Fault Lines Research Articles

Spatial multi-criteria decision making approach for wind farm site selection: A case study in Balıkesir, Turkey

This study presents a spatial multi-criteria decision making (SMCDM) approach based on geographic information system (GIS) for determining the sites that have potential for wind farm installation in Balıkesir, Turkey. Topographical, structural, climatic, and environmental criteria consisting of wind speed, land cover type, slope of terrain, and distance from substations, road networks, settlements, fault lines, electricity grid, and seaports are considered in the approach. Weights, derived from evaluation involving the use of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) questionnaire, and scored criteria maps, are used in creation of a wind farm suitability map. The results of the study demonstrate that 2.34 % of the total area under consideration is in the most suitable class, while 9.34 % is in the next most suitable class. The study introduces the seaport criterion for the first time in onshore wind turbine site selection. The findings show that considering the seaport criterion provides a more realistic approach of feasible wind turbine site selection. This is clearly seen in the 13 % decrease in the most suitable area. When the wind farm suitability map is evaluated on a district scale, Bandırma takes first place compared to other districts. A sensitivity analysis performed with equal criteria weights indicates that the results are generally reliable.

Faulty feeder selection based on improved Hough transform in resonant grounded distribution networks

Due to the weak fault characteristics and inaccurate fault line selection during high impedance faults, this paper proposes a new method for fault line selection in resonant grounded distribution networks based on improved Hough transform. Firstly, the variational modal decomposition (VMD) algorithm decomposes each feeder's zero sequence power under different operating conditions, then, using Sample entropy and Pearson correlation coefficient, selects the intrinsic mode function (IMF) with the highest correlation strength with the zero-sequence power of each feeder, called IMFK. Secondly, using the Hough transform to detect IMFK, obtaining the fitted straight line and IMFK angle during the fault's initial stage. The problem of identifying the zero-sequence power mode trend is transformed into a mathematical problem of determining the geometric shapes of straight lines and curves in the zero-sequence power mode image. Finally, a line selection criterion is established by integrating correlation coefficients to identify the faulty feeder in the distribution network system when a single-phase grounding fault occurs. The PSCAD simulation and on-site measurement results show that the proposed method can ensure the effectiveness and adaptability of the line selection.

Dante and Aristotle on Voluntary and Involuntary Action

Nicomachean Ethics 3.1 is a text of great significance for Dante’s meditation on the will. Aristotle offers two examples of involuntary action in Nicomachean Ethics 3.1; the first surfaces in Inferno 5 and the second in Paradiso 3. In Inferno 5, Dante uses Aristotle’s first example of involuntary action (a wind that carries us against our will), imposing it onto a context, the pursuit of carnal pleasure, in which the action was not in fact involuntary, but was willfully experienced as such. In Paradiso 3–5, Dante uses Aristotle’s second example of involuntary action (powerful men who carry us off against our will), importing it into a context in which violence occurs, but the victims of violence are nonetheless held to have behaved voluntarily. Dante thus disrupts the Aristotelian analysis, revealing the fault line between Aristotle on voluntary and involuntary action and the Christian doctrine of free will.

HIGHER-ORDER STATISTICS-BASED METHOD FOR TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT CLASSIFICATION

Research on power transmission lines has been the subject of several studies aiming to provide relevant information to electrical system users. One of the focuses of this study area is transmission line fault classification. This paper presents an approach for fault classification using higher-order statistics and an artificial neural network-based classifier. A detector based on Euclidean distance was implemented to reduce classifier complexity. The proposed method takes advantage of requiring only 1⁄32 cycles of postfault data to perform the classification; therefore, it is suitable for real-time processing. The proposed method classified 10 classes of faults with global efficiency above 97%.

GENERATIONAL SHIFTS IN WARFARE: THE EMERGENCE OF NON-STRATEGIC FORCES IN PAKISTAN

The nature of warfare has transformed tremendously in the 21st century fundamentally revolving around non-kinetic ideation. The concept of war is getting back to basics by defying the adversary clandestinely. The employment of indirect war tactics without resorting to hot wars against adversaries has produced unprecedented strategic yields. Numerous reasons may be attributed to this new war paraphernalia including the cost of war, entry of technology into the battlefield, the precedence of cognitive domain over physical domain in war, the aristocratic global order and above all the internal fault lines of some states which have ushered a new strategic era in global politics. The emergence of non-strategic forces for strategic purposes has also altered the dynamics of modern warfare. This Article will discuss the generational shifts in warfare with main focus on Pakistan as its major client. The article has also explored some areas of significance for strategists to counter 5GW against Pakistan in a cognitive and non-strategic domain

EARTH TREMORS - EMERGING THREATS IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

The August 2000 Jushi Kwari, September 2016 Kwoi Kaduna, and September 2018 Mpape (Abuja) seismic events have clearly placed Nigeria's Northern states at high risk of earth tremors. Although the Northern part of Nigeria is far from earthquake-prone zones around the world, recent seismic activity in the region suggests that Northern Nigeria is now vulnerable to earthquakes. As a result, the purpose of this research is to identify the vulnerability and assess the evolution of tremor activities in Nigeria's Northern States. Previous research has revealed dominant NE-SW and NW-SE trending structures distributed throughout Northern Nigeria, with all major regional fault lines (Romanche, Chain Charlot, and St Paul) extending from the Atlantic Ocean linked to NE-SW and SW faults, which are interpreted as conduits of seismic energy that cause earth tremors in Nigeria.

Utilization of GIS Model Mapping to Detect Fault Segments in Mesopotamian Foredeep Basin

The Mesopotamia Basin is widely recognized as a significant aggradation geomorphological entity, characterized by the dominance of fluvial, lacustrine, and aeolian landforms. The geographical scope of this study spans a specific region within the Mesopotamian Basin, specifically including Nasiriyah and Basrah located in the southern region of Iraq. It comprises a collection of Joint and fault systems that serve as indicators of various tectonic occurrences that have influenced the Arabian plate from the pre-Cambrian era up till the present day. The major goal of this model is to mapping and detects fault segments to get information about the large faults existing which is not recognized by prior work. A Geographic Information System (GIS) model was employed to create three digital layers, namely Lineament, drainage patterns, and lithological contact. These layers were established using several sources of information. The initial step of the GIS demonstration includes the input information, and the subsequent includes the selection of the equation for this model to specify the vulnerability of faulting segments in the research sector. Moderate to large lineaments (fault lines) were identified the results suggest an additional (26,15) new fault segment line numbers for the areas Nasiriyah and Basrah respectively which were not known by the fault map over the research sector, these fault lines reflect crustal structures (large length lineaments), as well as analysis lineaments from satellite images, enables obtaining a miscellany of terrain applications, such as the selection of landfill sites, determining terrain stability, dam sites, and many other applications

Western churches and politics: frontiers of ideologic divergence

The article deals with conflict lines in the interaction of religious institutions and political actors in Europe. Church policy in the West is seen as a practical implementation of the neo-secular approach, which implies a reduction in the role of religious institutions and church elites while remaining religiosity and quasi-religiousness. It is shown that the contradictions of state-confessional relations in Western countries pose both a threat to the value autonomy of religious organizations and an increasing trend towards the instrumentalization of religion in foreign policy. It is shown that attempts of value pressure on traditional church institutions contribute to the formation of a hostile environment that contributes to the strengthening of intra-church contradictions. As a result, religious organizations find themselves in a situation of multiplying ideological divisions and artificially pushed internal competition. The risks of reducing the institutional stability of traditional churches based on the unity of the doctrine and striving for internal unity are increasing. In this regard, the article offers an analysis of possible internal and external reactions of church institutions to the increasing pressure. As possible scenarios, the strengthening of the processes of ideological and regional autonomy and the increase in increasingly open conflicts with secular authorities in a number of countries on topical issues of the political agenda are considered. Under any of the scenarios, it is predicted that the fault line between European countries will strengthen on issues with a strong religious connotation, which may lead to an increase in social tension and deepening of divisions among the electorate in the Western states.

Fragments Shored Against Ruins: Defragmenting India through the Gathering Storm

Travel between territories which exists contemporaneously is baffling in a psychogeographical sense. What had previously been considered as movement through indifferent space seems to be movement through time, into the future or into the past. The spatial assemblages within which these figures travel each have their own temporality, a rhythm that is produced and maintained by the processes that produce and maintain the human and nonhuman elements of the territory. Therefore travel narrative manifests itself as a narrative of space and difference and consequently travel writing as a format reflects an incessant surge of new concepts, new ways of seeing and being.. In this context, I argue that such an attempt is made by Harish Nambiar in his Defragmenting India: Riding a Bullet through the Gathering Storm, a travelogue narrative of a motorbike trip of the author and his friend across various states. Written in the dramatic backdrop of the 2002 Godhra riots, it provides an account of the various fault lines of Indian society quivering in the temblors that the communal riots of Gujarat sent across the nation. The book maps the urban consciousness of India by juxtaposing lives, issues and situations of educated and the uneducated, craftsman and conservationist, teacher and businessman, daughters and drunks from small towns and non-metro cities of India. It thus succeeds in capturing the undercurrents that flow through the life of a nation, community, city, families and individuals, simultaneously cutting across narrow divisive borders.

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Fault Lines in Ecofeminism

Women’s association with nature has been debated for long now. Some have moved beyond this debate and have started to look at the repercussions of this assemblage more than its reasons. In this paper, I use a South-Asian/postcolonial text to show that there are fault lines within women-nature assemblage. Pertaining to the study of women-nature connection in literature, there are limited representations that are studied and theorized: a) women as showing care and compassion for nature and life in general, or showing a lack thereof owing to internalized patriarchy, or their material circumstances; b) women and nature being oppressed by androcentrism; c) women in biomorphic unity with nature. In literature, when women are shown in biomorphic unity with nature, the depiction is usually that of a pleasant natural environment where women are shown to be one with nature. What is least studied and lacks theorization is that women-nature connection where neither women nor nature is in its best form. I call it bad-women-bad-nature connection.

Numerical simulation and damaged analysis of a simply-supported beam bridge crossing potential active fault

Surface ruptures resulting from seismic faulting have the potential to inflict substantial damage to bridges straddling fault lines; hence, it is imperative to investigate the impact of ground motions documented on either side of fault rupture planes—termed as across-fault ground motion—on the seismic resilience of bridges. In this paper, the object of study is a three-span, simply supported beam bridge traversing a strike-slip fault. Utilizing the LS-DYNA finite element software platform, a sophisticated three-dimensional finite element model of the selected bridge is constructed, meticulously accounting for material damage nonlinearity and structural collision contact nonlinearity. A synthetic across-fault ground motion serves as the excitation for the seismic analysis of the bridge, systematically examining the influence of the fault-crossing angle (FCA), fault sliding rise time, and ground surface permanent rupture displacement on the dynamic response and seismic damage incurred by the simply supported beam bridge. The findings demonstrate that a diminutive fault-crossing angle (FCA) corresponds to an elevated risk of longitudinal beam collapse when a simply supported beam bridge does not intersect a fault vertically. The impact of the fault sliding rise time on the magnitude of seismic response and damage sustained by the simply supported beam bridge is relatively minuscule and can be neglected. Conversely, the ground surface permanent rupture displacement profoundly influences the dynamic response and seismic damage of the bridge. The emergence of fling-step pulses from the development of ground surface permanent rupture displacement amidst seismic activity induces a shift in failure mode-from the designer-intended bending failure to an unforeseen shear failure.

Enhancing resilience by outage management strategy based on semidefinite programming relaxation method in unbalanced microgrids

During electrical power outages caused by extreme events, microgrid operators (MGOs) attempt to restore as much electrical load as possible. This work suggests a strategy for outage management (OM) to improve microgrid resilience by using two optimal actions: distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) and scheduling of distributed energy resources (DERs). After a line fault, the radial network topology is determined by the proposed model using the rank of the incidence matrix. The proposed model is formulated by an analytical optimization method created by semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation. The SDP changes the non-convex and nonlinear model suggested for OM into an approximated convex model, which commercial software applies. The proposed model considers the uncertain behavior of non-dispatchable DERs and the electrical demands that deal with an information gap decision theory (IGDT) based on a risk-averse strategy. To improve the proposed model's flexibility, the shortened electrical demand as a demand response program (DRP) is considered. The aim of optimization is the minimization of the accumulative cost for dispatchable DER operation and load reduction. The suggested SDP model is figured out using the MOSEK solver in GAMS software. Using the offered model in the 69-bus unbalanced test system displays that the SDP model averagely decreases total operation cost and execution time by 1.04% and 61.29% on all scenarios in comparison with the conventional GAMS model.

Fluid-assisted intra-plate seismicity at the edge of the Gawler Craton, South Australia

The Australian continent, being void of active plate boundaries, is often perceived as seismically quiescent. However, earthquakes of moderate magnitude (M6+) occur on the continent around once per decade. Such intra-plate activity can pose a significant risk as these earthquakes can occur along fault lines that are either unknown or considered inactive, are often non-periodic, and poorly understood. Within Australia, the spatial distribution of intra-plate seismicity is non-uniform, instead tending to concentrate along certain weak zones of increased activity. One such region is the eastern margin of the Gawler Craton in South Australia, one of the oldest building blocks of the continent. Recently, several new temporary seismic arrays have been deployed in the region, transforming data coverage across southern Australia. In total, 139 new local earthquakes have been recorded, most of which went undetected by the national seismic network. Following relocation, the pattern of earthquakes becomes more localised and appears to coincide with the edge of the Gawler Craton. Further, a spatial association was found between earthquakes and mound springs, which act as the discharge point for groundwater migrating from the Great Artesian Basin. Enhanced fluid pressures (mantle-degassing) within permeable crustal scale fault systems, responding to a regional contractional strain field, appear to be a key driver of seismicity in the area.

Mathematical modeling of the Southeastern Turkey earthquake (Pazarcık, Mw 7.8) using TEC data

Southeastern Turkey perished by the Mw 7.8, Kahramanmaras earthquake on February 6, 2023, at 01:17 UT (04:17 LT). The Kahramanmaras-centered event, hit by the break of the East Anatolian Fault Line, is felt in Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, and Cyprus on the border of Turkey. Together with Syria, it causes loss of lives and severe damage in 10 cities. This work is dedicated to the people of the region. The study discusses the causality of anomalies by conducting ionospheric anomaly research via the interpolated TEC map obtained from the CODE according to the coordinates of the epicenter of the earthquake (latitude, longitude). The TEC amplitudes are observed by evolving the time-domain TEC map into the frequency-domain with the Fourier transform. The peaks of the amplitudes allow preliminary information for the anomaly days. For the anomaly, the TEC (TECU) boundaries are drawn by the statistical specification. The TEC map outside these boundaries is marked as an anomaly. The causality of abnormalities is tried to be read through the triad of the geomagnetic storm(s), solar activity, and the earthquake effect. One can find seven anomaly days in the paper. January 30, February 2, 3, 11, 15, 16, and 21 are the anomaly days. The essay probably detects the anomaly before 3 days related to the Southeastern earthquake.

Optimal single settings based relay coordination in DC microgrids for line faults

A novel time–current-rate-based inverse characteristic curve for relays in a DC microgrid is proposed in this paper. Line current rise rate is used as actuating quantity, ensuring quick line fault clearing (relay operating time is in order of a few μs). The advantage of using line current rise rate as actuating quantity is that for a line short-circuit fault, it does not vary significantly for grid-connected and islanded modes of operation and varying network topologies of DC microgrid. Consequently, using the proposed characteristic, a single set of optimal relay settings is obtained using an optimization solver in MATLAB. The obtained settings ensure reliable and selective coordination between primary and backup relays for various pole-to-ground and pole-to-pole line faults under different operating conditions with multiple sources in two different 4-bus 400V low voltage DC microgrids. The maximum relay operating time for a high resistance fault with the proposed curve is 394.9μs for the first considered low voltage DC microgrid. Simulations in the Real Time Digital Simulator and comparisons with previous schemes (one comparison on the second considered DC microgrid), conventional standard inverse, and extremely inverse curves for DC microgrid protection indicate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A novel fault section location method for single pole to ground fault of DC distribution lines

AbstractDirect‐current (DC) distribution lines are mostly underground cables, with the highest probability of single pole to ground fault among various faults. However, the topology of DC distribution networks is flexible and variable, and existing fault location technologies cannot achieve both high accuracy and good adaptability. A fault section location method for single pole to ground fault in DC distribution lines based on steady‐state zero‐mode current direction is proposed. First, a unified zero‐mode equivalent model for the DC distributed system in the non‐effectively grounded system is established. Then the directional difference in zero‐mode current between the fault and non‐fault sections in the zero‐mode network is fully explored when a single pole to ground fault occurs. Next, a fault section location criterion based on the direction of the steady‐state zero‐mode current is proposed to effectively identify the single‐pole grounded fault section. The feasibility of the proposed fault section location method under different fault conditions is verified based on the PSCAD/EMTDC software. In addition, the simulations show that the proposed method is suitable in the non‐effectively grounded system, and has low requirements for sampling frequency and data processing, with strong resistance to transition resistance.

Weighted-minimax programming subject to the RTA max-product fuzzy relation inequality system and its optimal strong solution

Recently the max-product fuzzy relation inequalities have been applied to describe the wireless communication basic-station system. In this paper we further define the so-called random-term-absent (RTA) max-product fuzzy relation inequalities, which enable the system to bear a random communication line fault. Moreover, in order to make all basic-stations take part in the communication activity and avoid waste of resources, we investigate the strong solution to the RTA system. In general case, the strong solution set is composed by a unique maximum strong solution and a finite number of minimal strong solutions. Based on the practical application consideration, we propose the corresponding weighted minimax optimization problem. Detailed algorithm is designed for obtaining the optimal strong solution of such an optimization problem, with an illustrative example.

Events Classification in Power Systems with Distributed Generation Sources Using an LSTM-Based Method with Multi-Input Tensor Approach

In this paper, a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based method with a multi-input tensor approach is used for the classification of events that affect the power quality (PQ) in power systems with distributed generation sources. The considered events are line faults (one line, two lines, and three lines faulted), islanding events, sudden load variations, and generation tripping. The proposed LSTM-based method was trained and tested using the signals produced by the events simulated in a study system with distributed generation sources via PSCAD®. Then, noise with different levels was added to the testing set for a thorough assessment, and the results were compared with other well-known methods such as convolutional and simple recurrent neuronal networks. The LSTM-based method with multi-input proved to be effective for event classification, achieving remarkable classification performance even in noisy conditions.

Tort tales and total justice: Exploring attitudes toward everyday tort claims for workplace injuries

AbstractDespite some retrenchment, the litigation state remains alive and well. All this litigation has engendered intense debates over whether increased lawsuits represent a rising tide of justice or a flood of frivolous claims. Tort law has been at the center of these debates for decades, standing at the fault line between “tort tale,” “total justice,” and “mixed” narratives about the perils and benefits of litigation. In this article, we use a survey experiment to probe attitudes toward claims for workplace injuries in light of these narratives. We find that our participants held multifaceted views. On one hand, they favored making claims over doing nothing or asking family members for help and saw lawsuits as equally appropriate as filing a government claim or hiring a lawyer to send a demand letter. On the other hand, tort tale themes cast a subtle shadow over our participants' views. When told claimants did not rush to the courts in defiance of tort tale expectations, our participants saw the lawsuit as more justified. Indeed, the more remedies exhausted prior to litigation, the more justifiable the lawsuit seemed, even though repeated denials of claims might undermine faith in their merits. The bottom line, we contend, is that attitudes toward litigation reflect not only the choice of remedy but also how remedies are used, even when the underlying claim is meritorious—a point that could be useful to practitioners and advocates as they weigh claiming options as well as litigation and public communication strategies.

Disaster Preparedness Using Local Wisdom Approach in Palu City

Palu City is one of the city centers in the world which is located on a fault line that is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. The latest earthquake and tsunami occurred on September 28, 2018 with a magnitude of Mw 7.4, which was centered on the ground and caused a large tsunami in Palu City. The earthquake and tsunami claimed 4,194 lives and damaged 55,102 buildings while missing, heavily, and lightly damaged. To reduce the impact of disasters, it is necessary to make efforts to increase awareness based on local wisdom so that it can be easily implemented in the community of Palu City. Local wisdom was explored by the people of Palu City and saw its effect on the level of alertness to disasters caused by the earthquake and tsunami. Local wisdom ombo is obtained from the people of Palu City, which contains a prohibition on building close to clean water sources. Data collection was carried out by conducting interviews with 121 affected communities regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and environmental conditions related to the level of vigilance. For environmental variables, local activity was a parameter included in the survey. The results of the analysis showed that the level of knowledge about the earthquake and tsunami as well as attitudes based on local wisdom increased the level of vigilance in disaster risk reduction efforts in Palu City. The results of the analysis showed that the implementation of attitudes based on local wisdom can affect the level of alertness with a value of 0.87, which means that the application of local wisdom can increase preparedness for earthquake and tsunami disaster. Indigenous latent variables (knowledge, attitudes, and environmental conditions) had a strong effect on exogenous latent variables (earthquake and tsunami preparedness) with an R2 value of 0.741.