Favorable Microclimate Research Articles

Microsites Influence the Light Response of Young Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco)

Two comparable sites with uneven-aged mixed forest stands with more than 20% Douglas-fir in the growing stock at an altitude of 650 m a.s.l. were selected. The physiological response of young trees to different light intensities was measured during the main growing season in three consecutive years, and four different light categories, which were determined from hemispherical photographs. The four light intensity categories were defined according to Indirect Site Factor (ISF%): in the open (A-ISF > 35%), at the outer forest edge (B-25% < ISF < 35%), at the inner forest edge (C-15% < ISF < 25%), and under complete canopy under mature forest stand (D-ISF < 15%). Climate data were obtained from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute ‘Climate Explorer’ website (http://climexp.knmi.nl). For the intensive micrometeorological observations, four monitoring sites were established along the elevation gradient at each site during summer and late fall to record relative humidity (RH%) and temperature (°C) with a 30 min recording interval sequence. Measured assimilation responses (A) and light use efficiency () at one site followed the expected pattern, while humidity combined with microsite conditions proved significant in explaining the specific response of young Douglas-fir to the different light intensity at the other site. For higher survival and optimal future development of Douglas-fir in the changing environment, microsites with higher capacity for storage moisture and favorable microclimate should generally be preferred to exposed and dry sites.

A novel approach for solar greenhouse air temperature and heating load prediction based on Laplace transform

Solar greenhouses have provided favorable microclimates for improving and increasing crop production. As a significant factor of microclimates, greenhouse indoor air temperature has received extensive research attention in recent years. Although dynamic models were studied in diverse greenhouses, previous researches failed to consider the existing models' applicability, simplicity, and accurate boundary conditions for solar greenhouses. Hence, a dynamic thermal model based on Laplace transform was proposed for predicting solar greenhouse air temperature and heating load. The heat flux boundary conditions on interior surfaces of the greenhouse north wall and soil were revised by amending the solar fraction expressions with solar azimuth angle considered. The results indicated that the predicted air temperature was in good agreement with experimental values, and three evaluation indices of MAE, RMSE, and NRMSE were -1.250, 1.608, and 15.441%, respectively. Moreover, under three different indoor air conditions, the north wall and soil's heat transfer flux were analyzed, indicating that the north wall is the main loss part of the experimental greenhouse's opaque envelope. Besides, the results also demonstrated that the daily total heating load in Case 1 was larger than that in Case 3, which means different greenhouse air design temperature between day and night is more energy-saving in winter. Furthermore, the physical meaning of the air temperature solution expression and the limitations of this approach were also elaborated. The contribution of this study is to offer accurate temperature forecasting for solar greenhouses' heating, ventilation, and air conditioning applications in the future.

Mollusc successions reveal northward postglacial shifts of Alpine species ranges (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)

The Alps are an important hotspot of species diversity and endemism, as well as a presumed glacial refugium of several species’ groups including land snails. The recent ranges of Alpine endemics are well known, but their fluctuations during the postglacial period mirroring local climate changes are understudied. By analysing five Late Glacial and Holocene mollusc successions from two areas in the southernmost part of the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic) situated about 100 km north of the Alps, we reveal details of these fluctuations. The Alpine endemic rocky dweller Chilostoma achates had reached the southern part of the Bohemian Massif already in the Late Glacial and disappeared in the Mid-Holocene canopy forest optimum. On the contrary, the northern boundaries of Alpine canopy forest epigeic snails extended further north than today at the turn of the Middle and Late-Holocene, pointing to a more favourable forest microclimate. The earliest known occurrences of several temperate canopy forest central European species, especially Causa holosericea and Discus perspectivus, imply the role of different areas in the Alps as their glacial refugia.

APPROACHES TO INCREASING THE LANDSCAPE CAPACITY OF A BIG CITY

The article considers the problem of limiting the territory of large cities in terms of expansion and expansion of park areas. The issues of landscape organization of local territories of large cities are raised: arrangement of entrance zones and railway green strips, organization of flat green coverings over platform spaces, arrangement of means of landscaping of semi-underground and underground garages, functional delimitation of pedestrian territories. The concept of semiotic units of landscape design is illustrated: point, line, plane, mass. Methods of distinguishing fragments of the urban environment and examples from foreign experience are given.
 The high concentration of anthropomorphic activity, creating a number of unconditional advantages, has led to a violation of the optimal balance between natural and artificial components of the landscape. As a result, cities feel an urgent need to maximize the natural component of the urban environment. The urgency of the topic is due to the approach of humanity to a critical limit, beyond which the process of deterioration of the biosphere will be beyond his control.
 The aim of the article is to generalize the experience of using landscape design tools to create a safe environment, enrich the city with landscaping elements, which are located not in traditional parks, but in local recreation areas, to design pedestrian spaces, create certain barriers between pedestrians and parking lots. favorable microclimate in the territories adjacent to production zones and railways, etc .; as well as developing approaches to increase the landscape potential of a large city and improve the microclimate of the urban environment.
 Transforming the landscape of large cities using landscaping tools and techniques will lead to a more harmonious relationship between anthropogenic and natural components of the urban environment, and ultimately reduce the factors that adversely affect human health. Attitudes towards the use of landscape design to achieve the artistic expressiveness of the urban environment is increasingly becoming an indicator of the civilization of the country.

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONING OF PROTECTIVE FOREST LANDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF FOREST STEPPE OF THE RIGHT BANK

The positive agroecological impact of field-protective forest plantations on the state of agricultural land is noted, which is manifested in the cessation of the development of water and wind erosion, the accumulation of moisture in the soil, the creation of a favorable microclimate in crops, an increase in the general biodiversity, which leads to an increase in the yield of field cult by 20%, the productivity of pastures - up to 25%, dairy production - up to 12%. However, in recent years, the functional properties of field-protective afforestation have sharply decreased due to an unbalanced ratio of arable land, natural hayfields and pastures, forests with a significant predominance of arable land; strengthening of the negative impact on agricultural landscapes and their biological component, in particular climate change in the direction of aridity, aridization, technogenic load, and the like; deterioration of the silvicultural state of field-protective forest plantations of a linear type, a decrease in their areas, a decrease in protective and reclamation functions, a violation of their optimal age and species structure; the inconsistency of the structures of field-protective forest plantations with certain types of agricultural landscapes, reduces their ameliorative impact on agricultural land; the absence of completed systems of protective forest plantations of the linear type; application of simplified technologies in agriculture, weakening the ameliorative influence of protective forest plantations of a linear type on agricultural land; decrease in the volume of creation of agroforestry plantations over the past decades; lack of targeted systemic government measures for protective forest plantations of the linear type; insufficient total area of various categories of protective forest plantations of the linear type; reduction of the area of protective forest plantations of the linear type due to illegal economic activities; liquidation of agroforestry services; a significant decrease in the amount of funding for scientific research on agroforestry; lack of legal norms that provide for liability for inefficient land use. Analysis of the current degree of completeness and completeness of systems of field-protective forest plantations and the need for their optimization showed that field-protective forest cover in Ukraine is only 1.5% of the total land use area, in particular, in the Steppe zone - 2.2%, in the Forest-steppe - 1.0 and in Polesie - 0.4%. The area of forest shelter belts for various purposes, as well as forests, which, in turn, perform protective functions, is insufficient to stabilize the environment and create conditions for normal management. The total and field-protective forest cover of agricultural land in Ukraine is significantly lower than the established standards, which are about 3%. At this time, the situation with field-protective plantations is as follows: lands under field-protective forest belts no longer belong to the lands of the forest fund, but have become agricultural lands with the status of non-agricultural lands; lands under forest shelter belts are in communal ownership; lands for forest shelterbelts are transferred for permanent use and lease; permanent use of land for field protection plantations is transferred exclusively to specialized enterprises of communal and state forms of ownership; any natural or legal person can get a lease of field-protective forest belts, provided that the lease agreement includes the obligation to maintain and preserve such belts and ensure that they perform the functions of agroforestry reclamation; the rules for the maintenance of shelterbelts must be approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

Socio-pedagogical factors of family relationships within the COVID-19 pandemic

The article deals with the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on family relationships. It is noted that any family has been in a difficult position for more than a year, which has adversely affected all areas of its livelihoods and led to an increase in the number of divorces, and, as a result, of incomplete families. Therefore, it is not surprising that family problems, family relationships, attract scientists’ particular attention. Taking into account the importance and relevance of the outlined problems, we have analysed the factors of interpersonal interaction which negatively affect family well-being; they are: conflict relations between spouses, increased emotional tension, lack of communication, the authority of one of spouses, misunderstanding and imposing of inadequate social roles, low level of culture in family relationships. To determine the impact of quarantine on family relationships, a questionnaire was developed on the on-line platform of Google-Forms. 84 married couples were involved into a survey. The analysis of the results testified that in a third of the polled families who took part in the study, significant problems associated with the organisation of family life under conditions of the quarantine arose. This is the evidence that members of the family are not able to spend time together, they lack joint topics and interests, lacking respect and mutual understanding or tolerance towards each other. Working with various types of families (prosperous, non-social, those with low-income, large families), it is necessary for a social worker to take into account the peculiarities of working with different families and, on this basis, to use adequate forms and methods of work. In order to prevent destructive consequences caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, social workers need to strengthen advisory work in on-line and offline formats for the importance of communication within interpersonal relationships, demonstrating openness and trust in relations, adequate behavioural models in conflict situations. Socio-pedagogical work with the family within a quarantine should be aimed at restoring lost trust, harmonisation of married couples’ relationships, creating a favourable microclimate in the family. An important step in raising the culture-related level of family relationships is the creation of innovative complexes of programs by social service centres intended for families, children and youth on the on-line platforms.

Kernel quality evaluation of promising new almond germplasm grown in mountain and oasis agro-systems in Morocco

The main physicochemical traits of almond kernel were determined in 26 selected local almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus (L.) Batsch] seedlings grown in four localities under two different agro-ecological systems, Mountains (Al-Hoceima and Azilal) and oasis ecosystem (Agdez and Skoura). Nut and kernel weight varied widely among genotypes, year and population. Most genotypes exhibited small to intermediate kernel weight, ranging from 0.9 to 1.4 g. All these genotypes are hard shelled with shelling percentages lower than 25%. Kernels produced at Agdez and Skoura (oasis ecosystems) are slightly heavier than those of other localities (mountains regions). Natural variability was observed among genotypes for oil content, ranging from 50 to 61% on a dry weight (DW) basis. For protein content, the value varied between 18.24 and 29.16% DW. The year effect was significant on oil and protein content. In agreement with the oil content, the protein content of the kernels produced in oasis ecosystem [Agdez (24.84% DW) and Skoura (24.58 DW)] was higher than those collected in mountain regions [Azilal (22.35% DW) and Al-Hoceima (22.54% DW)]. The analysis of fatty acids demonstrated a significant variability among genotypes for palmitoleic (5.49–7.53%), palmitic (0.35–0.64%), stearic (1.42–2.80%), oleic (61.55–76.68%) and linoleic (13.58–27.7%) acid percentages with a significant year effect. Over the two studied years, the oleic acid was higher and the linoleic acid was lower in kernels of almond grown under oasis ecosystem than in those from mountains regions. The high quality of almond kernel produced in oasis ecosystem could be due to the favourable oasis micro-climate and to the periodic supply of water and nitrogen to the underlying crops that are inter-planted with almond; however in the mountains regions, the almond is grown under drought conditions without any supplemental irrigation or technical support.

Long-term patterns in winter habitat selection, breeding and predation in a density-fluctuating, high Arctic lemming population.

Habitat selection is expected to balance benefits and costs that maximizes fitness. Using a rare data set on collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus) winter nest location spanning more than two decades, we show that lemmings actively select for Salix snow beds, likely due to its favorable micro-climate, and that lemming habitat selection was density-dependent. Lemmings nevertheless exhibited some flexibility in their habitat selection, which appeared to be influenced by the year-to-year variation in snow conditions. The likelihood of both lemming breeding and nest predation by stoats (Mustela erminea) was not directly linked to habitat despite a delicate interplay between habitat, nest size, breeding, and predation. Hence, the larger lemming nests were found in Salix snow beds, and these were more often used for breeding, but both larger nests and nests used for breeding were also predated more often than other nests. Our study provides a clear example of how density-dependent habitat selection acts to balance fitness in the various habitats utilized by collared lemmings.

Vegetation as a tool for thermal regulation of urban microclimate in arid regions

The city of Biskra is known by its hot and arid climate; its outdoor spaces know extremely high temperatures during the summer period, which affect thermal comfort, well-being, user’s satisfaction in public spaces, such as the "Revolution’s plaza" which known by considerable attendance and a particular design. This study, focuses on the role of the urban vegetation on the thermal regulation in the open space. The main purpose is to study the effect of vegetation on the urban microclimate of this space “Revolution plaza”, through a site investigation, in order to measure the local climate and compare the results with weather’s station data. After that, an improvement case is suggested by simulation by Envi-Met 4 software. The results show the significant effect of the trees and natural surfaces in decreasing the heat transfer and temperatures degrees; which provides a favorable microclimate in this open space.

FEATURES OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT FORMATION FOR PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

The article highlights the problem of forming an inclusive educational environment for people with special problems, analyzes the conceptual framework and basic regulations on the development of inclusive education in Ukraine, describes and expands the essence and content of such concepts as «Environment», «educational environment», «inclusive educational environment», «people with special needs»; characterises general didactic principles of inclusive education, determines the main priorities and components of inclusive educational environment that will be formed on the principles of accessibility, humanity and efficiency; establishes its main features, highlights the main areas of psychological assistance to people with psychophysical development problems, their socialization in society. The multidimensionality of definitions and definitions in the process of characterization of the basic components of the educational environment is characterized. Various opinions and approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of «educational environment» are considered. The own understanding of inclusive educational environment as a type of educational environment, which provides all subjects of the educational process with equal opportunities for effective self-development, provides a solution to the problem of educating people with special needs by adapting educational space to the needs of each person, variability, favourable psychological microclimate, re-planning of educational facilities so that they meet the needs of all participants in the educational process without exception and ensure the full participation of people in the educational process. The characteristics of inclusive educational environment as a system of values to the personal development of people with special educational needs, the set of resources (means, internal and external conditions) of their lives in educational institutions and the focus on individual educational strategies.

Immunological variability of rice varieties depending on growing conditions

Blast (causative agent Pyriculariaoryzae Cavara) plays an important role among economically important, dangerous and harmful rice diseases of rice in all rice-growing countries, including Russia. The problem of resistance of rice plants to disease is one of the main problems in modern breeding in most countries. Intensification of rice cultivation creates a favorable microclimate in the sowing agrocenosis for the development of blast disease and leads to an increase in its harmfulness. The varieties quickly lose their resistance to new races of the pathogen, due to high spontaneous variability of the M. grisea fungus, its field populations are usually represented by a mixture of races with different virulence and aggressiveness, outstripping the evolution of the host plant. The nature of the blast manifestation depends on the agroclimatic conditions and genotype. The article presents the results of research at experimental and production plots of Federal Scientific Rice Centre (FSC of Rice) and Elite Seed-Production Experimental Statation Krasnaya (ESPES Krasnaya). It has been shown that a clear differentiation of rice varieties in terms of blast resistance and yielding properties is possible only when certain (provocative) conditions are created that contribute to the manifestation of their genetic potential, while the blast resistance of varieties cannot be provided only by the introduction of one gene of racespecific resistance. A close negative relationship was obtained between the yield and the intensity of blast disease on two backgrounds of mineral nutrition: N-1 - r = -0.93; N-2 - r = -0.95. The determination coefficients showed that in 86.8 - 90.1% of cases, the yield is due to the intensity ofblast development on the crops of the studied rice varieties.

Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata incubation mounds as habitat for other vertebrates

Ecosystem engineers change the availability of resources for other species by forming new habitat or modifying existing habitat but, despite the diversity of avian ecosystem engineers, 80% of current literature focuses on mammals and invertebrates. Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata build large incubation mounds of soil and leaf-litter that are likely to provide habitat for invertebrates and vertebrates but use of their mounds by other vertebrates has never been quantified. Here, we examine vertebrate fauna visitation rates at Malleefowl mounds and non-mounds using camera-trap data collected by two citizen science projects. From 2012 to 2018, 20 active Malleefowl mounds and 16 non-mound sites were monitored over 31,913 hours and 225,144 hours, respectively. In total, we identified visits by 1724 birds, reptiles and mammals from 36 species. The mean number of vertebrate visits per 1000 hours of surveillance was around one and a half times and species richness five times that at mounds compared with non-mounds. Malleefowl mounds may enhance the availability of invertebrate prey for insectivorous birds and mammals, provide a favourable microclimate for reptiles to thermoregulate, and be signalling/social communication locations. Our results show that further research is warranted and suggest that conservation of Malleefowl may be important not only for the Malleefowl itself, but also for a suite of mallee birds and reptiles.

Панцирные клещи (Acariformes, Oribatida) Внутригорного Дагестана (Гунибский район)

Carapace mites are important regulators of the mineralization of organic residues and the immobilization of various biogens in the soil. In the course of the research conducted on the territory of the Gunib district of the Republic of Dagestan, only 89 species of shell mites belonging to 61 genera and 41 families were identified. New data have been obtained that complement the list of species of shell mites in the Caucasus as a whole. Recently described Liacarus (Dorycranosus) musaevi, and two endemics of the Caucasus – Xenillus sculptrus and Suctobelba cornigera – were noted for region. Among other groups of soil microfauna, shell mites occupy a leading position, both in terms of their number and abundance of species. In studies conducted in mountain systems, it was found that the General pattern is a decrease in the number of microarthropods with an increase in absolute height. Very often, the pattern of changes in the taxonomic richness and population density of the microarthropod complex is diamond-shaped, characterized by maxima in the zone with the most favorable microclimate for a large group of species. From top to bottom, the microarthropod population density and taxonomic richness decrease along the mountain profile. As a result of the study, the maximum population density and abundance of oribatid species is observed in the soil of a birch forest and its gradual decrease as it transitions to grasslands, which is explained by changes in the hydrothermal conditions of soil horizons, both due to an increase in height and due to a change in the nature of vegetation to treeless.

Microclimate control system at poultry enterprises of closed type

The microclimate is a set of factors affecting the climate state in a limited space. Keeping and raising animals in agricultural premises is an important stage in the production of agricultural products. Maintaining a favorable microclimate in the room with animals ensures product safety and improvement of their quality. The cultivation of birds in industrial agricultural premises is an important stage in the production and further sale of agricultural products. It is necessary to maintain an optimal microclimate. The deviation of room factors from the norm leads to a decrease in the average daily weight gain and affects the safety of birds, especially in the autumn-winter period, as well as affects its productive egg-laying capacity. It is known that 40...50 % of all energy received by animals from feed goes to maintain a normal body temperature, and the rest - to gain weight and proper development. The food must be of high quality and contain all the necessary micronutrients. Ultimately, the temperature parameters affect the product cost. The ambient temperature directly affects the amount of heat released by the chicken in the initial stage, and the feed consumption accordingly. Deviations of the ambient temperature from the optimal one significantly reduce the growth and development of young birds and increase feed consumption, which leads to additional unplanned financial losses for the farm. An unsatisfactory microclimate, the determining parameter of which is the temperature regime, increases the product cost by 15-20 % and leads to an increase in the selling price for the final consumer. Due to the peculiarities of biological heat release and thermal regulation in young birds, the value of the optimal temperatures for their cultivation varies widely.

Trends of Manifestation of the Inclusive School Culture in the Context of Music Education

"The article presents the analysis and scientific assessment of trends of the inclusive school culture, manifesting themselves in the context of music education. It is maintained that school culture grounded on the philosophy of inclusive education and enriched with advanced educational processes, in this case, with artistic/musical activities, not only marks the school’s uniqueness but also highlights the importance of the educational process, unites and empowers its participants to work together naturally to achieve a common goal. Building the inclusive school culture, music education correlates with all of its main features manifesting themselves in reality: the collaboration of participants of the educational process, dissemination of best practice, favourable microclimate ensuring the manifestation of a successful situation not only in the educational process but also in concert activities, and the like. Music activity grounded on the philosophy of inclusive education becomes an aspiration building the inclusive school culture, which undoubtedly helps to create the society grounded on tolerance of differences, which seeks to envisage every learner’s needs and possibilities. Keywords: school culture, inclusive school, music education."

Soil Microbial Communities Associated With Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films.

Agricultural plastic mulch films provide a favorable soil microclimate for plant growth, improving crop yields. Biodegradable plastic mulch films (BDMs) have emerged as a sustainable alternative to widely used non-biodegradable polyethylene (PE) films. BDMs are tilled into the soil after use and are expected to biodegrade under field conditions. However, little is known about the microbes involved in biodegradation and the relationships between microbes and plastics in soils. In order to capture the consortium of soil microbes associated with (and thus likely degrading) BDMs, agriculturally-weathered plastics from two locations were studied alongside laboratory enrichment experiments to assess differences in the microbial communities associated with BDMs and PE films. Using a combination of amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we observed that agriculturally-weathered plastics hosted an enrichment of fungi and an altered bacterial community composition compared to the surrounding soil. Notably, Methylobacterium, Arthrobacter, and Sphingomonas were enriched on BDMs compared to non-biodegradable PE. In laboratory enrichment cultures, microbial consortia were able to degrade the plastics, and the composition of the microbial communities was influenced by the composition of the BDMs. Our initial characterization of the microbial communities associated with biodegradable plastic mulch films, or the biodegradable “plastisphere,” lays the groundwork for understanding biodegradation dynamics of biodegradable plastics in the environment.

Elevational environmental stress modulating species cohabitation in nests of a social insect

Termite nests may offer shelter to a number of species, alleviating the effects of environmental harshness. Certain elevational gradients provide variation on edaphoclimatic features, possibly generating harsh environmental conditions and boosting the number of immigrants seeking shelter within termitaria. Therefore, it is expected that metrics describing the community of termitaria cohabitants would correlate with elevation. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the termitophiles inhabiting 20 nests of Nasutitermes coxipoensis along an elevational gradient in a tropical mountain in Brazil. We assessed the richness, abundance, and composition (β‐diversity) of termite nests' cohabitants, testing nest volume and elevational position as explanatory covariates. We found a positive correlation between the elevation at which termitaria were located and the richness and abundance of cohabiting termitophiles. Additionally, no correlation was found between elevational distance and dissimilarity of cohabitant communities between termitaria. Hence, the understanding that termitaria work as an ‘oasis’ of favorable microclimate is reinforced by our findings that the composition changed but was not correlated to elevation. In short, environmental harshness boosts the establishment of distinct species of termitophiles in termitaria and it does so regardless of the invading species identity.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА ПЕРЕВІРКА ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ УМОВ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ТРЕНЕРІВ-ВИКЛАДАЧІВ ДО РОЗВИТКУ МОРАЛЬНО-ВОЛЬОВИХ ЯКОСТЕЙ УЧНІВ ДЮСШ

Актуальність: необхідність підготовки майбутніх тренерів-викладачів до розвитку морально-вольових якостей учнів дитячих юнацьких спортивних шкіл зумовлюється щорічним погіршенням психічного та соматичного здоров’я підлітків, що знайшло відповідне відображення в основних нормативних освітніх документах України.
 Мета дослідження полягає у теоретичному обґрунтуванні, розробці та експериментальній перевірці педагогічних умов підготовки майбутніх тренерів˗викладачів до формування морально˗вольових якостей учнівської молоді.
 Методи: теоретичний метод аналізу психолого-педагогічної літератури щодо проблеми дослідження (з метою виявлення стану досліджуваної проблеми); аналіз, синтез, абстрагування, узагальнення (для обґрунтування практико-орієнтовних засад відповідних педагогічних умов), педагогічне спостереження, тестування (тести успішності, тести здібностей, індивідуальні тести), проективні методи (конструктивні, експресивні, рольові), опитування (бесіда, інтерв’ю, анкетування), метод експертної оцінки і самооцінки (для обґрунтування педагогічних умов), методи математичної статистики (для обчислення результатів педагогічного експерименту).
 Результати: здійснено теоретичний аналіз проблеми професійної підготовки майбутніх тренерів-викладачів до розвитку морально-вольових якостей учнів дитячих юнацьких спортивних шкіл; розроблено методику та відповідні педагогічні умови покращення зазначеного процесу, проведено педагогічний експеримент щодо підтвердження ефективності зазначених педагогічних умов. 
 Висновки: результати дослідження підтвердили, що готовність майбутніх тренерів˗викладачів до розвитку морально˗вольових якостей учнів спеціалізованих навчальних закладів спортивного профілю формується більш ефективно за умов: використання виховного потенціалу спортивно˗тренувальної діяльності та позаурочної роботи щодо морального виховання; підготовки тренерів до виховання морально˗вольових якостей старшокласників; створення сприятливого мікроклімату для налагодження міжособистісного спілкування і гуманістичних стосунків між всіма учасниками освітнього процесу.

Biogas technologies in the heat and gas supply systems for the agricultural organizations in the Saratov region

One of the advantages of using biogas plants is the biogas production to generate thermal energy. The useful consumption of generated energy depends on the biogas plant’s thermal protection optimization level. The purpose of the study is to search for technical solutions and justification of optimal parameters for increasing the energy efficiency of a biogas plant used in the thermal energy generation to create a favorable microclimate in livestock buildings. The design and technological features of a biogas plant depend on the process stages, the shape of the reactor, and the types of mixing. The criteria for energy efficiency are the lowest cost of energy consumed by a biogas plant for its own needs. A comparison of the insulating materials’ energy indicators made it possible to establish that cellulose wool and polystyrene foam have the lowest heat transfer coefficients.

Leaf nitrogen metabolism during reproductive phase is crucial for sustaining lint yield of densely populated cotton genotypes

AbstractPlanting density and genotype choice are important agronomic techniques to achieve high crop yields. This study explored how planting density and genotypes affect cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf N metabolism and lint yield. Treatments included three planting densities (low, 3.00 × 104; moderate, 6.00 × 104; and high, 9.00 × 104 plants ha−1) and two genotypes (Zhongmiang16 and J‐4B). A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement was used. Planting density of 6.00 × 104 ha−1 positively influenced leaf physio‐biochemical attributes and boll production. The high planting density reduced lint yield by suppressing leaf soluble sugar, protein, amino acid, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, nitrate N and nitrite N content, nitrite reductase, and nitrate reductase activity. Moderate‐density crop produced 15.9 and 10.7% more lint yield than low‐ and high‐density planting, respectively. This high yield was the result of improved leaf level functioning (e.g., increased pigmentation and N metabolism during late reproductive growth), which increased C assimilation. Favorable leaf microclimate could also have sustained activities of leaf nitrate and nitrite reductase and increased amino acid and protein contents, with better distribution of N metabolic assimilates. Late reproductive structure development closely allied with leaf physiological attributes under a short growing season. Cotton genotypes, irrespective of their architectural variation, produced higher lint yield when grown at 6 × 104 ha−1 in a short cropping season.