Favorable Product Research Articles

Identification of Potential Future Areas for Sustainable Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nut Production in Togo Using the Maxent Model

Understanding present and potential habitats is critical for developing climate-resilient cashew-growing techniques and sustainable management strategies. This study aims to identify the existing distribution of Anacardium occidentale L. in Togo and anticipates the possible impact of climate change on its habitat distribution by 2050 using two global circulation models (HadGEM3-GC3.1-L and MIROC6) and two shared socioeconomic paths (SSP245 and SSP585). The maximum entropy algorithm, 2538 species occurrence records, and a set of seventeen (17) climatic and soil variables were used. The findings revealed that soil, followed by annual precipitation (bio12) and temperature seasonality (bio4), are the most important environmental variables influencing cashew distribution in Togo. According to the present model, 78.92% of Togo's topography is very favourable to sustainable cashew-growing practices. According to the MOROC6 Model, very favourable cashew nut production areas will be decreased to 5.24% in the SSP 245 scenario and altogether disappear with the SSP585 scenario by 2050. However, for the HadGEM3-GC3.1-L model by 2050, the areas of sustainable cashew nut production in Togo will be reduced to 3.71% and 0.26% respectively for the SSP245 and 585 scenarios. In short, the results of this study, which was carried out for the first time in Togo, point out the need to put in place a strategy for the conservation and sustainable cultivation of cashew trees in Togo.

Optimization of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Formulation Loaded with Biological Product Using A Novel Design Vortex Tube Reactor via Flow Chemistry.

Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) is increasingly recognized for their potential in drug delivery, offering protection to hydrophobic drugs from degradation. Industrial synthesis of LNPs, exemplified by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines, utilizes flow chemistry or microfluidics, showcasing its scalability. This study explores the utilization of a novel design reactor, the vortex tube reactor, within flow chemistry for LNPs synthesis, aiming to optimize its conditions and compare them with batch synthesis. LNPs were synthesized using the vortex tube reactor, incorporating bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model drug in the aqueous phase, alongside 1.2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and cholesterol in the organic phase. Design of experiments (DoE), specifically Box-Behnken design, was employed to optimize parameters, including X1: the flow rate ratio (10-100 mL/min), X2: the aqueous-to-organic volumetric ratio (1:1-10:1), and X3: the number of reactor units (1-5 units). Responses evaluated encompassed physical properties and productivity. Optimized conditions were determined by minimizing particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), and zeta potential (Y3), while maximizing entrapment efficiency (Y4), drug loading (Y5), and productivity (Y5). Results indicated that optimal conditions were achieved at X1 of 100 mL/min, X2 of 5.278, and X3 of 1 unit. LNPs synthesized under these conditions exhibited favorable physical properties and productivity, with uniformity maintained across batches. The vortex tube reactor demonstrated superiority over batch synthesis, yielding smaller particles (166.23 ± 0.98 nm), more uniform nanoparticles (PDI 0.17 ± 0.01), and higher entrapment (67.75 ± 1.55%) and loading capacities (36.39 ± 0.83%), indicative of enhanced productivity (313.4 ± 12.88 mg/min). This study elucidates the potential of flow chemistry, particularly utilizing the vortex tube reactor, for large-scale LNPs formulation, offering insights into parameter relationships and advancing nanoparticle synthesis for drug delivery applications.

The acceptability of wearable technology for long-term respiratory disease: A cross-sectional survey

Few studies have investigated the acceptability of wearable technology in patients with long-term respiratory disease. We conducted a 24-item cross-sectional survey (September 2022–February 2023), developed using four common themes universal to previously described models of technology acceptance and social behavioural therapy, to explore the acceptability of wearable technology spanning the breadth of chronic respiratory disease. A total of 74 valid survey responses were analysed with 50 % aged 51–70years; 72 % female; 63 % white British ethnicity; 79 % having an income less than £50,000, and 93 % having at least obstructive airways disease. A third of participants current used wearables with 85 % using smart watches. Most of these participants used wearables to monitor their symptoms (69 %) and as a general health measurement device (85 %). Likert scale questions (ranked 1–7) showed that participants valued accuracy and approval of wearables by regulatory bodies (median (IQR) rank score 7 (Huberty et al., 2015; Preusse et al., 2016) 6–76–7 and felt that wearables would increase their confidence in managing their long-term health condition (median (IQR) rank score 6 (Huberty et al., 2015; Preusse et al., 2016) 6–76–7. Favourable product characteristics for wearables were accuracy (73 %), easy to learn (63 %) and easy to use (50 %). They were less concerned about aesthetics (23 %) and battery life (27 %). This survey will guide future developers to produce a wearable for a population with chronic respiratory disease which will improve acceptability, usability and longevity.

Electronic perturbation of Cu nanowire surfaces with functionalized graphdiyne for enhanced CO2 reduction reaction.

Electronic perturbation of the surfaces of Cu catalysts is crucial for optimizing electrochemical CO2 reduction activity, yet still poses great challenges. Herein, nanostructured Cu nanowires (NW) with fine-tuned surface electronic structure are achieved via surface encapsulation with electron-withdrawing (-F) and -donating (-Me) group-functionalized graphdiynes (R-GDY, R = -F and -Me) and the resulting catalysts, denoted as R-GDY/Cu NW, display distinct CO2 reduction performances. In situ electrochemical spectroscopy revealed that the *CO (a key intermediate of the CO2 reduction reaction) binding affinity and consequent *CO coverage positively correlate with the Cu surface oxidation state, leading to favorable C-C coupling on F-GDY/Cu NW over Me-GDY/Cu NW. Electrochemical measurements corroborate the favorable C2H4 production with an optimum C2+ selectivity of 73.15% ± 2.5% observed for F-GDY/Cu NW, while the predominant CH4 production is favored by Me-GDY/Cu NW. Furthermore, by leveraging the *Cu-hydroxyl (OH)/*CO ratio as a descriptor, mechanistic investigation reveals that the protonation of distinct adsorbed *CO facilitated by *Cu-OH is crucial for the selective generation of C2H4 and CH4 on F-GDY/Cu NW and Me-GDY/Cu NW, respectively.

Gasification characteristics and sulfur migration mechanism during supercritical water partial oxidation of 2-methylthiophene

Supercritical water partial oxidation (SCWPO), as a clean and efficient energy conversion technology, offers new insights for the clean treatment of thiophene compounds, which are a significant source of potential pollutants. However, the detailed reaction mechanism of thiophene compounds in the SCWPO process is still unclear. Therefore, the effects of parameters on gasification characteristics and sulfur migration were investigated in the quartz tube reactor during the SCWPO of 2-methylthiophene (2-MT). The results demonstrated that extending the reaction time, increasing the reaction temperature, and reducing the feed concentration favored gaseous product generation. The SCWPO environment with the low equivalent ratio (ER) was favorable for the generation of hydrogen-rich gas. When the conditions were 750 °C, 4 wt%, 15 min, ER = 0.2, the highest H2 yield was 18.59 mol kg−1. With the addition of oxidants, the SCWPO environment promoted the conversion of sulfur from S-2, S-o to S+4, S+6. This conversion reduced the sulfur content in the gas, making it stored in a more environmentally friendly form. Notably, the presence of SOx was not detected during the SCWPO process. Finally, a detailed reaction mechanism for the SCWPO of 2-MT was proposed based on the comprehensive analysis of experimental products.

Multi-stage process for mixed microbial culture production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from sugarcane stillage: Assessment of external nutrient supplementation

Sugarcane stillage is an abundant wastewater from ethanol production. It has drawn considerable interest as a potential feedstock for biotechnological processes aiming at the recovery of energy and value-added products. In this study we explored the use of stillage for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which are microbial bioplastics with potential to replace conventional plastics in specific applications. As stillage is nutrient deficient, we investigated the impact of external nutrient supplementation on the selection of PHA-producing mixed cultures. Cultures selected under four different total-chemical-oxygen-demand-to-nitrogen ratios (COD.t/N) (15, 30, 40 and 80) were evaluated according to their PHA production performance and microbial composition. The experimental results demonstrated that the most favorable PHA production was achieved for the biomass selected under strict carbon-limiting conditions, with a COD.t/N ratio of 15. This resulted in an overall PHA volumetric productivity of 2.10 g PHA L−1 d−1, a maximum intracellular PHA content of 0.65 g PHA g VSS−1 and a PHA storage yield of 0.71 g CODPHA g CODH.Org−1. The resulting PHA was a copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate (73 %mol) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (27 %mol) monomers. The microbial consortium was enriched by members of the Brevundimonas genus, known PHA producers, with a relative abundance of 26.4 %.

Sensitivity Analysis for Fuzzy Linear Programming Problem by Mehar Method

Numerous manufacturing companies face significant financial setbacks due to excessive raw material costs, low profits, and no taxes on imported goods. The production companies also suffer from uncertainty concerning expenses, production levels, sales figures, and the accessibility of raw materials. Therefore, in our study, we developed an innovative method to design a fuzzy linear programming model customised for the Doura Refinery of the Middle Refineries Company. We emphasised five essential products: white oil, naphtha, light puffs, heavy Jet, and liquid gas. The main goal of our approach was to achieve optimal decision-making by identifying the most favourable production quantities and evaluating the corresponding net income derived from product sales. Following the Mehar method, we employed a methodology that converts the fuzzy linear programming problem into a standard linear programming problem. Subsequently, we conducted a sensitivity analysis, focusing only on the impact of fuzzy cost changes, and successfully derived optimal solutions for this case. Therefore, we aim to resolve the challenges of fuzzy linear programming and explore how

Biochar Co-Compost: A Promising Soil Amendment to Restrain Greenhouse Gases and Improve Rice Productivity and Soil Fertility

Agriculture is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar has been recommended as a potential strategy to mitigate GHG emissions and improve soil fertility and crop productivity. However, few studies have investigated the potential of biochar co-compost (BCC) in relation to soil properties, rice productivity, and GHG emissions. Therefore, we examined the potential of BC, compost (CP), and BCC in terms of environmental and agronomic benefits. The study comprised four different treatments: control, biochar, compost, and biochar co-compost. The application of all of the treatments increased the soil pH; however, BC and BCC remained the top performers. The addition of BC and BBC also limited the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) availability and increased soil organic carbon (SOC), which limited the GHG emissions. Biochar co-compost resulted in fewer carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while BC resulted in fewer methane (CH4) emissions, which was comparable with BCC. Moreover, BC caused a marked reduction in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions that was comparable to BCC. This reduction was attributed to increased soil pH, nosZ, and nirK abundance and a reduction in ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance. The application of different amendments, particularly BCC, favored rice growth and productivity by increasing nutrient availability, soil carbon, and enzymatic activities. Lastly, BCC and BC also increased the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria, which favored plant growth and caused a reduction in GHG emissions. Our results suggest that BCC could be an important practice to recycle organic sources while optimizing climate change and crop productivity.

Insights into the Electrochemical CO2RR Performance and Binding of Small Molecules on Quaternary Thiospinels Ag2FeSn3S8 and Cu2FeSn3S8.

Using a mechanical synthesis method in the form of ball milling and an additional annealing step, a novel and accelerated route for the synthesis of the thiospinels toyohaite (Ag2FeSn3S8) and rhodostannite (Cu2FeSn3S8) was discovered. Both thiospinels display faradaic efficiencies of up to 73% for CO2 reduction to CO using an organic electrolyte in an H-type cell. The materials were furthermore implemented in a zero-gap electrolyzer, with toyohaite producing 22% CO and 52% H2 at 100 mA cm-2 and rhodostannite 28% CO and 37% H2. The catalytically active sites are studied using density functional theory, revealing strong CO binding interactions on both Ag and Cu, whereas Sn is found to contribute to the decomposition of Ag2FeSn3S8 and Cu2FeSn3S8 by coordination with oxygen. Postmortem analysis of the thiospinel-based electrodes by means of SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, and Mössbauer spectroscopy showed sulfur leaching from the catalysts after applying 100 mA cm-2. These spectroscopic results-in conjunction with DFT calculations of the oxidized surfaces-suggest that the catalytically active species consists of metal oxides. As a conversion of the metal sulfides into the corresponding metallic species was observed via XRD, the decomposition pathways of both catalysts were also computed using DFT; thus, elucidating the energetically most favorable decomposition products and expanding the possible composition of the catalysts postelectrolysis.

Deep carbonate gas reservoir sweet spot identification with seismic data based on dual-factor control of sedimentary facies and fault system

Deep carbonate reservoirs are attractive targets for gas development. These reservoirs are deeply buried, and commonly possess strong heterogeneity and poor seismic data quality, making the identification of favorable production areas (“sweet spots”) challenging. Furthermore, sedimentary facies and fault systems markedly impact reservoir quality, and identifying these features in seismic data is also crucial for sweet spot identification. To solve these problems, we propose a dual-factor-controlled sweet spot identification method with two steps. First, sedimentary facies and faults are identified separately at different seismic scales using different attributes by the steerable pyramid (SP) method. The SP method decomposes the original seismic data into high-frequency and low-frequency data. The amplitude attributes from high-frequency data are used to identify sedimentary facies, and coherence attributes based on low-frequency data are used to characterize the fault systems. Second, after separately identifying the sedimentary facies and faults, the two attribute volumes are merged together to identify reservoir sweet spots. The results are verified by using well production data. The results of a field study in the Dengying Formation deep carbonate reservoir in the central Sichuan Basin, China, indicate that reservoir sweet spots are primarily developed in ideal sedimentary facies along strike-slip fault systems. Sedimentary facies generally control the type and distribution of reservoirs, whereas strike-slip fault systems control the migration and accumulation of gas. In addition, the fault systems serve as karst channels that further improve the reservoir properties. The proposed dual-factor method might help to maximize exploration potential in deep carbonate reservoirs with similar settings.

Study on the Applicability of Autothermic Pyrolysis In Situ Conversion Process for Low-Grade Oil Shale: A Case Study of Tongchuan, Ordos Basin, China

The feasibility of the autothermic pyrolysis in situ conversion (ATS) process for low-grade oil shale (OS) has not been determined. In this research, the pyrolysis and combustion properties of Tongchuan OS, with a 4.04% oil yield, were systematically analyzed. The findings revealed that temperatures between 350 and 425 °C favored oil production, while temperatures from 450 to 520 °C resulted in a higher rate of gaseous generation. At 300 °C, the volume expansion and ignition coking caused by the large amount of bitumen generated resulted in severe pore plugging, which significantly increased the combustion activation energy of the residue, while the presence of substantial flammable bitumen also significantly decreased the ignition and combustion temperatures. From 300 to 520 °C, the combustion performance of residue decreases continuously. In addition, pyrolysis residues of Tongchuan exhibited a slightly higher calorific value, between 425 and 520 °C, owing to its higher fixed carbon content (10.79%). Based on the ideal temperature screening method outlined for Tongchuan OS, the recommended preheating temperature for Tongchuan OS was 425 °C, while the optimum temperature for the retorting zone should be 510 °C, considering a heat utilization rate of 40%. These findings contribute valuable insights for the application of the ATS process to low-grade OS.

Is there also a hidden health cue in the background? The impact of natural imagery on product attitude in food marketing

Prior studies have primarily concentrated on the role of food imagery, which depicts the food itself or its ingredients, in conveying food messages, with less emphasis on background imagery. Background imagery, which often carries symbolic or metaphorical meanings through the depiction of food-related and non-food-related subjects, also serves as a vital medium for communicating food messages. This study investigates the role of natural imagery, a type of background imagery, in transmitting health-related attributes of food. This study employed an implicit association test (IAT) alongside three scenario experiments. The findings demonstrate that natural imagery triggers a health association with food, leading to a favorable product attitude, referred to as the “health metaphor effect.” Subsequently, the boundary conditions for this effect were examined, revealing its presence in healthy product categories as opposed to unhealthy ones. Building upon these findings, the study also assessed the influence of food imagery in food visuals on the role of natural imagery. The result indicates that, for healthy foods, the health metaphor effect is more pronounced when the food imagery is depicted in a processed (vs. raw) state.

Eco-endorsement dynamics: unraveling the influence of celebrity attitudes on eco-product perceptions and purchase decisions

PurposeThis research delved into the intricate dynamics between celebrity endorsements and consumer behavior focusing on eco-friendly wine product. This study aims to understand the relationship between attitudes toward the celebrity endorser (CATT), perception of wine as eco-friendly (PECO), overall positive attitude toward the product (PATT) and the intention to purchase (PINT).Design/methodology/approachThe present study relies on a large sample of 478 US citizens. Mediation moderation analysis is adopted for data analysis.FindingsThe findings revealed a full mediation effect where the influence of CATT on PINT is primarily through PECO and PATT. This suggests that the celebrity's endorsement indirectly affects purchase intention by first influencing perceptions of the product's eco-friendliness and the overall product attitude. Notably, perceiving wine as eco-friendly leads to a favorable product attitude, subsequently enhancing purchase intentions. While CATT significantly impacts both PECO and PATT, its effect is more potent on PATT, emphasizing that the celebrity's overall image might align more closely with the general product attitude than specific attributes like eco-friendliness.Originality/valueRecognizing the complex landscape of the wine market, the research emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive marketing strategies that consider both the direct and mediated impacts of celebrity endorsements. The findings offer a foundational framework for understanding the nuanced interplay of celebrity endorsement, product perception and purchase intention in the context of the wine market.

Theoretical investigations of Co-catalyzed allylic aminations

Cobalt-bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective allylic amination of racemic n-propyl allylic carbonate and aniline was investigated by DFT calculations at the ωB97XD/6–31G(d,p) level (SDD for Co). The computational results revealed that cobalt-catalyzed allylic amination underwent mainly through oxidative addition of n-propyl allylic carbonate, coordination of aniline to cobalt, hydrogen migration, isomerization of allyl group, and reductive elimination. The oxidative addition of n-propyl allylic carbonate was the rate-determining step, the reductive elimination was the regioselectivity-limited and enantioselectivity-controlling step, and the most favorable product was of (R)-chirality, which was compatible with the experimental results. The oxidative addition, hydrogen migration, reductive elimination, and the reactivity of racemic n-propyl allylic carbonates were discussed at full length in this text.

Endogenous serum glucocorticoid concentrations, steroidogenic enzyme activity, and 90-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: an observational cohort study.

In the context of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness, we examined endogenous glucocorticoid concentrations, steroidogenic enzyme activity, and their correlation with inflammation and patient outcomes. This observational study included 125 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 101 healthy individuals as a reference group. We utilized LC-MS to assess serum concentrations of 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, and cortisone, as well as activities of steroidogenic enzymes (11β-hydroxylase and 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 1). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and competing risk analysis were employed to analyze associations between glucocorticoid concentrations and outcomes, adjusting for relevant factors. In patients with COVID-19, cortisol concentrations were higher and cortisone concentrations were lower compared to the reference group, while 11-deoxycortisol concentrations were similar. Steroidogenic enzyme activity favored cortisol production. Correlations between glucocorticoid concentrations and inflammatory markers were low. A doubling in concentrations cortisol, was associated with increased 90-day mortality and mechanical ventilation (HR: 2.40 95% CI: (1.03-5.59) , P = 0.042 and HR: 3.83 (1.19-12.31), P = 0.024). A doubling in concentrations of 11-deoxycortisol was also associated to mortality (HR: 1.32 (1.05-1.67), P = 0.018), whereas concentrations of cortisone were associated with mechanical ventilation (HR: 5.09 (1.49-17.40), P = 0.009). In conclusion, serum concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites were altered in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19, and steroidogenic enzyme activity resulting in the conversion of cortisone to biologically active cortisol was preserved, thus not favoring critical-illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency at the enzymatic level. Glucocorticoid release did not counterbalance the hyperinflammatory state in patients with severe COVID-19. High serum concentrations of 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol were associated with 90-day mortality, and high serum concentrations of cortisol and cortisone were associated with mechanical ventilation.

Effects of carbon source variability on enhanced Bio-hydrogen production

This study investigated how glucose, starch, and rapeseed oil, three common food waste components with diverse molecular and physicochemical characteristics, influenced hydrogen production and microbial communities in dark fermentation under varying carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The results indicated that glucose and starch groups, significantly increased hydrogen yields to 235 mL H2/gVS (C/N = 40) and 234 mL H2/gVS (C/N = 40), respectively, while rapeseed oil, with a lower yield of 30 mL H2/gVS (C/N = 20), demonstrated a negative impact. Additionally, an accumulation of propionate was observed with increasing carbon source complexity, suggesting that simpler carbon sources favored hydrogen production and bacterial growth. Conversely, lipid-based materials required rigorous pre-treatment to mitigate their inhibitory effects on hydrogen generation. Overall, this study underscores the importance of carbon source selection, especially glucose and starch, for enhancing hydrogen production and microbial growth in dark fermentation, while highlighting the challenges posed by lipid-rich substrates that require intensive pre-treatment to optimize yields.

Prototype Biodiversity Digital Twin: grassland biodiversity dynamics

European grassland management has often favoured high production through frequent mowing and heavy fertilisation over biodiversity conservation, which is typically supported by less intensive management. Besides management, climate change and extremes are increasingly affecting grassland productivity and biodiversity, requiring timely adaptation of management practices. Here, we describe the development of a prototype Digital Twin (pDT) of grassland biodiversity dynamics intended to support researchers, farmers or regulatory decision-makers in monitoring the current state of selected grassland sites and projecting their future state under various management and climate scenarios.

Selection for feed efficiency improves production traits and digestibility and its relationship to the fecal microbiota in both Large White dam and sire lines

This study evaluated production traits, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), and fecal microbiota composition in finishing boars ( n = 207) selected for feed efficiency (FE; low = LFE; high = HFE) based on estimated breeding value for feed conversion ratio (FCR) within a Large White dam and sire genetic lines. Also, the association between gut microbiota with production and digestibility traits was investigated. Regardless of the genetic line, HFE pigs presented low FCR ( P < 0.05), had thinner back fat ( P < 0.05) and had greater loin depth ( P < 0.05) than LFE pigs. Also, HFE pigs had a significantly higher ATTD for Ca and a tendency for a higher crude protein ( P = 0.06) and phosphorous ( P = 0.10) ATTD than LFE pigs. No significant differences in alpha- and beta-diversity measurements for fecal microbiota were seen between FE groups in each genetic line. The genera Lactobacillus and Prevotella were associated ( P < 0.01) with some growth performance (e.g., feed intake), carcass traits (e.g., backfat thickness), and nutrient digestibility (e.g., Ca). In conclusion, HFE pigs had favourable production traits and higher digestibility of key nutrients than LFE pigs; however, the bacterial genera were associated with phenotypic traits but not by genetic merit.

Exploring the CO2 Electrocatalysis Potential of 2D Metal-Organic Transition Metal-Hexahydroxytriquinoline Frameworks: A DFT Investigation.

Metal-organic frameworks have demonstrated great capacity in catalytic CO2 reduction due to their versatile pore structures, diverse active sites, and functionalization capabilities. In this study, a novel electrocatalytic framework for CO2 reduction was designed and implemented using 2D coordination network-type transition metal-hexahydroxytricyclic quinazoline (TM-HHTQ) materials. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to examine the binding energies between the HHTQ substrate and 10 single TM atoms, ranging from Sc to Zn, which revealed a stable distribution of metal atoms on the HHTQ substrate. The majority of the catalysts exhibited high selectivity for CO2 reduction, except for the Mn-HHTQ catalysts, which only exhibited selectivity at pH values above 4.183. Specifically, Ti and Cr primarily produced HCOOH, with corresponding 0.606 V and 0.236 V overpotentials. Vanadium produced CH4 as the main product with an overpotential of 0.675 V, while Fe formed HCHO with an overpotential of 0.342 V. Therefore, V, Cr, Fe, and Ti exhibit promising potential as electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction due to their favorable product selectivity and low overpotential. Cu mainly produces CH3OH as the primary product, with an overpotential of 0.96 V. Zn primarily produces CO with a relatively high overpotential of 1.046 V. In contrast, catalysts such as Sc, Mn, Ni, and Co, among others, produce multiple products simultaneously at the same rate-limiting step and potential threshold.

A review on camelid nanobodies with potential application in veterinary medicine.

The single variable domains of camelid heavy-chain only antibodies, known as nanobodies, have taken a long journey since their discovery in 1989 until the first nanobody-based drug's entrance to the market in 2022. On account of their unique properties, nanobodies have been successfully used for diagnosis and therapy against various diseases or conditions. Although research on the application of recombinant antibodies has focused on human medicine, the development of nanobodies has paved the way for incorporating recombinant antibody production in favour of veterinary medicine. Currently, despite many efforts in developing these biomolecules with diversified applications, significant opportunities exist for exploiting these highly versatile and cost-effective antibodies in veterinary medicine. The present study attempts to identify existing gaps and shed light on paths for future research by presenting an updated review on camelid nanobodies with potential applications in veterinary medicine.