Favorable Conditions Research Articles

INCIDENCE OF STORAGE FUNGI ACCORDING TO TOPDRESSING NITROGEN AND MAIZE VARIETIES

Maize is the main cereal grown in Brazil and is used mainly for animal feed and food consumption of its derivates. Under favorable environmental conditions, toxigenic fungi such as Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium spp. could produce mycotoxins in maize grain during plant growth or storage. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of toxigenic fungi and its relationship with the grain weight of maize varieties grown under high and low topdressing nitrogen. The first factor consisted of 11 open-pollinated varieties, and the second factor of two topdressing nitrogen rates (60 and 180 kg ha-1). After harvesting the experimental units, the following variables were evaluated: 100-grain weight (HGW) and incidence of A. flavus, Penicillium spp., and Fusarium spp. There were differences (p<0.05) among maize varieties for all evaluated variables. There was a significant interaction between varieties and nitrogen for the percentage of seeds infected by A. flavus, Fusarium spp., and HGW. The incidence of fungi and HGW of maize depends on the variety and the topdressing nitrogen used.

Миграционные процессы в современной России: состояние и тенденции развития

The article discusses issues related to the current state of the migration situation in our country, which, unfortunately, remains difficult. The reasons for this situation and the emerging trend of an increase in the number of crimes and administrative offenses committed by migrants are revealed. Separate statistical data on violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation by foreigners in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region are presented. It is concluded that, despite the interest of our state in using migrant labor, it should not only create favorable conditions for their adaptation, but also take measures to strengthen control over foreigners staying in the territory of the Russian Federation.

Regularities of oogenesis and spermatogenesis of commercially valuable fish species in the water bodies of the Dagestan part of the Middle Caspian Sea

Based on our own research and literature data, it was proved that the features of vacuole location, size, and variability in the periods of early and late trophoplasmic growth require the closest attention. There are also certain inconsistencies of gametogenesis between different species of fish within the family. These consist in the fact that for fish species that have a shorter spawning period (roach, pike and perch), the general specificity of the annual cycles of development of the sex glands is characterized by the absolute termination of spermatogenesis by the period of the beginning of spawning, the absence of maturation or new formation of sexual products in this process. Individuals with extended spawning (for gouster and silver carp) are characterized by such features as the presence of an additional wave of spermatogenesis, which begins and ends during the spawning period, the incomplete development of sexual products by the beginning of spawning and the continuation of the process of their maturation in individual cysts of the testes throughout the spawning period (for bream and fish), continuous spermatogenesis,which allows the use of reproductive products at any time from spring to fall of the annual cycle, and under favorable conditions — throughout the year (for carp and catfish). In the experimental aspect, the obtained results can be applied in conducting a large-scale selection of female fish, based on the size of ovulated oocytes and individual selection according to the average statistical size of the latter. In fishery plan the above mentioned is required in connection with obtaining eggs from fish with batch spawning and asynchronous development of oocytes.

Environmental fate of microplastics in alpine and canyon-type river-cascade reservoir systems: Large-scale investigation of the Yalong River in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Reservoirs are regarded as potential collection sites for microplastics (MPs), and ample water resources in plateau regions provide favorable natural conditions for hydroelectric power generation. However, research on the impact of cascade reservoir construction in the plateau region on the fate of MPs within the watershed is limited. In this study, the Yalong River, an alpine canyon river in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected as the research area. This study explored the distribution of MPs at various depths in water, sediment, and riverbank soil as well as the formation of “MP communities” within the river-cascade reservoir system. Furthermore, the effects of dam construction on MPs' migration in different environments were analyzed. The results revealed that the abundance of MPs in the water and sediment within the cascade reservoir area (CRA) was significantly higher than that in the river area (RA) (P < 0.001). Additionally, the trend of increasing MPs in water with decreasing altitude was notably slower in CRA. Regarding shape, the proportion of fibers in the water within the CRA was significantly lower than that in the RA, with a smaller vertical migration rate in the water than in the sediment. The proportion of MPs < 500 μm in the water within the CRA was significantly higher than that in the RA. High-density MPs were notably deposited in the reservoir sediments. The analysis of the MP communities revealed that the construction of cascade dams led to relative geographical isolation between different sampling sites, reducing the similarity of MP communities in the CRA. This study established a theoretical foundation for understanding the impact of cascade dam construction on the fate characteristics of MPs and their potential risks in plateau areas.

Assessing gladiolus varieties for planting time using a phenological model based on agro‐meteorological indices

AbstractPhenological models serve as a potent tool in management practices and determining flowering time in ornamental crops. Schwab's staging system for development of gladiola that relies on easily identifiable visual characteristics was used in the study to describe the detailed developmental stages and requirement of agrometeorological indices for each stage. The study was conducted with five gladiolus varieties planted at four different times to characterize the varieties for planting time. Plants under September and October plantings completed their phenological development in less time and accumulated fewer agrometeorological indices because of favourable temperature and short day conditions. The phenological model revealed that Punjab Lemon Delight and Punjab Glance could be planted in September as their blooming was delayed by 32 and 17 days, respectively and corm harvesting by 48 and 43 days respectively, when planted in December. The delay in blooming was 18 and 15 days respectively for Punjab Glad 3 and CPG and corresponding values for corm harvesting were 30 and 26 days when planting was done in December indicating that these varieties could be suitable for late planting. White Prosperity could be planted in October or November because when comparing planting in these 2 months, the number of days to bloom and the number of days to corm harvesting were similar.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Aminations: An Outline.

Amination reactions play a pivotal role in synthetic organic chemistry, facilitating the generation of nitrogen-containing scaffolds with broad applications in drug synthesis, material production, polymer formation, and the generation of amino acids and peptides. Amination offers the potential to fine tune the properties of natural products and produce functional materials for various applications. Palladium N-heterocyclic carbene (Pd-NHC) emerges as an innovative and highly effective catalyst in this context. Under favorable reaction conditions, this robust and simple catalyst efficiently facilitates the synthesis of a diverse range of compounds with varying complexity and utility. Pd-NHC complexes exhibit significant σ-electron donating potential, enhancing the ease of the oxidative addition process in their mechanistic pathway. Their steric topography further contributes to a rapid reductive elimination. These complexes demonstrate remarkable stability, a result of the strong Pd-ligand bond. The wide variety of Pd-NHC complexes has proven highly efficient in catalyzing reactions across a spectrum of complexities, from simple to intricate. The domain of aminations catalyzed by Pd-NHC has undergone significant diversification, presenting new opportunities, particularly in the realms of material chemistry and natural product synthesis. This review outlines the advancements in Pd-NHC-catalyzed amination reactions, covering literature up to date.

Desorbent swing adsorption process using ethylene to separate propane and propylene under isobaric conditions

The separation of olefin and paraffin using adsorption technology remains a significant challenge. This study proposes a novel desorbent swing adsorption (DSA) process using an olefin desorbent with a weaker adsorption affinity (C2: ethylene) to separate a paraffin/olefin mixture with a higher adsorption affinity (C3s: propane and propylene) under isobaric conditions, which is the reverse concept of using a desorbent with a stronger affinity in conventional DSA systems. The proposed DSA process effectively separates the C3 mixture because the deteriorating effects caused by the desorbent is minimized. Based on sequential breakthrough experiments with zeolite 13X DSA using ethylene, the efficient separation of a propylene dehydrogenation product (propane:propylene = 60:40 vol%) to produce polymer-grade propylene is achieved. It is confirmed that ethylene desorbent stream pushes out the adsorbed propylene and regenerates the adsorption bed without changing the pressure. The desorption step plays a key role in the separation performance of the proposed DSA process because the regenerated bed offers favorable conditions when filled with the weaker desorbent after the desorption step. The flowrate of the desorbent strongly affects the efficiency of propylene desorption. After validating the dynamic mathematical model using the experimental results, a two-bed DSA process using a six-step sequence that includes rinse export/import and idle steps is shown to achieve a propylene purity above 99.999 % (desorbent-free basis) with a recovery of 99.39 %, a productivity of 4.21 mol∙kg−1∙hr−1, and an ethylene usage of 7.59 mol∙kg−1∙hr−1. This study offers important insights into the development of adsorptive separation designs for olefin/paraffin separation.

Spice Production, Marketing, and Value Chain in Ethiopia.

The purpose of this paper was to document and organize spice production, marketing, and value chain in Ethiopia. Spice is the most essential farming product. Several native and exotic spices are grown by smallholder farmers across the country because Ethiopia has diverse agroecology and favorable climate conditions. The spice subsector has great potential for the country's economic development and poverty alleviation, cultivation, preparation, transport, and merchandising of spices and herbs. Spice market indicates the commodity value of spices. The major problems regarding the marketing system of spices were lack of communication between farmers and users, lack of linkage between sellers and buyers, and lack of postharvest management, storage facilities, regulated and cooperative markets, transportation, and knowledge of market news. The escalating value of spices is superficially envisioned, extending from smallholder production to partial handling, which seems to be the everyday value chain.

Spatial relationship of landform surface features and biocrusts, and their effect on soil microbial biomass on an alluvial fan

AbstractThe spatial cover of biocrusts represents a suitable habitat for the activity of soil microorganisms in semi‐arid and arid regions. Microorganisms are one of the essential components of soil quality. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the processes of biocrust habitat formation in landforms and their mutual relationship with soil properties. We studied the spatial distribution of biocrusts and their effect on soil microbial biomass and carbon activity in a semi‐arid alluvial fan in NE Iran. A total of 72 soil samples (using plots 0.25 m2) from the topsoil layers (0–5 cm) were collected along the alluvial fan in September 2020. Soil surface properties and microbial biomass in two categories of biocrust and non‐biocrust were investigated in three classes of biocrusts coverage obtained by geostatistics. Our results revealed that biocrusts had a negative correlation with gravel coverage and elevation; in contrast, the suitable spaces for biocrusts growth were created by cobble clasts. The biocrusts have provided favourable conditions for soil microorganisms by altering the properties of the soil (such as increasing organic carbon, nitrogen and available phosphorus and decreasing pH), and thus they increased basal soil respiration and microbial biomass. Different microbial activities were led by the predominant type of biocrusts, as the chlorolichen crusts had the most significant effect on increasing the microbial biomass phosphorus while cyanolichen crusts increased the microbial biomass carbon. Moss and cyanolichen crusts increased microbial activity and respiration more than cyanobacteria crusts. Therefore, the soil quality has improved by biocrusts in semi‐arid ecosystems.

Fish Module ‐ A prognostic tool for modeling the optimal environmental conditions for fish

This article discusses the service called the Fish Module for the predictive determination of the optimal environmental conditions for the occurrence of sprat, herring, cod, and flounder on the example of fish found in the southern Baltic Sea (in particular in the Gulf of Gdańsk region). The Fish Module utilizes data from the EcoFish ecohydrodynamic model and then uses fuzzy logic and fish preference data to calculate the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI). Data on fish preference were determined based on 587 expeditions during which physicochemical parameters of the sea were recorded. Our analysis determined threshold HSI values below which successful catches are unlikely for sprat, herring, and cod, confirming the system's effectiveness in identifying locations with favorable environmental conditions for these species. Fishermen are advised to select routes with specific HSI thresholds to achieve greater efficiency in fishing. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that fishing durations do not necessarily correlate with higher catches, emphasizing the importance of selecting suitable routes based on favorable environmental conditions for fish habitat. We expect the Fish Module to be the most demanded product of the FindFISH project.

Enhanced lignin degradation by Irpex lacteus through expanded sterilization further improved the fermentation quality and microbial community during the silage preservation process

Traditional autoclaving, slow degradation rate and preservation of biomass treated by fungi are the main factors restricting biological treatment. In our previous studies, strains with high efficiency and selective lignin degradation ability were obtained. To further solve the limiting factors of biological treatment, this paper proposed a composite treatment technology, which could replace autoclaves for fungal treatment and improve the preservation and utilization of fungal-pretreated straw. The autoclaved and expanded buckwheat straw were, respectively, degraded by Irpex lacteus for 14 days (CIL, EIL), followed by ensiling of raw materials (CK) and biodegraded straw of CIL and EIL samples with Lactobacillus plantarum for different days, respectively (CP, CIP, EIP). An expansion led to lactic acid bacteria, mold, and yeast of the samples below the detection line, and aerobic bacteria was significantly reduced, indicating a positive sterilization effect. Expansion before I. lacteus significantly enhanced lignin selective degradation by about 6%, and the absolute content of natural detergent solute was about 5% higher than that of the CIL. Moreover, EIL decreased pH by producing higher organic acids. The combination treatment created favorable conditions for ensiling. During ensiling, EIP silage produced high lactic acid about 26.83 g/kg DM and the highest acetic acid about 22.35 g/kg DM, and the pH value could be stable at 4.50. Expansion before I. lacteus optimized the microbial community for ensiling, resulting in EIP silage co-dominated by Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Weissella, whereas only Lactobacillus was always dominant in CP and CIP silage. Clavispora gradually replaced Irpex in EIP silage, which potentially promoted lactic acid bacteria growth and acetic acid production. In vitro gas production (IVGP) in EIL was increased by 30% relative to CK and was higher than 24% in CIL. The role of expansion was more significant after ensiling, the IVGP in EIP was increased by 22% relative to CP, while that in CIP silage was only increased by 9%. Silage of fungal-treated samples reduced methane emissions by 28% to 31%. The study demonstrated that expansion provides advantages for fungal colonization and delignification, and further improves the microbial community and fermentation quality for silage, enhancing the nutrition and utilization value. This has practical application value for scaling up biological treatment and preserving the fungal-treated lignocellulose.Graphical

Electron-donating five-membered heterocyclic modulated electronic states boosting visible-light-driven H2O2 production

Pyridyl-conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) were synthesized and discovered that the catalyst with a five-membered heterocycle could facilitate O2 reduction and H2O oxidation into H2O2 under photo-irradiation. The electronic state structure of the CMPs was further modulated by incorporating aldehyde-based monomers containing five-membered heterocycles. It was observed that the introduction of an electron-donating thiophene ring (Th-CMP) or a furan ring (Fu-CMP) significantly increased the H2O2 production yield. Remarkably, the H2O2 yield from Th-CMP in pure water and O2, without the need for any sacrificial agents, achieved 855 μM h−1, which surpasses most of the reported organic polymer photocatalysts. Mechanism researchs indicated Thiophene groups not only expanded the range for visible light absorption, but also facilitates the separation and migration of charge carriers, thereby providing favorable conditions for H2O2 generation. This study presents a promising and innovative direction to designing cost-effective and efficient CMPs for the photocatalytic generation of H2O2.

Patterns of Leaf and Fruit Morphological Variation in Marginal Populations of Acer tataricum L. subsp. tataricum.

Marginal populations are usually smaller and more isolated and grow in less favourable conditions than those at the distribution centre. The variability of these populations is of high importance, as it can support the adaptations needed for the conditions that they grow in. In this research, the morphological variability of eight Tatar maple (Acer tataricum L. subsp. tataricum) populations was analysed. Tatar maple is an insect-pollinated and wind-dispersed shrub/tree, whose northwestern distribution edge is in southeastern Europe. Morphometric methods were used to analyse the variability of the populations using leaf and fruit morphology. The research revealed significant differences between and within populations. Furthermore, differences in the distribution of the total variability were noted, which suggest that different evolutionarily factors affect different plant traits. Correlation analysis confirmed a weak dependency between the vegetative and generative traits. In addition, no evidence was found for the presence of isolation by environment (IBE). However, the Mantel test for isolation by distance (IBD) was significant for the leaf morphometric traits and non-significant for the fruit morphometric traits. Being the marginal leading-edge populations, they are younger and were less likely to have had time for adaptation to local environments, which would have resulted in the development of IBE. Overall, edge populations of Tatar maple were characterised by great morphological variability, which helps these populations in their response to the intensive selective pressures they face in their environment.

Developing a sorptive material of cadmium from pyrolysis of hen manure

A large amount of manure is generated from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), leading to serious environmental issues and hazardous risks from pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, developing an effective method for manure disposal is essential. Thus, in this study, we suggest the use of CO2 in pyrolysis of hen manure (HM) as an effective method to convert the carbon in HM into syngas (especially carbon monoxide (CO)). HM was used and tested as the model compound. From the results of thermo-gravimetric analysis, the decarboxylation of CaCO3 in HM in the presence of N2 was realized at temperatures ranging from 638 to 754 °C. The Boudouard reaction was observed at ≥ 664 °C in the presence of CO2. Despite the lack of occurrence of the Boudouard reaction, more CO formation was observed in the presence of CO2 at ≥ 460 °C. This was deemed as a homogeneous reaction induced by CO2. Considering the high Ca content of HM, HM biochar in N2 and CO2 were used as adsorbent for removal of Cadmium (Cd), which is toxic heavy metal. The adsorption capacities of HM_N2 and HM_CO2 were 302.4 and 95.7 mg g−1, respectively. The superior performance of HM_N2 is mainly attributed to the presence of Ca(OH)2, which provides favorable (alkaline) conditions for precipitation and ion exchange. Our results indicate the environmental benefits from using CO2. Specifically, CO2 (representative greenhouse gas) converted into fuel. Given this, pyrolysis of HM in the presence of CO2 was achieved at ≤ 640 °C, and the atmospheric condition should be switched from CO2 to N2 at ≥ 640 °C to ensure the decarboxylation of CaCO3.

Sustainable development during economic uncertainty: What drives large construction firms to perform corporate social responsibility?

AbstractWhile the world is grappling with economic uncertainty, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been extensively studied with a focus on favorable economic conditions. This study aims to investigate and prioritize the drivers for CSR in large‐sized construction organizations during economic uncertainty. Based on the literature review and discussions with experienced professionals, 13 critical drivers for CSR were identified and categorized into four clusters. Using the combination of fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory and fuzzy Analytic Network Process (DANP), drivers for CSR performance during economic uncertainty were ranked regarding their interrelationships. Among 13 drivers, the results illustrated that enhancing company reputation was the most critical driver for CSR, followed by long‐term economic benefit, employee commitment and loyalty, and credibility gain. This study expands the current understanding of CSR practices in the construction industry, shedding light on its unique characteristics during economic uncertainty.

More afraid of the virus than of bad weather? Exploring the link between weather conditions and cycling volume in German cities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cycling can only unfold its full potential for environmental sustainability, livable cities, and health if people cycle under most seasonal and weather conditions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people preferred cycling over public transit, in order to avoid infection. This change may also have affected the weather–cycling association: the pandemic mainly attracted new, fair-weather cyclists; and it may have encouraged cyclists to continue cycling, even under less favorable conditions. In this paper, we explore how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the association between weather and cycling. We analyze data from bicycle counting stations in Germany, combined with city- and hour-specific weather information and a continuous measure of pandemic intensity. The data set contains more than 2.2 million hourly bicycle count observations from 69 counting stations, covering the years 2017–2021. Results from the most transit-oriented cities in the sample, Berlin and Munich suggest that the cycling volume was more dependent on weather conditions at times of high pandemic intensity. This suggests that the pandemic put new people in the saddle, but these additional cyclists were largely fair-weather cyclists who only cycled when the weather was sufficiently nice. For policy, this could set two targets. First, encourage the new pandemic-cyclists to stay on the bike and, second, support them in transitioning into year-round cyclists eventually.

Development of innovative tigernut-based nutritional snack by extrusion process: effects of die temperature, screw speed, and formulation on physicochemical characteristics

Tigernut (TN) is an underutilized crop with nutritional value that has remained untapped in producing extruded products. This research aims to establish the favorable extrusion conditions that produce a TN-based nutritive extruded snack with improved physicochemical characteristics. A collet extruder was used in this comparison study to examine the effects of formulation (60% TN flour and 40% brown rice [BR] vs. 60% TN flour and 40% Japonica rice [JR]). The effects of extrusion conditions, such as die temperature (90°C, 100°C, and 110°C) and screw speed (250, 300, and 350 rpm), on the physicochemical characteristics of extrudates were studied. TN-BR extrudates produced at 110°C and 350 rpm had the following improved characteristics: protein (6.09–7.33%), ash (1.40–1.59%), crude fat (7.15–9.90%), crude fiber (2.51–3.92%), reduced hardness (2.35–3.37 N), springiness (2.30–2.64), chewiness (234.71–256.72 N), bulk density (1.17–2.57 g/cm3), expansion ratio (1.65–2.24), color (L*: 68.86–74.30), water absorption index (2.69–3.45 g/g), water solubility index (13.95–21.75%), and oil absorption capacity (23.65–25.64 g/g). Extrudates produced at lower temperatures (90°C and 100°C) and screw speed (250 and 300 rpm) exhibited lesser surface consistency than the extrudates produced at 110°C and 350 rpm. The antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content (40.91–49.63 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g) were improved significantly. Similar improvements were observed in TN-JR extrudates; however, TN-BR extrudates had better nutritional value (higher protein: 7.33%, higher ash: 1.59%, and higher antioxidant activity). The results could help with economic success, food nutrition improvement, and food security by exploiting the underutilized TN crop for sustainable extruded snacks production.

Fabrication of MoSe2/Bi3O4Br Z-scheme heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic performance

Exploring a Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst with efficient charge separation and outstanding redox ability is necessary but very challenging. MoSe2 has received much attention as a co-catalyst due to its excellent optical properties. Herein, First-principles density functional theory (DFT) was employed for theoretical calculations of the energy band structure of Bi3O4Br, revealing crossed energy band structures with MoSe2, indicating favorable conditions for heterojunction formation. A solvothermal method was then used to synthesize MoSe2/Bi3O4Br heterostructure photocatalysts with a 2D/2D layered configuration. Characterization via SEM, TEM, DRS, XPS, BET, EIS, and PL confirmed that the MoSe2/Bi3O4Br heterostructure exhibited a larger specific surface area, more active sites, lower impedance, and reduced carrier recombination rate compared to pure Bi3O4Br and MoSe2. These features are advantageous for photocatalytic reactions. The optimized 2.5% MoSe2/Bi3O4Br photocatalyst demonstrated superior performance, achieving nearly 100% photodegradation of RhB under 90 min of simulated sunlight, with an apparent rate constant k value 7.57 times higher than that of Bi3O4Br. The composite photocatalyst exhibited excellent cycling stability over five experiments without significant reactivity attenuation. Finally, a plausible Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism for MoSe2/Bi3O4Br heterojunctions is proposed based on experimental findings. This study provides new insights for exploring the construction of wide-band semiconductor heterojunctions.

Dissolved organic matter promoted hydroxyl radical formation and phenanthrene attenuation during oxygenation of iron-pillared montmorillonites

The oxygenation of Fe(II)-bearing minerals for hydroxyl radicals (HO•) formation and contaminant attenuation receives increasing attentions. However, information on dissolved organic matter (DOM) with different types, concentrations, and molecular weights (MWs) in manipulating HO• formation and contaminant attenuation during mineral oxygenation remain unclear. In this study, four iron-pillared montmorillonites (IPMs) and two DOM samples [e.g., humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA)] were prepared to explore the HO• formation and phenanthrene attenuation during the oxygenation of IPMs in the presence or absence of DOMs. Results showed that iron-pillared and high-temperature calcination procedures extended the interlayer domain of IPMs, which provided favorable conditions for a high HO• production from 1293 to 14537 μmol kg−1. The surface-absorbed/low crystalline Fe(Ⅱ) was the predominant Fe(Ⅱ) fractionations for HO• production, and presence of DOMs significantly enhanced the HO• production and phenanthrene attenuation. Moreover, regardless of the types and concentrations, the low MW (LMW, <1 kDa) fraction within DOM pool contributed highest to HO• production and phenanthrene attenuation, followed by the bulk and high MW (HMW-, 1 kDa∼0.45 μm) fractions, and FA exhibited more efficient effects in promoting HO• production and phenanthrene attenuation than HA. The fluorescent spectral analysis further revealed that phenolic-like fluorophores in LMW-fraction were the main substances responsible for the enhanced HO• production and phenanthrene attenuation. The results deepen our understandings toward the behaviors and fate of aquatic HO• and contaminants, and also provide technical guidance for the remediation of contaminated environments.

Effect of Organic and Synthetic Fertilizer Management on the Yield and Growth Components of Basmati Rice in Western U.P., India

The present investigation was conducted during kharif 2022 at the CRC of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) to studies the Effect of organic and Synthetic Fertilizer management on the yield and growth components of Basmati Rice in Western U.P. (India). The soil of experimental site was clay- loamy in texture, slightly alkaline, non-saline, low in organic carbon, N, P, and high in available K. DTPA extractable micronutrient were in high amount. Eleven treatments, viz., T1 (Absolutely Control), T2 (100:75:0 kg NPK ha-1), T3 (100:75:60 kg NPK ha-1), T4 (Only FYM @ 20 t ha-1), T5 (Only VC @ 20 t ha-1), T6 (50:37.5:30 kg NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 20 t ha-1), T7 (50:37.5:30 kg NPK ha-1 +VC @ 20 t ha-1 ), T8 (100:75:60 kg NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 10 t ha-1), T9 (100:75:60 kg NPK ha-1 + VC@ 10 t ha-1), T10 (50:37.5:30 kg NPK ha-1 + FYM @ 10 t ha-1) and T11 (50:37.5:30 kg NPK ha-1 + VC @ 10 t ha-1) were tested in RBD with three replication. The study revealed that application of T9 significantly improved the growth and yield attributes thus increasing the yield of rice over control with a corresponding increase of 61.2 and 34.5 percent in grain and straw yield of rice, respectively, although this treatment was found to be on par with T7 and T11. Thus, the inclusion of inorganic with organic sources of plant nutrients together helps to maintain yield stability, increasing the effectiveness of supplied nutrients, and creating favorable soil physical conditions.