Fault Elements Research Articles

Disputing Consent: The Role of Jury Directions in Victoria

Judges' directions to juries in rape cases should perform an educative function by clarifying the law and establishing appropriate standards for sexual relations guided by sexual autonomy, communication and respect. Since the 1990s, rules governing jury directions have been substantially reformed in Victoria. While these reforms were designed to minimise outdated perceptions of rape and ensure consistency and clarity in their delivery, the complex nature of rape law has instead led to a set of convoluted and confusing jury directions. Not only has this placed unreasonable expectations on jurors to understand the meaning of consent and the fault element of this offence, but the high number of appeals and overturned convictions resulting from judicial misdirection indicates that the law is not achieving its primary goals. This article examines the jury directions on consent in Victoria and some of the key problems that have ensued. We argue that the confusion within the law has led to equally confusing jury directions, and this serves to compromise and undermine the purpose and achievements of rape law reform over the past two decades.

풍력발전기 상태 모니터링을 위한 ZigBee 무선 센서노드 및 네트워크

풍력발전기가 경제적, 환경적 요인에 따라 대형화, 해상화 되고 있어 접근이 어렵고, 부품 및 유지보수 비용이 증가하고 있다. 풍력발전기 상태 모니터링을 통하여 고장 요소를 최소화 하고, 고장 시 2차 사고를 예방하여 운영유지 및 보수비용을 낮추고 신뢰성을 증가시켜야 한다. 본 논문에서는 IEC 61400-25-2에서 표준으로 추진하는 풍력발전기 모니터링에 적합한 센서 중 실제 풍력발전기 상태 모니터링에 필요한 온도, 습도, 전압, 전류, 풍향, 풍속 센서를 ZigBee 무선 통신 소자와 결합하여 무선 센서노드를 구성하고 이를 이용한 간단한 네트워크를 통하여 센서 신호를 전송한다. 각 무선 센서노드에서 전송되는 신호는 라우터를 통하여 중앙 모니터링 터미널에 전송한다. 또한 LabVIEW로 신호를 수집 및 처리하고, TCP/IP 통신 변환을 통해 인터넷 환경이면 언제 어디서든지 사용자 및 관리자가 모니터링 할 수 있도록 한다. Because wind turbines are larger and more off-shore construction due to economic and environmental factors, it is more difficult to access the wind turbine as well as the necessary parts and the maintenance costs are increasing. So, we need to minimize fault elements and to prevent a secondary accident at failure through monitoring to reduce maintenance costs and to increase reliability of operation. In this paper we have implemented ZigBee based wireless sensor nodes and network for wind turbine condition monitoring using temperature, humidity, voltage, current, wind direction, and wind speed sensors. ZigBee wireless sensor nodes signals are transmitted to a central monitoring system via routers. Also, the sensor signals are collected and processed using LabVIEW program to monitor the wind turbine conveniently. The administrators and users can monitor the condition of wind turbine at remote site in real time over TCP/IP.

An Effective Fault Identification Technique for Electrical Engineering

Wide area adaptive backup protection needs to locate fault element and fault section before backup protection action, and prepare for modifying fixed value of backup protection. The fault localization that works for wide area adaptive backup protection is the precondition of adaptive backup protection. Recently, numerous experts and scholars have done extensive studies on power grid alarm processing and fault diagnosis, however all of these methods utilized action information from protection or circuit breaker that is fulfilled after protection action. In this paper, according to different kinds of failures, we will study an effective fault identification technique for electrical engineering. Ill. 1, bibl. 14, tabl. 1 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.123.7.2370

A 3D hp‐adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method for modeling earthquake dynamics

We introduce a novel scheme, DGCrack, to simulate dynamic rupture of earthquakes in three dimensions based on an hp‐adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method. We solve the velocity‐stress weak formulation of elastodynamic equations on an unstructured tetrahedral mesh with arbitrary mesh refinements (h‐adaptivity) and local approximation orders (p‐adaptivity). Our scheme considers second‐order fault elements (P2) where dynamic‐rupture boundary conditions are enforced throughad hocfluxes across the fault. To model the Coulomb slip‐dependent friction law, we introduce a predictor‐corrector scheme for estimating shear fault tractions, in addition to a special treatment of the normal tractions that guarantees the continuity of fault normal velocities. We verify the DGCrack by comparison with several methods for two spontaneous rupture tests and find excellent agreement (i.e., rupture times RMS errors smaller than 1.0%) provided that one or more fault elements resolve the fault cohesive zone. For a quantitative comparison, we introduce a methodology based on cross‐correlation measurements that provide a simple way to quantify the similarity between solutions. Our verification tests include a 60° dipping normal fault reaching the free surface. The DGCrack method reveals convergence rates close to those of well‐established methods and a numerical efficiency significantly higher than that of similar discontinuous Galerkin approaches. We apply the method to the 1992 Landers‐earthquake fault system in a layered medium, considering heterogeneous initial stress conditions and mesh adaptivities. Our results show that previously proposed dynamic models for the Landers earthquake require a reevaluation in terms of the initial stress conditions that take account of the intricate fault geometry.

Analysis of Fault Permeability Using Mapping and Flow Modeling, Hickory Sandstone Aquifer, Central Texas

Reservoir compartments, typical targets for infill well locations, are commonly created by faults that may reduce permeability. A narrow fault may consist of a complex assemblage of deformation elements that result in spatially variable and anisotropic permeabilities. We report on the permeability structure of a km-scale fault sampled through drilling a faulted siliciclastic aquifer in central Texas. Probe and whole-core permeabilities, serial CAT scans, and textural and structural data from the selected core samples are used to understand permeability structure of fault zones and develop predictive models of fault zone permeability. Using numerical flow simulation, it is possible to predict permeability anisotropy associated with faults and evaluate the effect of individual deformation elements in the overall permeability tensor. We found relationships between the permeability of the host rock and those of the highly deformed (HD) fault-elements according to the fault throw. The lateral continuity and predictable permeability of the HD fault elements enhance capability for estimating the effects of subseismic faulting on fluid flow in low-shale reservoirs.

Delineating active faults by using integrated geophysical data at northeastern part of Cairo, Egypt

Geophysical techniques such as gravity, magnetic and seismology are perfect tools for detecting subsurface structures of local, regional as well as of global scales. The study of the earthquake records can be used for differentiating the active and non active fault elements. In the current study more than 2200 land magnetic stations have been measured by using two proton magnetometers. The data is corrected for diurnal variations and then reduced by IGRF. The corrected data have been interpreted by different techniques after filtering the data to separate shallow sources (basaltic sheet) from the deep sources (basement complex). Both Euler deconvolution and 3-D magnetic modeling have been carried out. The results of our interpretation have indicated that the depth to the upper surface of basaltic sheet ranges from less than 10–600m, depth to the lower surface ranges from 60 to 750m while the thickness of the basaltic sheet varies from less than 10–450m. Moreover, gravity measurements have been conducted at the 2200 stations using a CG-3 gravimeter. The measured values are corrected to construct a Bouguer anomaly map. The least squares technique is then applied for regional residual separation. The third order of least squares is found to be the most suitable to separate the residual anomalies from the regional one. The resultant third order residual gravity map is used to delineate the structural fault systems of different characteristic trends. The trends are a NW–SE trend parallel to that of Gulf of Suez, a NE–SW trend parallel to the Gulf of Aqaba and an E–W trend parallel to the trend of Mediterranean Sea. Taking seismological records into consideration, it is found that most of 24 earthquake events recorded in the study area are located on fault elements. This gives an indication that the delineated fault elements are active.

Bacteria foraging optimization in antenna engineering: An application to array fault finding

Finding fault elements in linear antenna arrays using bacteria foraging optimization (BFO) is presented. One of the better options of array diagnosis is to perform it by measuring the radiated field, because in this case, removal of the array from its working site is not required and thereby not interrupting its normal operation. This task of fault finding from far-field data is designed as an optimization problem where the difference between the far-field power pattern obtained for a given configuration of failed element(s) and the measured one is minimized w. r. t. the excitations of the array elements. This set of excitations on comparison with the excitations of the original array gives the idea of the fault position and their type, such as either complete fault or partial fault. BFO being relatively new to microwave community when compared with other soft-computing techniques, its performance was observed w. r. t. time of computation and convergence of the iterative process. Possibility of finding the faults from random sample points and use of minimum number of sample points for array fault finding are the novelties of the present work. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2013.

The Fault Element in the History of German Criminal Theory: With Some General Conclusions for the Rules of Imputation in a Legal System

This paper tries to explain against the backdrop of the history of German criminal theory why and in which way the fault elements are seen differently in Germany and in Anglo-American countries. It shows how Feuerbach’s psychological model of guilt convinced Feuerbach’s German contemporaries in the 19th century that the suppression of the actual will to violate a criminal prohibition must be the reason for punishment. For such deterrence theory, direct intention is the central criterion of imputation. There is no room for extensions like indirect intention. The resulting gap was filled by representatives of the will theory who created dolus eventualis as a criterion of imputation. The paper then concentrates on the gradual change which dolus eventualis has undergone due to the development of a ‘normative’ concept of guilt, i.e. a perception of guilt as a failure to live up to certain expected standards. It is outlined how the normative concept of guilt has facilitated Welzel’s decision to transplant dolus from the guilt level to the level of definitional elements. Transferring dolus to the definitional level led to a further change from a primarily voluntative to a cognitive content of the notion. It became appropriate to view dolus eventualis as acceptance of the prohibited state of affairs. For reasons of clarification the terms dolus eventualis and recklessness are compared in an annex to the paper.

Two-and-a-Half Dimension Gravity Modeling to Delineate the Structures of the Western Abu Gharadig Basin, Western Desert, Egypt

abstract The present study is a trial to carry out 2½-dimensional gravity modeling to confirm the structures and tectonics of the western Abu Gharadig Basin, Western Desert, Egypt. This is achieved by a sequence of procedures, started by establishing the trends of six 2½-dimensional residual gravity models, most of them passing through the available control wells. Two-and-a-half-dimensional gravity modeling of mass distributions in the subsurface of the study area was performed on the significant residual anomalies of the area, which had been separated from the unwanted regional field. They were separated using the average power spectrum method available in the suite of programs provided by Geosoft (1994). Such 2½-dimensional models were constructed to reveal the dissecting structures and to subdivide the sedimentary sequence of the area into 10 time-rock and rock units (Paleozoic and Jurassic sequences, Alamein-Shaltut, Kharita, Bahariya, Abu Roash, Khoman, Apollonia, and Dabaa), in addition to the underlying basement complex. Some seismic sections were used to help constrain the construction of 2½-dimensional models. Two-and-a-half-dimensional gravity models were constructed after transferring the structural and geologic information (fault elements and depth values) of the two-dimensional gravity models to the base maps. In this way, 10 structural contour maps were established on the tops of the respective stratigraphic units. Generally, these maps reflect the considerable effect of the NE-SW and NW-SE trends as major directions of fracturing in the study area of the northern Western Desert of Egypt.

Application of [formula omitted] transform in fault diagnosis of power electronics circuits

A method based on S transforms and support vector machines was presented for fault diagnosis of power electronics circuits in which the S transform time-frequency analysis of the fault signal is used to extract the features corresponding to various faults. Then, fault types are identified through the pattern recognition classifier, based on SVM. The simulation results show that the proposed method can accurately diagnose faults and locate fault elements for power electronics circuits. It also has excellent performance for noise robustness and calculation complexity, thus, having good practical engineering value in the solution to fault problems for power electronics circuits.

Wide-Area Backup Protection Algorithm Based on Fault Component Voltage Distribution

A new wide-area backup protection algorithm based on the fault component voltage distribution is proposed in this paper. It is helpful to overcome the problems of complex setting and maloperation under flow transfer of conventional backup protection. The measured values of fault component voltage and current at one terminal of the transmission line are applied to estimate the fault component voltage at the other terminal. Then, the fault element can be identified by the ratio between the measured values and the estimated values. In addition, the speed of fault element identification can be accelerated by a faulted area detection scheme. The proposed method has the advantage of easy setting and low requirement for synchronized wide-area data. The studies performed on the IEEE 39-bus system validate the proposed algorithm under various faults and flow transfer.

Fault diagnosis technology based on Wigner–Ville distribution in power electronics circuit

Based on Wigner–Ville distribution similarity, a method of fault diagnosis is proposed for power electronics circuits. After setting up the module time–frequency matrices of Wigner–Ville distribution for all fault signals, the similarities between the module time–frequency matrices of the fault signal and the former standard are then calculated, thus arriving at the diagnosis according to the principle of maximum similarity. The simulation result of fault diagnosis of a thyristor in a three-phase full-bridge-controlled rectifier shows that the method can accurately identify the fault types as well as the location of the fault elements for power electronics circuits, and it has an excellent performance for noise robustness and calculation complexity. Therefore, it is quite practically valuable in the solution to the fault problems for power electronics circuits.

Fault Diagnosis Technology for Power Electronics Rectifier Based on Wavelet Packet

The paper presents on power electronics controlled rectifier faults diagnose technology based on the combination wavelet packet transformation and neural network mainly. By using the character of wavelet packet multiresolution, fault signal is decomposed at multi-scale, orthogonalation and normalization, extract feature vector, which as training input of neural network, and design classifier of fault pattern. The validity and feasibility of the fault diagnosis method is demonstrated by simulation. this method can quite accurately diagnosis fault and define fault element for power electronics controlled rectifier, and the diagnosis precision is high, the method has very good practical value and apply future on solving power electronics controlled rectifier fault diagnosis.

Korporatiewe Identiteit as die Basis van Strafregtelike Aanspreeklikheid van Regspersone (2): Die Praktyk

The shortcomings of individualist models of corporate criminal liability have led to the development of more realistic approaches to the criminal liability of juristic persons. In this contribution two legislative attempts to impose criminal liability on corporations based on their unique corporate identity or corporate ethos are critically discussed. The Criminal Code Act of 1995 applicable in the Commonwealth of Australia provides that the fault element of an offence must be attributed to a corporate body if that body expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence. One of the manners in which the authorisation or permission for the offence may be established is by having regard to the corporate culture which had existed within the body corporate that directed, encouraged or tolerated the criminal conduct. This approach is often regarded as the most sophisticated and comprehensive model for corporate criminal liability. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act of the United Kingdom of 2007 provides that a jury may take into consideration the extent to which the evidence shows that there were attitudes, policies, systems or accepted practices within an organisation that were likely to have encouraged failure to comply with health and safety legislation. The corporate culture or corporate identity model is not the exclusive model of attribution in these jurisdictions. It does, however, go a long way towards recognising true corporate or organisational fault. Corporate acts are not merely reduced to the fault of individuals but are rather based on the manner in which the corporation is structured.Keywords: Criminal liability; doctrine of identification; vicarious liability; juristic persons; organisational theory; corporate identity; corporate culture

The <i>National Credit Act</i> Regarding Suretyships and Reckless Lending

The shortcomings of individualist models of corporate criminal liability have led to the development of more realistic approaches to the criminal liability of juristic persons. In this contribution two legislative attempts to impose criminal liability on corporations based on their unique corporate identity or corporate ethos are critically discussed. The Criminal Code Act of 1995 applicable in the Commonwealth of Australia provides that the fault element of an offence must be attributed to a corporate body if that body expressly, tacitly or impliedly authorised or permitted the commission of the offence. One of the manners in which the authorisation or permission for the offence may be established is by having regard to the corporate culture which had existed within the body corporate that directed, encouraged or tolerated the criminal conduct. This approach is often regarded as the most sophisticated and comprehensive model for corporate criminal liability. The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act of the United Kingdom of 2007 provides that a jury may take into consideration the extent to which the evidence shows that there were attitudes, policies, systems or accepted practices within an organisation that were likely to have encouraged failure to comply with health and safety legislation. The corporate culture or corporate identity model is not the exclusive model of attribution in these jurisdictions. It does, however, go a long way towards recognising true corporate or organisational fault. Corporate acts are not merely reduced to the fault of individuals but are rather based on the manner in which the corporation is structured. Keywords: Criminal liability; doctrine of identification; vicarious liability; juristic persons; organisational theory; corporate identity; corporate culture

A Compressed Sensing Approach for Array Diagnosis From a Small Set of Near-Field Measurements

A technique for array diagnosis using a small number of measured data acquired by a near-field system is proposed. The technique, inspired by some recent results in the field of compressed sensing, requires the preliminary measurement of a failure-free reference array. The linear system relating the difference between the field measured using the reference array and the field radiated by the array under test, and the difference between the coefficients of the reference and of the AUT array, is solved using a proper regularization procedure. Numerical examples confirm that the technique gives satisfactory results in terms of failure detection with a reduction in the number of data of two orders of magnitudes compared to standard back-propagation technique and of one order of magnitude compared to the number of elements of the array, provided that the number of fault elements is small. This result is relevant in practical applications, since the high cost of large array diagnosis in near-field facilities is mainly caused by the time required for the data acquisition. Accordingly, the technique is particularly suitable for routine testing of arrays.

Statistics of the values of a normalized slip in the points of an earthquake fault

In order to develop a statistical description for the values of a final slip (dislocation) in different points of an area of an earthquake source fault, we analyzed the recently compiled collection extendedfault descriptions, obtained by solution of the corresponding inverse problem. The probability distribution func� tion was studied for the normalized average slip in a subfault (an element of a large fault). Each large fault yielded by an individual inversion was normalized by division of the slip value in a subfault to the mean value averaged across the subfaults of a given fault. The processing included the following steps: informal rejection of less reliable inversions, normalization, and construction of empirical distribution functions for individual earthquakes and for the pooled sample. We estimated the parameters of the empirical functions and approx� imated them by simple standard distribution laws. The statistical structure of the values of the slip is found to be rather stable. The individual empirical samples have the coefficient of variation 0.98 ± 0.28 and, generally, resemble those with the exponential distribution law. The upper tail of the distribution rather sharply tapers off, following, on average, the power law with the exponent α being approximately from -3.5 to -4. The composite distribution has a noticeable atom at zero with a weight of about 10%. The presence of this atom impedes approximation of the observed distribution by a simple law. We proposed a reasonable approximation by a modified lognormal law; the modification includes shifting to the left and winsorization at zero. The appearance of the atom at zero is possibly due to the unbreakable barriers at propagation of a rupture; at the same time, we cannot rule out the possibility for it to be an artifact generated by the procedure of inversion. Our results provide good grounds for practical simulations of the scenario earthquakes; they also are of inter� est for the physics of the earthquake source.

Surface traces of the Minnivellir, Réttarnes and Tjörvafit seismic faults in the South Iceland Seismic Zone: Segmentation, lengths and magnitude of related earthquakes

Accurate GPS mapping and field measurements have been carried out along the surface traces of three N–S right-lateral historical and prehistorical seismic strike-slip faults in the South Iceland Seismic Zone: the Minnivellir, Tjörvafit, and Réttarnes faults. We used these data and those previously collected on the Selsund and Leirubakki faults to characterise the faulting behaviour. This study illustrates a characteristic multi-scale segmentation including, from the longer to the smaller fault elements: (i) fault (corresponding to the total length of the seismic fault), (ii) fault segments, (iii) arrays of fractures and (iv) individual fractures. The most distinctive feature of such right-lateral fault is its left-stepping en-échelon arrangement at various scales, with push-up structures accommodating the motion in the relay zones. This study also highlights the role of the nature and thickness of the uppermost layer (lava flow, thin or thick grassy soil) with respect to the type and length of fractures at the surface. Our mapping reveals complex fault geometry which, however, is consistent with the general left-lateral transform behaviour of the South Iceland Seismic Zone. Some left-lateral conjugate fault branches are present along these major right-lateral faults and participate to the deformation. The estimation of the strike-slip offsets (1.3–2 m) based on the analysis of push-up structures allow to infer the total rupture lengths (45–70 km) for these faults and to estimate the magnitudes (7.0–7.2) of the related earthquakes, bringing confirmation that events significantly larger than those of June 2000 (Ms = 6.6) have occurred in the SISZ, which plays an important role for the seismic hazard assessment.

Analysis of emergent fault element behavior in Virtual California

AbstractThe Virtual California simulation tool can be used to study fault and stress interaction scenarios for realistic California earthquakes and produces a large data set, which is ideally suited for statistical analysis. As with any complex system, it can produce emergent phenomena unexpected by its designers; these can be studied in order to gain insight into real world geophysical phenomena. We have developed a statistical method to analyze Virtual California data that enables us to determine the correlation relationships between the simulated fault elements. We present the results of this analysis of 40 000 years of data for 59 faults (639 elements). We focus on five specific cases that display noteworthy behavior that includes long‐range fault interactions, activation–quiescence, and complex small‐scale interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The assurance as a result of blood chemical analysis by ISO-GUM and QE

The Quality Assurance (QA) of measurand has been discussed over many years by Quality Engineering (QE). It is need to more discuss about ISO standard. It is mining to find out root fault element for improvement of measured accuracy, and it remove. The accuracy assurance needs to investigate the Reference Material (RM) for calibration and an improvement accuracy of data processing. This research follows the accuracy improvement in field of data processing by how to improve of accuracy. As for the fault element relevant to measurement accuracy, in many cases, two or more element is buried exist.The QE is to assume the generating frequency of fault state, and it is solving from higher ranks for fault factor first by "Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)". Then QE investigate the root cause over the fault element by "Root Cause Analysis (RCA)" and "Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)" and calculate order to the generating element of assume specific fault. These days comes, the accuracy assurance of measurement result became duty in the Professional Test (PT).ISO standard was legislated by ISO-GUM (Guide of express Uncertainty in Measurement) as guidance of an accuracy assurance in 1993 [1] for QA. Analysis method of ISO-GUM is changed into Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) from Analysis of Valiance (ANOVA). EDA calculate one by one until an assurance performance is obtained according to "Law of the propagation of uncertainty". If the truth value was unknown, ISO-GUM is changed into reference value. A reference value set up by the EDA and it does check with a Key Comparison (KC) method. KC is comparing between null hypothesis and frequency hypothesis. It performs operation of assurance by ISO-GUM in order of standard uncertainty, the combined uncertainty of many fault elements and an expansion uncertain for assurance. An assurance value is authorized by multiplying the final expansion uncertainty [2] by K of coverage factor. K-value is calculated from the Effective Free Degree (EFD) which thought the number of samples is important. Free degree is based on maximum likelihood method of an improved information criterion (AIC) for a Quality Control (QC). The assurance performance of ISO-GUM is come out by set up of the confidence interval [3] and is decided. The result of research of "Decided level/Minimum Detectable Concentration (DL/MDC)" was able to profit by the operation. QE has developed for the QC of industry. However, these have been processed by regression analysis by making frequency probability of a statistic value into normalized distribution. The occurrence probability of the statistics value of a fault element which is accompanied element by a natural phenomenon becomes an abnormal distribution in many cases. The abnormal distribution needs to obtain an assurance value by other method than statistical work of type B in ISO-GUM. It is tried fusion the improvement of worker by QE became important for reservation of the reliability of measurement accuracy and safety. This research was to make the result of Blood Chemical Analysis (BCA) in the field of clinical test.