar application of mineral (0.5% Zn and Fe), chelated (0.3% Zn and Fe) and nanoforms (0.5% ZFN) of fertilizers to enhance Zn and Fe content in chickpea. The foliar application of 0.5% ZnO NPs + 0.5% Fe2O3 NPs (ZFN) at the pre-flowering stage showed the highest potential to increase grain yield, Zn and Fe content and their uptake as a single foliar application of nano-fertilizers showed comparable results to two foliar applications of mineral and chelated forms. The grain and straw yield (14.07 and 33.04 q ha−1, respectively) under ZFN treatment was significantly higher over the control (9.20 and 27.49 q ha−1, respectively). A similar trend was observed for Zn and Fe content in grain (42.29 and 86.51 mg kg−1, respectively). For nutrient uptake, ZFN treatment showed the highest uptake of Zn and Fe in grain (604.49 and 1226.22 g ha−1, respectively) and straw (729.55 and 9184.67 g ha−1, respectively). Thus, nano-fertilizers, due to their altered structural properties, demonstrated higher translocation over the mineral and chelated forms of nutrient fertilizers and thus improved yield and nutrient content to a greater extent. Thus, the foliar application of 0.5% ZnO NPs + 0.5% Fe2O3 NPs may prove to be a feasible option for the enrichment of chickpeas with Zn and Fe to ameliorate malnutrition in burgeoning human populations.

Enhancing nutrient content and uptake of Zn and Fe in aromatic rice through organic and inorganic sources of zinc and iron

Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are important trace elements for people’s health around the globe. A lot of people, especially children and women, are suffering from malnutrition caused by Zn and Fe deficiency. The deficiency are more pronounced in developing countries due to low income, which makes it difficult to afford meat or sea food that are rich in Zn and Fe. Biofortification of Zn and Fe in rice is the most economical and convenient way to supplement these micronutrients in the diet of poor people. A field experiment was carried out for “Enhancing nutrient content and uptake of Zn and Fe in aromatic rice through organic and inorganic sources of zinc and iron” during kharif 2019 at the Research Farm, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur. The experiment was laid out with Randomized Complete Block design with ten treatments. Highest Zn content (35.74 mg kg-1) and uptake (0.13 kg ha-1) in grain as well as highest Zn content in straw (37.93 mg kg-1) were recorded in treatment T4 (RDF + 2 FS of 0.5% ZnSO4 at 25 DAT & 1 week after flowering) while highest Zn uptake (0.21 kg ha-1) in straw was recorded in treatment T7 (RDF + SA of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + SA of FeSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1). Fe content in grain (74.26 mg kg-1) and straw (193.52 mg kg-1) were found highest in T6 (RDF + 2 FS 0.5% FeSO4 at 25 DAT & 1 week after flowering) and T8 (RDF + 2 FS of 0.5% ZnSO4 & 2 FS of 0.5% FeSO4 each at 25 DAT & 1 week after flowering) respectively while Fe uptake in grain (0.29 kg ha-1) and straw (1.13 kg ha-1) were found highest in treatment T7 (RDF + SA of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 + SA of FeSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1).

Foliar Application of Zn-EDTA at Early Filling Stage to Increase Grain Zn and Fe, and Reduce Grain Cd, Pb and Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The accumulation of Cd and Pb in rice grains poses a potential threat to human health, which is a subject of increasing concern across the globe. We examined the effect that foliar spraying of Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Zn-EDTA) (0.3% and 0.5% w/v) during the early-grain filling stage has on rice grain yield and Cd, Pb, Zn and Fe contents in rice tissues via a field experiment. The grain yield significantly decreased with the foliar application of 0.5% Zn-EDTA. In rice grain, foliar spraying of 0.5% Zn-EDTA significantly decreased the Cd and Pb contents, but increased the Zn and Fe contents. The main reasons for the decrease in the Cd and Pb content in grain were the inhibition of Cd and Pb by roots and the increased Fe content in grain via Zn-EDTA application. The foliar spraying of Zn-EDTA decreased the grain yield and Cd and Pb contents, while increased the Zn and Fe contents in grains.

Biofortification with chelating selenium in fragrant rice: Effects on photosynthetic rates, aroma, grain quality and yield formation

Abstract The main aim of the present study was to explore the effect of chelating selenium (Se) on aromatic rice performance. A field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018. At initial heading stage, five different Se solutions of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 μmol L−1 were applied to rice leaves and named as CK, Se1, Se2, Se3 and Se4 treatments, respectively. The results showed 1.64–10.78 % higher seed-setting rate and 2.17–6.98 % higher 1000-grain weight in the chelating Se treatments than in the CK. Compared with the CK, the Se2 and Se3 treatments increased the grain yield and net photosynthetic rate by 8.24–14.65 % and 8.00–24.74 %, respectively. The Se2 and Se3 treatments also increased grain protein contents and reduced both the chalky rice rate and chalkiness. Moreover, the Se1, Se2 and Se3 treatments increased the grain content of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) by 15.02–47.47 % compared with CK. The contents of proline, △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) and 1-pyrroline (precursors in 2-AP biosynthesis) and the activities of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), and diamine oxidase (DAO) were also improved under the Se1, Se2 and Se3 treatments compared to CK. Furthermore, the chelating Se applications improved the total Se and Fe content in grains. The Se2 treatment was considered as the optimum concentration for chelating Se application in fragrant rice production.

Evaluation of Recombinant Inbred Lines for Higher Iron and Zinc Content Along with Yield and Quality Parameters in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is one of the most important staple food crops for billions of people throughout the world. It is the cheapest source of dietary energy, protein and minerals for people but poor in micronutrients such as Fe and Zn to eliminate “hidden hunger”. In the present study, a population of 126recombinant inbred lines developed from a cross between Lemont X Satabdi (IET 4786) were used to identify high iron and zinc content coupled with yield and yield attributing traits. Analysis of Variance revealed that a considerable variation in iron and zinc existed among genotypes. The correlation study revealed that number of filled grain was positively associated with panicle length and yield per plant and number of panicles, but no significant positive correlation was observed between grain zinc content and iron content. Zinc and iron content of rice was estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and the samples were prepared by tri-acid digestion method. Among RIL lines, the line 57, 97,120, 48, 99, 124 contained more than 30 ppm Fe and the lines 24, 6, 9, 23, 29, 125 were found to possess more than 50 ppm Zn. The lines 9,6,48 and 57 were recorded to be high yielding with high zinc and Fe content in grain and in future these four lines look promising for multi location trial also. These high Fe and Zn content genotypes can be utilized in future breeding programme as a donor or good source for bio fortification of rice genotypes.

Application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen regulates aroma biochemistry in fragrant rice.

The 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) is a key aroma compound in fragrant rice. The present study assessed the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen (N) application induced regulations in the biochemical basis of rice aroma formation. Four N levels, that is, 0, 0.87, 1.75, and 2.61 g/pot, and two GABA treatments, that is, 0 mg/L (GABA0) and 250 mg/L (GABA250), were applied to three fragrant rice cultivars, that is, Yuxiangyouzhan, Yungengyou 14, and Basmati‐385. Results showed that GABA250 increased 2AP, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents by 8.44%, 10.95%, 25.70%, 11.14%, and 43.30%, respectively, under N treatments across cultivars. The GABA250 further enhanced the activities of proline dehydrogenase (PDH), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) (both at 15 days after heading (d AH), and diamine oxidase (DAO) (at maturity) by 20.36%, 11.24%, and 17.71%, respectively. Significant interaction between GABA and N for Mn, Zn, and Fe contents in grains, proline content in leaves, GABA content in leaves at 15 d AH and maturity stage (MS), Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylic acid (P5C) contents in leaves at 15 d AH, and Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase (P5CS), PDH, and OAT activities in leaves at MS was noted. Moreover, the 2AP contents in grains at MS showed a significant and positive correlation with the proline contents in the leaves at 15d AH. In conclusion, GABA250 enhanced the 2AP, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents, as well as the enzyme activities involved in 2AP biosynthesis. Exogenous GABA and N application improved the 2AP contents and nutrient uptake in fragrant rice.

Yield enhancement and biofortification of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grain with iron and zinc through foliar application of ferrous sulfate and urea

This study investigated effects of iron (Fe) and nitrogen (N) foliar application on Fe and zinc (Zn) content in chickpea grain, grain yield, and protein content. Application of FeSO4 at 0.5% at flowering + pod formation stages resulted in the highest Fe (73.50 and 75.34 mg Fe kg−1 grain in first and second year) and Zn (35.08 and 34.21 mg Zn kg−1 grain) content in grain followed by the application of FeSO4 at 0.5% at flowering stage alone (68.27 and 69.97 mg Fe kg−1 grain and 32.44 and 32.27 mg Zn kg−1 grain) and control (54.63 and 55.69 mg Fe kg−1 grain and 29.48 and 29.07 mg Zn kg−1 grain). Urea spray at 2% at flowering as well as at flowering + pod formation stages also improved the Zn and Fe content in the grain. Combined use of Fe and urea improved the grain Fe and Zn content over sole application of Fe.

Foliar Application of Iron Fortified Bacteriosiderophore Improves Growth and Grain Fe Concentration in Wheat and Soybean.

Iron (Fe) is one of the key micronutrients essential for plant growth, yield and quality. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max) are important food crops but have relatively low Fe content in grains/seeds. Foliar application of Fe-invigorated bacteriosiderophore might increase Fe content in grain as well as improve overall plant growth. From a preliminary experiment conducted on soybean using 20 bacterial strains, Arthrobacter sp. (low siderophore producing) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis (high siderophore producing) were selected based on amount of siderophore produced and response of plants. This result was validated on field grown soybean and wheat crops by applying bacteriosiderophore with or without Fe on foliage. Siderophore was applied at flowering stage in both crops and observations were recorded on the sixth day after foliar spray. Significantly higher shoot biomass, area of leaves or flag leaf and tissue Fe concentration was recorded by siderophore produced by L. fusiformis with Fe as compared to Arthrobacter sp. In comparison to control (water), application of Fe fortified bacterial siderophore resulted not only in increased grain yield by 45% and 28% in wheat and soybean, respectively but also enhanced Fe concentration in grains by 1.7-fold in soybean to 2.0-fold in wheat. Partitioning of Fe in grain was higher in wheat as compared to soybean after foliar spray.Thus, we reported for the first time that bacteriosiderophore with added Fe as foliar application could be an economical and targeted agronomic approach towards Fe fortification in crop plants.

Production and Nutrient Accumulation of Common Bean Cultivars under Competition with Weed

ABSTRACT: Improper management of weeds is one of the causes of low bean yield, as it is very susceptible to interference due to their slow initial growth. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dayflower on grain yield and nutrient accumulation of bean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in a screened house, in 5 L pots, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme. Factor 1 corresponded to the presence or absence of weeds, and factor 2 bean cultivars: BRS Pontal, BRS Agreste, BRS Ametista and BRS Estilo. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. The coexistence of bean and weed was maintained throughout the crop cycle. Chlorophyll content, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, nutrients contents (N - nitrogen, P - phosphorus, K - potassium, Ca - calcium, Mg - magnesium, Mn - manganese, Fe - iron and Zn - zinc) in grains were evaluated. Competition with weeds negatively influenced chlorophyll content, number of pods, yield and N content in grains. The interaction was significant to P, Mg and Fe contents in grains, demonstrating that competition with weeds may impair allocation of these nutrients, resulting in grains of inferior nutritional quality. The cultivar BRS Agreste was more efficient to accumulate P and Mg in grains in competition with dayflower.

Plonowanie oraz zawarto�� mikroelement�w (Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn) w ziarnie pszenicy jarej w zale�no�ci od sposobu nawo�enia

This study analyzed the effectiveness of the application method and nitrogen dose with and without the addition of multi-component fertilizers in various development phases of spring wheat on grain yield and micronutrient concentration (Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) in the grain and their removal with the crop. A three-year field experiment involving the cultivation of Parabola and Radunia spring wheat cultivars was conducted in the years 2009-2011 at the Educational and Experimental Station of the University of Warmia in Mazury in Olsztyn. The research factors included two cultivars of spring wheat as well as varied levels and methods of fertilization. An increase in the nitrogen dose from 80 to 120 kg∙ha-1 only increased the grain yield for Parabola cultivar, and the highest yield was obtained by supplementing the basic fertilization with Azofoska fertilizer. The grains of Parabola wheat cultivar were characterized by higher Cu and Zn contents, and greater removal of Cu and Zn with the grains, as well as a lower Mn content as compared with Radunia cultivar. Fertilization with nitrogen at a dose of 80 kg∙ha-1 contributed to an increase in Cu concentration in grains and Cu uptake with the crop for Parabola wheat cultivar, which resulted from both to-the-soil and foliar fertilization with urea and foliar fertilization with urea and Ekolist Mikro Z fertilizer. An increase in the dose of applied nitrogen up to 120 kg∙ha-1 resulted in an increase in Fe content in grains of wheat cultivar Parabola, and greater removal of Fe with the grain crop for both cultivars. Fertilization with ammonium nitrate as well as to-the-soil and foliar fertilization with urea contributed to the highest concentration of Fe in grains and Fe uptake with the crop for both Parabola and Radunia cultivars. Correlation coefficient r indicated a positive correlation between the content of Mn and Cu content in the grain. The Zn content was positively correlated with Mn content in the grain of both cultivars. Noteworthy is the strong correlation between Zn content and Mn content, with r = 0.874 for Parabola cultivar, and r = 0.868 for Radunia cultivar, respectively.