Fayoum City Research Articles

Strategic water resource management: pump stations in Fayoum City, Egypt

Water scarcity presents significant challenges to sustainable development, particularly in arid regions like Fayoum City, Egypt, which faces particular water challenges due to its unique topography. This study explores the pivotal role of pump stations and wastewater reuse in mitigating water scarcity and promoting sustainable water management practices. Utilizing a comprehensive mixed-method approach, including desk research, field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) into a decision-making framework. The study categorizes pump stations into priority ranking groups based on the evaluation of the following criteria: efficiency, operating hours, working unit ratio, and discharge capacity. The investigation reveals that the 72 pump stations in Fayoum City play a vital role in regulating water levels, optimizing distribution, and facilitating the reuse of irrigation wastewater. Despite operational challenges, such as manpower shortages and maintenance issues, these stations are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity and addressing water scarcity concerns, including the prevention of recurring inundation events like the one in 2012. Moreover, the study underscores the potential of wastewater reuse as a sustainable solution to water scarcity, particularly in meeting agricultural water demands and mitigating water balance issues, such as inundation. Based on the findings, the study proposes actionable recommendations, including upgrading high-priority pump stations, evaluating lower-priority ones, enhancing canal infrastructure, and promoting water-efficient irrigation methods. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the pivotal role of pump stations and wastewater reuse in addressing water scarcity challenges in arid regions. By implementing the proposed recommendations, Fayoum City can optimize its water management practices, ensure water security, and support the long-term development of the region.

Effect of Supportive Information Regarding Water-Related Diseases Health Risks Prevention among Fayoum City Sewage Workers

Effect of Supportive Information Regarding Water-Related Diseases Health Risks Prevention among Fayoum City Sewage Workers

Risk factors of acne vulgaris in preparatory school students in Fayoum City

Background: Acne vulgaris is a multifaceted skin defect. It is the most popular skin disease, and it usually appears among preparatory school students. Aim: was aimed to assess risk factors of acne vulgaris in preparatory school students in Fayoum City. Research Design: A descriptive research design was used in this study. Setting: The current study was conducted in 49 preparatory schools in Fayoum City. Sample: A purposive sample was used to select 400 students diagnosed with acne vulgaris. Tools: the investigator used one tool: An interviewing questionnaire which consists of four parts, patients socio-demographic data, Assess family past history and past medical history of preparatory school students diagnosed with acne vulgaris, preparatory students' knowledge regarding acne vulgaris, and risk factors that lead to acne are divided into hormonal factors, diet habits, hygiene habits, use of cosmetics products, sun exposure, and another habit. Results: This study showed, 48.5% of studied preparatory school students were in the age group 15 years, 65.0% of them were females, 40.25% of preparatory school students had average knowledge and 53.2% and 51.8% of students had a high level of risk factors about acne vulgaris related to hormonal factor and sun exposure factor.

Risk Factors of Acne Vulgaris in Preparatory School Students in Fayoum City

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a multifaceted skin defect. It is the most popular skin disease, and it usually appears among preparatory school students. Aim: was aimed to assess risk factors of acne vulgaris in preparatory school students in Fayoum City. Research Design: A descriptive research design was used in this study. Setting: The current study was conducted from 49 preparatory schools in Fayoum City. Sample: A purposive sample was used to select 400 students diagnosed with acne vulgaris. Tools: the investigator used one tool: An interviewing questionnaire which consists of four parts patients socio-demographic data, Assess family past history and past medical history of preparatory school students diagnosed with acne vulgaris, preparatory students' knowledge regarding acne vulgaris, and risk factors that lead to acne are divided into hormonal factors, diet habits, hygiene habits, use of cosmetics products, sun exposure, and another habit. Results: This study showed, 48.5% of studied preparatory school students were in the age group 15 years, 65.0% of them were females, 40.25% of preparatory school students had average knowledge and 53.2% and 51.8% of students had a high level of risk factors about acne vulgaris related to hormonal factor and sun exposure factor, 46.8%, 44.8% and 56.7% of them had a moderate level of risk factors about acne related to dietary habits, personal hygiene, and other habits, 51.8% of them had a low level of risk factors about acne related to using cosmetics. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between sexes with total risk factor levels. Additionally, it was a significant relationship between total risk factors level and student's family history of acne vulgaris. Recommendations: Periodic health education for community health nurses and school nurses about acne vulgaris that is helpful in early detection and management decrease those complications and improve preparatory school students' quality of life.

The Effectiveness of a Digital Storytelling-based Program on the Development of Geographical Concepts among Kindergarten Children

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a digital storytelling-based program on the development of geographical concepts among kindergarten children. Eighty-eight kindergarten children were recruited from two public kindergarten schools in Al Fayoum city, during the academic year 2020-2021. A semi-experimental, prepost- test, two groups (experimental and control) design was employed. The data were analysed using t-test to explore the effectiveness of a digital storytelling-based program on the development of geographical concepts among kindergarten children. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the children of the experimental and control groups using the Pictured Geographical Concepts Scale (sub-scales and composite score) in the post-test, after applying the digital storytelling-based program, which is in favour of the experimental group.

Phenotypic and genotypic relationship between Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human and bovine milk

The current work aimed to track the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in human and bovine milk in Fayoum city, Egypt. 74% of isolates obtained from a human with septic sore throat and 40% of bovine isolates from bulk milk tank were found positive for S. aureus. The typical characteristics of MRSA including resistance to oxacillin and meca positivity were detected in 8% and 7% of the human and bovineisolates respectively. The antibiotic resistance profile of human and bovine MRSA isolates have shown a high degree of similarity with complete resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics associated with variable resistance to other antibiotic classes. Nevertheless, 99-100% identity has been detected between meca gene of the human and bovine isolates and multiple MRSA strains in Genebank. The identified phenotypic and genotypic similarity provides clear evidence of potential epidemiological relation between the human and bovine MRSA isolates. However, further study is required to identify the mode of transmission of MRSA isolates between human and different livestock animals on wide-scale and expand the study to include wild animals.

DIARRHEIC SYNDROME IN BROILER AND SOME WILD BIRDS CAUSED BY ESCHERICHIA COLI

ABSTRACT E. coli is a Gram negative bacterium, although it is normal intestinal inhabitant but some strains due to their virulence genes play a major role in causing diarrhea in birds. In the present study, a total of 150 fecal swabs from (crows, egret wild birds and broiler chicken) collected from Giza, Fayoum city governorates, (50 each). The result showed, that isolation rate of E.coli was reported to be isolated in higher incidence inFayoum governorate from crows, 48%, broiler chicken, 40% and egret wild birds 28% while Giza Governorate in where E.coli was isolated from crows, egret wild birds and broiler chicken ,an incidence of 20%, 12% and 20% respectively. The serogroups of E. coli strains that obtained by serological identification were from crows (O78, O91, O145, O127, O158, O119, O125 and O55), egret bird(O78, O158, O125, O119, O91 and O44) and chicken broiler (O78, O125 and O158). The results of sensitivity test for some E. coli isolates showed that they were highly resistant for to streptomycin (83.4%66.4%and 42.8%) in (crows, egret birds and broiler chicken) respectively. The results of multiplex PCR showed that phoA,virulence gene was detected in all E.coliserogroups while, Stx2, gene was detected in serogroups O78, O91 and O125 in crows only. (hly, eaeA and Stx1) virulence genes were not detected in all tested E. colisergroups. On the other hand aadA1 gene was detected by some E. colistrains (7from crows and 2 from egret).

Speed / Flow Relationship on Some Important Urban Arterial Roads: Fayoum City as A Study Case.(Dept.C)

Speed / Flow Relationship on Some Important Urban Arterial Roads: Fayoum City as A Study Case.(Dept.C)

Quality Assurance of some imported canned meat products marketed in Fayoum city, Egypt

The current study aimed to ensure the chemical and microbiological quality of imported canned meat. Random samples of canned beef, canned beef luncheon and corned beef are imported from different countries were collected from the local market in Fayoum Governorate. Chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash content, carbohydrate and energy value), Quality indices (pH, Total volatile basic nitrogen and Thiobarbituric acid) and Microbiological quality (Aerobic plate counts, Staphylococcus aureus, Thermophilic bacteria and Clostridia count) have been estimated. The moisture content was not in conformity with the Egyptian Organization for standardization (E.O.S 1563/2005) in 50% of the samples, as well as the protein content of all samples not in conformity with the (EOS, 1563/2005). While the only fat content in which all samples were in accordance with the (EOS, 1563/2005). Also, T.V.B.N and T.B.A values for all trademark’s samples passed into the allowance limits. Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus andClostridia count in 50 and 37.5 % respectively of trademarks samples.

سماريا المصرية فى العصرين البطلمى والرومانى دراسة وثائقية

الملخص : تزخر مدينة الفيوم بالعديد من القرى المصرية التى انفردت بها العديد من الأبحاث ، سواء المستقلة منها أقصد بها الرسائل العلمية سواء ماجستير أو دکتوراة ،أو مقالات . والتى عالجت کافة جوانب الحياة فى القرية المصرية ، من الناحية الاقتصادية ،أو الاجتماعية ،بالاضافة إلى النظام الإدارى للقرية .وموضوع البحث هو سماريا المصرية فى العصرين البطلمى والرومانى والهدف هنا من هذة الدراسة ليس إضافة جديدة للدراسات السابقة عن هذة الحقبة التاريخية ،وليس أيضا إضافة لوضع القرية المصرية . وإنما توضح هذه الدراسة أن مدينة أو إقليم الفيوم قد ضم بين جنباته قرية أخرى ذو وضع مختلف . فسماريا قرية أشبه ما تکون بالمستوطنة اليهودية . وهذا يتضح بعض الشئ من اسمها الذى يرجع فى الأساس إلى سمارية فلسطين والذى ذکر فى التوراه فى الإصحاح الخامس عشر عن سفر الملوک. لذلک حاولت إلقاء الضوء على هذة القرية المصرية وأضفت لها صفة المصرية للتميز بينها وبين سمارية فلسطين. وأيضا إلقاء الضوء على سکانها وکيف أنها تضمنت عناصر مختلفة من السکان من إغريق وفرس وتراقيين ويهود من فلسطين . و تعتمد الدراسة فى الأساس على الوثائق البردية سواء تلک التى عثر عليها فى القرية أو التى عثر عليها فى أماکن أخرى، وورد فيها اسم القرية.وتضمنت تعاملات خاصة بالقرية مع القرى الأخرى . وکذلک تعتمد على بعض من النقوش اليونانية . والوثائق التى تعتمد عليها الدراسة تغطى فترة طويلة من عام 254 ق.م حتى 289م أى 549 عام أى مايقرب من الستة قرون. حيث يبلغ مجموع الوثائق التى تناولت القرية سواء تلک التى عثر عليها فى القرية أوفى القرى المجاورة حوالى 41 وثيقة بردية منهم 24 وثيقة من القرية نفسها ، وباقى الوثائق ذات صلة بالقرية من خلال معاملات بين القرية أو أشخاص من القرية وأخرين من قرى أخرى . Abstract: The City of Fayoum is Full of many Egyptian villages which is unique to many researches , both independent I mean Master and Ph.D. or articles That had a lot of sides of life in the Egyptian village. From the side Economic or Social in addition to administrative system for the villge .And the subject of the study isEgyptian Samaria in the Ptolemaic and Roman eras and the aim here not like adding new previous studies about this historical priod and it is not an addition to the Egyptian village situation. This study shows how Fayoum city or region was annexed Another village has a different situation. Samaria is like a Jewish colony,which Predominante Jewish character. This is somewhat evident from its name, which is mainly due to the Samaria of Palestine , Which is mentioned in the Torah in chapter 15 of the book of Kings. Therefore, I tried to shed light on this Egyptian village and added an Egyptian character to distinguish it from the Samaria of Palestine. It also sheds light on its population and how it included various elements of the population of the Greeks, Persians, Thracians and Jews from Palestine. The study is based mainly on papyrus documents, both found in the village and found elsewhere. It included the village's name , The village included special dealings with other villages. As well as depend on some of the Greek inscriptions. The documents on which the study is based cover a long period from 254 BC to 289 CE (549 years), which is approximately six centuries. The total number of documents dealing with the village, whether those found in the village or the neighboring villages is about 41 papyrus documents, including 24 documents from the village itself. And the rest of the documents related to the village through transactions between the village or people from the village and others from other villages.

Hybridized Anaerobic Baffled Reactor For The Treatment of Domestic Wastewater: Pilot and Prototype Scale (Dept.C)

Hybridized anaerobic baffled reactor has distinct advantages over many other anaerobic treatment processes. Recognition of these advantages has resulted in a broadening application and use of this system. The most significant advantage is, its ability to separate the acidogenes and methanogenes longitudinally down the reactor allowing the reactor to behave as a two phase system without the associated control problems and high cost (Weiland and Rozzi, 1991). The first full scale HABR in Egypt constructed at Demo, (10 Kms east of EL Fayoum city) to treat a wastewater discharge of about 1678 m/d, was monitored for about one year in order to investigate the applicability of this system as a low cost sanitation technology matches the Egyptian village circumstances. Results showed that the full scale HABR achieved an accepted effluent quality corresponds the Egyptian limitations, but the performance was lower than anticipated from the pilot scale HABR constructed at Nawag village. The most frequented removal ratios at HRT of 2.5 days for COD and SS were around 50% for the studied reactors, while the average removal ratios for the pilot plant were 83.12% and 83.58% for COD and suspended solids, respectively at the same HRT.

Effect of a Planned Health Teaching on Improving Knowledge and Competence of Home Care Practice of Post Stroke Patient Among Caregivers' Achievement

Background: Stroke is one of the major healthcare challenges, being one of the leading causes of death, disability, and dependency in the activity of daily living worldwide Homecare of stroke patients is having a great role in the patient recovery. Patient family caregivers and relatives can play an important role in the care of patients. But how to continue proper care of the patient at home after discharge, they don't know what to do and don't have practice as well. In this view, the researcher believes that it might be a great help for caregivers and the patients to teach theirs about stroke and home care of stroke patients. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a planned health teaching on the caregiver's knowledge and competence of home care of stroke patients. Therefore, improve the patients' functional ability. Methods: The two group pre and post-test, quasi-experimental design was conducted among 50 caregivers of stroke patients, assigned to 25 caregivers as a control group and 25 caregivers as an experimental group. The study was done in the university hospital at El Fayoum city from 1st March 2019 to 31st August 2019. Four tools were used for data collection after reviewing relevant data as the following; a structured interviewing questionnaire, caregiver's knowledge questionnaire regarding stroke, caregiver's practices regarding bed position, Position Change and Transfer, and Range of Motion Exercises, and patient function ability assessment according to Barthel index. Results: revealed that there was a poor score level of knowledge and competence of home care practices before the intervention. However, there was an improvement of score level in the control and experimental group post-intervention, but the higher score was observed in the experimental group. The mean score level of patient functional ability in the experimental group improved than the control group through follow up. Highly statistical significance was found between control and experimental group post-intervention related to knowledge and practices. A positive significant correlation between caregiver's practices and patients function ability in the experimental group was found. Conclusion: planned health teaching is important after patients discharge to increase the caregiver's knowledge and competence of home care practices of post-stroke patients; resulting in improved patient functional ability.

Assessment of Constipation among Elderly Attending Geriatric Clubs in Fayoum City

Background: Constipation is defined as defecation less than three times a week or straining on defecation at least a quarter of the time. Constipation can be classified into two types: functional and rectosigmoid outlet delay. The aim of this study is to assess constipation among elderly attending geriatric clubs at Fayoum governorate. Design; descriptive design was used. Setting; the study was conducted at geriatric clubs of the elderly in Fayoum City. They were followed for ten months. Sample; the study involved all elderly clients with constipation (n = 98), the sample were taken randomly. Tools; one tool was used to collect data: An interviewing questionnaire was used to assess, First part: socio demographic. Second part: medical history. Third part: Clients knowledge. Fourth part: Clients habits. Fifth part: Clients practices. Six parts: checklist was prepared to assess home environment as reported by elderly clients. Results; the mean age of elderly was 69.54-+ 3.23.Positive statistically significant correlation of total knowledge and total practice. and moderate environment as well. Recommendation; The study suggested that health educational program according to health status of the elderly should be designed and implemented

Effect of Maternity Nurses Knowledge and Practices Regarding the Medication Errors on Laboring Women Safety in Labor Unit

Background: Women's safety and quality of care are essential aspects of clinical nursing practice. Medication administration errors are considered to be a global problem resulting in an increase in mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and related costs. Aim of the study to assess the effect of maternity nurse's knowledge, and Practices regarding the medication errors on laboring women safety in labor unit. Design: A descriptive research design was used in this study in labor unit. Setting: The study was conducted at the maternity departments of University hospital, General hospital (Alnubui Almuhandis) and Tamia hospital at Fayoum city. Sample: Convenience sample technique was utilized in the present study to recruit 40 nurses. Tools: Three tools for data collection. First tool: Self-administered questionnaire sheet which used to assess: personal data of the studied sample nurse's knowledge related to specified obstetric medication and precautions of medications administration. Second tool: Factors that influence medication errors from the nurse's point of view. Third tool: An Observational Checklist: to assess the maternity nurse’s practices related to obstetric medication administration and errors. Result: the present study showed that the total score of maternity nurse's knowledge regarding medication administration in labor unit was, slightly more than half of the studied sample had incomplete satisfactory knowledge. On the other hand the total score of maternity nurse's practices related to medication administration was, slightly less than half of the studied sample had complete satisfactory level of practices regarding medication administration, moreover, there was significant relationship between level knowledge and practices. Conclusion: Slightly more than half of the studied nurse's had incomplete satisfactory knowledge regarding medication administration in labor unit. While, slightly less than half of the studied nurse's had an complete satisfactory level of practice regarding medication administration in labor unit. Recommendation: in service training programs is required for maternity nurses regarding medication errors and how to overcome it.

How local restaurants in Fayoum handle food rumors?

Crisis response strategies have been considered a major factor in reputational threats during a crisis and it is necessary to explore restaurants’ reactions to food crises. There is a set of procedures followed by the managers of local restaurants to handle the crisis of food rumors. The purpose of this paper is to explore and identify the most important procedures and solution used by restaurant to deal with food rumors. To achieve the objectives of the research 30 questionnaires were distributed on local restaurant managers in fayoum city. The response rate was 85.7%. The findings show that there is a significant impact of the procedures and solutions used by local restaurants to deal with food rumors. The study recommended the importance of holding training courses for restaurant workers on a continuous basis in how to deal with crises and confront rumors in the framework of objectivity and credibility with the public, The necessity of following to restaurant rules by applying the rules related to work ethics and treating the negative behaviors of employees such as spreading information and dissemination of false rumors and the need to prepare for the prevention of crises based on early warning signals to form a crisis management team within the restaurant.

Ultrasound Evaluation of Lower Uterine Segment in Pregnant Patient with History of Hysterotomy

Background: ultrasonography has been widely used in the field of obstetrics & gynecology. Development of more sophisticated technology in ultrasonography & the huge amount of studies & education by physicians makes ultrasonographic examination one of the most useful diagnostic techniques in obstetrics & gynecology. Objective: In this study we aimed to evaluate the gravid uterus in women with a history of previous, 1 or more hysterotomy, in all 3 trimesters by Trans-vaginal ultrasound (TVUS). Patients and Methods: This is a prospective, case-control, observational study. The study was carried out in a private Obstetrics & Gynaecology center Wally center in Fayoum city. The study was carried out in the period from December 2017 to December 2018. Initially, 100 patients were enrolled, but at the end of the study only 67 patients were involved in the study. Results: The distance between the leading edge of the placenta to the internal OS is the diagnostic accretion. This difference between the 5 groups regarding this distance was found to be highly significant (p-value= 0.001) across all 3 trimesters, which proves that repeated CS deliveries is a major risk factor for placenta praevia. There were 1 case, 3 cases & 2 cases of low-lying placenta found in groups 3, 4 & 5, respectively. Conclusion: Cesarean section scar pregnancy and rupture uterus are both rare events and were not found in the sample of this prospective study. However, they are both very important to diagnose as early as possible to prevent serious morbidity and even mortality.

The Prevalence and Etiological Factors Among Infertile Patients at Fayoum city

Abstract Aim of study was to explore the prevalence and etiological factors among patients in Fayoum city. Design the study was done at outpatient clinic of gynecological and Andrology in Fayoum university hospital, Egypt An observational Cross-sectional research was used in this study. Subjects of the study were 540 infertility patients (210 male and 330 female) either primary or secondary infertility. Tools of data collection were interviewed questioner, for female and male patients as personal data, sexual problems, …. Etc and statistical record about rate of male & female patients for one year. Methods of this study began on October 2012 and finished on September 2013, data was obtained through face to face interview. Results of this study revealed that the percentage of infertile female in Fayoum university hospital was 57.6% of all attended female to Gynecological outpatient. While infertile male was 24% of all attended male to Anderology outpatient. Conclusion the majority of infertile male had primary infertility and more than two thirds of infertile female had secondary infertility. Recommendation it's necessary to make educational programs to increase fertility awareness of infertile patients / couples and methods of treatment.

Chewing gum: post-operative effect on women's recovery and bowel motility following gynecologicabdominal surgery

Background: Ileus commonly happens post abdominal surgery and is associated with complication and may delay recovery. The study is hypothesized that chewing gum decreases postoperative ileus by improving early recovery of gastrointestinal function. Aim: The study aims to investigate the effect of chewing gum on the postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function after gynecological and abdominal surgery. Methods; Design: A quasi-experimental research design. Setting: the study was conducted at the general surgery department, and gynecological department at the university hospital in El Fayoum city. Subjects: a purposive sample of 60 postoperative women. Tools: Data collection tool consists of structured interviewing schedule, post-operative assessment sheet, and patient satisfaction of using gum. Results there was significant difference between two groups according to patient's performance after surgery, also there was significant difference between two groups as regarding vomiting time, abdominal distention and amount of oral fluid intake. Conclusion: the study conclude that chewing gum is an accessible, effortless, safe, harmless, cheap, and effective method in declining ileus and accelerating gastrointestinal recovery after gynecological and abdominal surgery. Recommendations: Chewing sugar-free gum should be added in the protocol of nursing care after gynecological and abdominal surgery in the surgery units.

Applied Technique for Utilizing Total Station in Monitoring Differential Settlement

Recently, many problems regarding differential settlement for newly constructed buildings in Fayoum city, Egypt have been monitored. This research presents an applied technique for utilizing total station in observing horizontal and vertical movements happening by time for some building in Fayoum city. The building was monitored for thirty three months divided into three phases. In the first phase, façade of building was observed for four and half months to monitor differential settlement and take the right decision for resolving differential settlement problem. The second phase was the execution of that decision. Time for second phase was four and half months. Finally, in the third phase façade of building was reobserved for two years in order to make sure that the movement of façade points was stopped. The obtained results showed that the used technique provided a powerful and efficient tool to observe movements of façade points by time.

Detection of Drugs of Abuse among Drivers in Fayoum City/ Egypt

Background: There is growing interest in the part played by drugs in traffic accidents all over the world and in how to explore sufficient measures to decrease their rate. The aim of the study is to identify types of substance of abuse among drivers in Fayoum city.Aim of the work: To identify types of substance of abuse among drivers in Fayoum city. Methods: The current study was done on 200 drivers in Fayoum city. The screened drugs were cannabis, benzodiazepine, morphine and tramadol. All samples are screened by dip stick to detect studied types of drugs at forensic lab.at Fayoum University and positive samples were confirmed by gas chromatography (G.C) at poisoning center, Ain shams university. Results: The present study showed that 21.5% (n=43) of study group were drug abusers, 11.5% (n=23) were Tramadol abusers, 6.5% (n=13) of drivers were tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) abusers, and 3.5 % (n=7) THC and Tramadol abusers, on the other hand no one was morphine or benzodiazepine abusers. The present study demonstrated that among tramadol samples 34 samples were positive by dip stick, versus 30 samples were positive by G.C. The current study showed that among THC samples 22 samples were positive by dip stick versus 20 samples only were positive by G.C. Conclusion: about one fourth of the drivers were drug abusers. Tramadol and THC were the commonly abused drugs while there were no abusers for morphine and benzodiazepine. Recommendations: Drug screening should be added to all forms of basic toxicological screening especially to those involved in acts of violence and traffic accidents and for all drivers applying for license.Also using dip stick to check for drug abuse among drivers in check points being easy and rapid method with high accuracy