Fatty Material Research Articles

Characterization of the Lipid Components in <i>Desmodesmus</i> and <i>Scenedesmus</i> Strains: Lipid Content, Lipid Classes and Fatty Acid Profile

The lipid composition in terms of the amount of neutral lipids, free fatty acids and polar lipid content is of great importance to make full use possible of this fraction and to define the suitability of its application, either as a raw material for fuel production, nutraceutical purposes or feed. In addition to the fatty components present in the lipid extract, other components may be included, such as: carotenoids, pigments and sterols. The microalgae studied in this work, Scenedesmus sp. and Desmodesmus sp., were subjected to the same growth conditions and evaluated for lipid content, quantification and diversity of lipid components as well as its fatty acid profile. For lipid determination two extraction methods were compared: the J: Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff and Bligh & Dyer method. For Desmodesmus sp. 5.43% ± 0.41% and 9.18% ± 0.33% of lipids were obtained on an ash-free dry weight basis and for Scenedesmus sp. 12.46% ± 0.38% and 8.16% ± 0.42% of lipids were obtained on an ash-free dry weight basis using for both methods J: Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff and Bligh & Dyer, respectively. For the identification of the main lipid components present in the extracts, the Thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique was used. This made it possible, using a simple and inexpensive method, to identify the compounds extracted by different extraction methods, that is, it was possible to verify the selectivity of the different extraction methods. In addition, it has been shown that using these methods, widely described in the literature as methods of extracting lipids in practice, extracts a wide diversity of compounds. The major lipid class for both microalgae was fatty acids with amounts between 23.62% - 38.02%. The triglycerides percentage in biomasses without chemical treatment did not exceed 18.26%. In the lipid extract obtained with Bligh & Dyer, the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. presented 55.26% of unsaponifiable material, higher than the amount present using the same extraction method for Scenedesmus sp. 49.06%. Among the main unsaponifiables identified are hydrocarbons (carotenes) and sterols esters. The acid treatment of biomass, method J: Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff, showed selectivity of 72.84% and 76.66% for obtaining fatty material from the microalgae Desmodesmus sp. and Scenedesmus sp., respectively. The results showed that depending on the method used for extraction, the lipid fraction will be different in relation to the percentage of fatty components.

Zero-trans fats by enzymatic interesterification of blends beef tallow / rice bran oil

The aim of this study was to analyze in detail the changes produced by the enzymatic interesterification of BT/RBO blends (beef tallow/rice bran oil) at different proportions, as an alternative for production of trans free fats. It was observed that the increase in the oil content produced a range of the content of saturated fatty acids from 20 to 38% in the blend and a range of polyunsaturated fatty acids from 35 to 18%. In TAG composition, the SUU and SSS type (S: saturated fatty acid; U: unsaturated fatty acid) increased in concentration as a result of interesterification process and this effect was more noticeable when the blend was richer in oil, arriving at 19 and 4% respectively in 50:50 BT/RBO blend. These variations in composition greatly improved the plastic range of BT. The process studied produced new trans free fatty materials with improving suitability as food ingredients. Therefore, promising new materials were developed.

Vulnerabilities in the Production of Biogas from the Fat-Containing Tannery Waste

Background. The problem of disposal of the fat-containing tannery waste can be solved by anaerobic fermentation. This raises the important question of the effect of inhibitor compounds on the process of methanogenesis and on the output of biogas. In particular, the effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 used in technology and antibiotics that accumulate in subcutaneous fat when used in animal husbandry for digestion of fat-containing raw materials have not yet been studied.Objective. The purpose of the paper is determination of possible influence of salts and antibiotics on the process of methanogenesis and on the output of biogas and methane.Methods. The study was conducted in laboratory reactors with a volume of 0.5 dm3 under anaerobic conditions at 38 ± 1 °С with the addition of different concentrations of salts and antibiotics (the sample was used without the addition of test compounds to control the process). The anaerobic association of microorganisms in the form of an inoculum served as the biological agent.Results. The effect of salt content on the destabilization of methanogenesis during digestion of fat-containing raw materials and the effect of the antibiotic content of tetracycline and norfloxacin on the yield of biogas from fatty raw materials were determined. Thus, with the use of NaCO3, the greatest inhibition occurs at a concentration of 11.4 g/dm3 (decrease in biogas output by 54%), with a further increase in the concentration to 22.8 g/dm3 an increase of 18.2% is observed compared to the concentration of 11.4 g/dm3. It is shown that the concentration of methane in biogas with the use of NaCO3 decreases with increasing concentration of the inhibitor, which confirms its negative impact on the process of methanogenesis.Conclusions. Biogas yield is increased by 17% at a NaCl concentration of 3.8 g/dm3, and biogas and methane production decreases even more at NaCl concentrations of 7.6 g/dm3. When using antibiotics, tetracycline and norfloxacin, the allowable rate in raw materials is 2.5 mg/dm3 for both antibiotics.

Birch bark tar in early Medieval England – Continuity of tradition or technological revival?

Birch bark tar is a manufactured product with a history of production and use that reaches back to the Palaeolithic. Its sticky, water resistant and biocidal properties mean that it has a wide range of applications, for example, as a multipurpose adhesive, sealant and in medicine. Archaeological evidence for birch bark tar in the old world covers a broad geographic range from the UK to the Baltic and from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia. In the east and north of this range there is continuity of use to modern times but in western Europe and the British Isles the use of birch bark tar has generally been viewed as limited to prehistory, with gradual displacement by pine tars during the Roman period.Here, we report new finds of birch bark tar from two early Medieval sites in the east of England. Analysis by HT-GC/MS to identify the tars also revealed fatty material, possibly added to modify the tar. The different contexts of the finds point to diverse applications of the material: in one case perhaps a medicine, the other associated with a ceramic container, possibly used for processing the tar. The results present the first identification of birch bark tar from early Medieval archaeological contexts in the UK. Together they indicate a later period of use for birch bark tar in the UK than has been previously observed and raise the question of whether this indicates evidence of a longer continuity of use than hitherto recognised or a later reintroduction of the technology in the Medieval period, in which case the similarities between the find sites, both early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries with comparable assemblages of grave goods, may be significant.

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE PROCESSING OF HIGH-ACIDITY FATTY MATERIALS USING SOLID CATALYSTS FOR THE OBTAINMENT OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS

Abstract This work presents the processing of a high-acidity oil through sequential reactions of esterification using montmorillonite K10 and transesterification using zinc monoglycerolate. Since these solids had not been employed along with this approach beforehand, the objective of this work is to provide a general insight of the proposed process and demonstrate its technical feasibility. In this sense, the processing of a synthetic mixture containing soybean oil and lauric acid provided a reduction of the free fatty acid content from (40.8±0.1) % to (3.1±0.4) % after the esterification reaction and a fatty acid methyl ester yield of (95.4±0.2) % was obtained after the transesterification reaction. As compared to traditional homogeneous catalysts, the solid catalysts employed in this work require higher reaction times to achieve satisfactory ester yields but, on the other hand, they are less sensitive to the presence of both water and free fatty acids in the raw materials and can be easily recovered and reused. Therefore, the results accomplished may help the development of a technology for processing high-acidity fatty materials in order to obtain biodiesel, although its economic feasibility still needs a further assessment.

Transparent Soap from Virgin Coconut Oil with Addition of Papaya Fruit Flesh Extract

This research was aimed to get the best transparent soap from virgin coconut oil with addition of papaya fruit flesh extract. Research method used completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of five treatments and repeated three times. Addition of papaya fruit extract were 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, and 40 g into 200 g soap stock. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and continued with duncan’s new multiple range test at 5%. Parameters of the transparent soap observed were chemical properties and organoleptic test. Result of ANOVA showed that free fatty acid, free alkali, and insoluble material in ethanol had met the standard of solid soap SNI 3532-2016 except for water content and total fatty acid. Based on this research, the best formula of transparent soap was with addition of papaya fruit flesh extract 40 g which had 29.87% moisture content, 30.46% total fatty acid, 1.06%, insoluble material in ethanol, 0.15% free fatty acid, 0% free alkali, 9.03 pH, 89.43% foam stability, and 349.55µg/ml antioxidant activity. Sensory assessment of soap by panelist showed that the soap had an orange color, papaya scented, soft texture, and overall hedonic was a little bit liked by panelist.

The Effect of Temperature and Exposure Time on Stability of Cholesterol and Squalene in Latent Fingermarks Deposited on PVDF Membrane.

Cholesterol and squalene are fatty materials of latent fingermarks that can be utilized for dating methodologies and visualization techniques. Previous studies have suggested these compounds undergo degradation in fingermarks as a function of time (days) and light at ambient temperature. However, studies assessing how their composition changes at low and high temperatures over short periods of time (hours) have not been published previously. Here, we performed quantitative analysis of cholesterol and squalene in natural fingermark residue using PVDF membrane, after exposure to a range of temperatures (-20 to 100°C) for 4 and 8h. We found that levels of both fatty materials remained constant at -20 to 60°C, but both showed significant reduction at 100°C, over short exposure times. These results indicate that cholesterol and squalene are detectable at -20 to 60°C, whereas at 100°C or higher, both are lost due to rapid thermal degradation.

Constrained melting of graphene-based phase change nanocomposites inside a sphere

In the present work, the melting behavior of a fatty acid-based phase change material (PCM) with the addition of functionalized graphene nanoplatelets in a spherical capsule was experimentally studied. The fatty acid-based PCM (OM 08) has been selected for the air-conditioning application with a phase change temperature of 8 °C. The PCM-based nanocomposite samples were prepared by covalent functionalization method. The volume percentage of the functionalized graphene nanoplatelets varied from 0.1 to 0.5% with an increment of 0.1%. The thermal conductivity and rheological properties of the PCM nanocomposites were measured experimentally by transient hot wire method and rheometer, respectively. The maximum enhancement in thermal conductivity for 0.5 vol% of graphene nanoplatelets was found to be ~ 102%. The rheological test found that the addition of graphene nanoplatelets in the PCM resulted in the transition of Newtonian behavior to non-Newtonian behavior at lower shear rates. The viscosity of the PCM nanocomposites increases with volume fraction. Initially the pure PCM and PCM nanocomposites were solidified individually in a spherical capsule at different bath temperatures of 2 °C and − 10 °C. Then the solidified samples were kept in a constant temperature bath at 31 °C, and the melting characteristics were studied. The melting time of the PCM nanocomposite was reduced significantly with the addition of 0.5 vol% of graphene nanoplatelets by ~ 26% and ~21% for the PCM initial temperature of − 10 °C and 2 °C, respectively.

Production of biodiesel using oil obtained from fish processing residue by conventional methods assisted by ultrasonic waves: Heating and stirring

The biofuels have great ecological advantages against the petroleum fuels, especially when they are obtained from residues with environmental pollution potential. So, the biodiesel was produced using oil from the fish processing residue collected in the Fishermen’s Colony Z-3, Brazil, and the experiments were developed with two different methods for production of biofuels. The fish residue was thermally treated to extract the fatty material and the biodiesel was produced by the methods of heating, stirring, and heating and stirring assisted by ultrasonic waves. The best biodiesel was with heating and stirring method with yields of 92.37% and 97.95% with the reaction times of 30 and 60 min, respectively. The ultrasonic method provided the highest biodiesel yield at the sonication time of 2 min, at the frequency of 20 kHz. The biodiesel produced from the fish waste showed high concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium. Furthermore, the production of biodiesel from a potential residue that can contaminate the environment, such as fish residue, promotes a social and economic increment in a community like Fishermen’s Colony Z-3.

Multi-analytical characterization of perigonadal fat in bluefin tuna: from waste to marine lipid source.

Marine lipids are widely recognized as supplements beneficial to health in the human diet. Bluefin tuna, as most migrating fish, may have high and variable marine lipid contents in their tissues. The viscera of the specimens caught in the Mediterranean Sea are generally discarded. Only ovaries are (locally) used for artisanal seafood preparations. A multi-analytical approach carried out using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) revealed that the perigonadal fats usually discarded during bluefin tuna evisceration are characterized by a high relative abundance of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (76.2% of dry mass), with docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5) acids preferentially located at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. By contrast, in fats from the ovarian tissues, no wax esters and phospholipids were evidenced. Cholesterol was found in very low amounts (84 mg/100 g ovarian tissue). In vitro assays showed that this fatty material is rapidly hydrolyzed by lipase and is prone to auto-oxidation, especially if compared to the stable wax esters contained in the ovary. The results show that the perigonadal fats of bluefin tuna, traditionally wasted after evisceration, may be an interesting source for the preparation of marine lipid supplements that do not require complex fractionation processes. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Analysis of major carotenoids and fatty acid composition of freshwater microalgae

Considering the nutraceutical properties, the high commercial value from pigments and essential lipids and the environmental sustainability, the purposes of this study were to assess the major carotenoids and fatty acids composition of nine microalgae species as a source of nutraceutical compounds and as fatty raw material for biodiesel production. The carotenoid and fatty acid content were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (HPLC/APCI-MS/MS) and by high resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). For the carotenoid analysis, the developed method presented a rapid response, a good chromatographic separation, higher sensitivity and can provides more compounds information due the mass spectrum. Among the microalgae evaluated, Desmodesmus protuberans (10.3 mg g-1), Desmodesmus denticulatus var. linearis (8.43 mg g-1) and Chlamydomonas planctogloea (7.4 mg g-1) are good lutein sources. Coelastrum sphaericum (15.29 mg g-1) and Parachlorella kessleri (22.96 mg g-1) showed high astaxanthin content; the others microalgae species presents low carotenoid content. In addition, Chlorella zofingiensis provides high quantities of γ-linolenic acid (4.3%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were lower than 1.1 %. Regarding for biodiesel production, the promising strains are Coelastrum sphaericum and Parachlorella kessleri.

Multidimensional Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Morphological and Chemical Spectrum Graphics for Monitoring and Characterization of Polyunsaturated Fatty‐Acid Oxidation

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are components of many commercial products such as edible oils, foods, cosmetics, medication, and in biological systems such as phospholipids of cellular membranes. Although PUFA aggregates are important functional components, they are also related to system degradation, because PUFA are susceptible to oxidation via their multiple double bonds and allylic carbons. Current technologies are not effective in characterizing the morphological and chemical structural domains of saturated, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA materials, or how the morphological structures of fatty acids, at the mesomolecular, nanomolecular, and molecular levels, affect their oxidation mechanisms. In this article, the 1H low‐field (LF) NMR energy relaxation time technology is proposed as a tool to analyze PUFA oils undergoing thermal oxidation. This technology generates two‐dimensional (2D) chemical and morphological spectra using a primal‐dual interior method for the convex objectives (PDCO) optimization solver for computational processing of the energy relaxation time signals T1 (spin–lattice) and T2 (spin–spin). The 2D graphical maps of T1 vs. T2 generated for butter, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and linseed oil show that the different degrees of unsaturation of fatty‐acid oils affect their chemical and morphological domains, which influences their oxidative propensity. The technology of the 1H LF‐NMR energy relaxation time proved to be an effective tool to characterize and monitor PUFA oxidation.

Original Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst for selective hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils

The preparation of biodiesel from fatty materials HDO provides a very constructive idea to solve the global clean energy problem. The application of catalytic technology to convert oils into green liquid hydrocarbon fuel has great potential for industrial application. The main problem with the development of green diesel technology is the limited number of available non-food sources of fatty acid triglycerides. Also the researchers have made remarkable achievements in the field of catalyst, the stability of the catalyst is insufficient and the selectivity of large molecules of direct alkanes is low. These defects hinder the large-scale resource development of biodiesel. In current paper the potential of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of fatty materials and model esters was explored by enhancing the synergy of platinum and tin by using heterometallic (PPh4)3 [Pt (SnCl3)5 complex. Heterometallic (PPh4)3 [Pt (SnCl3)5] complex provides in its structure platinum and tin atoms linked by a metal–metal bond that causes the originality of catalytic performance. The performance of bimetallic Pt-Sn/Al2O3 catalyst, which is characterized by the Sn/Pt molar ratio of 5/1, has been studied at hydrogen pressure 50 atm and temperature 400–480 °C. HDO reaction of a number of fatty materials has been shown to proceed with the highest ever yield of direct hydrocarbons derived from alkoxy and acyl groups of the initial ester. Also it was investigated a performance in HDO reaction of mixture containing rapeseed oil oleic acid and water that simulate cooked oil that may be a prospective soure for green hydrocarbons in megalopolises. A structural studies of the catalyst showed that its high selectivity in HDO reaction of fatty materials provided by two important factors: impregnated particles size and formation of intermettallic species of PtSn3±σ. Finally, catalysts sustained activity and stability were tested during five turns of 24 h each.

Разработка технологии кулинарной продукции на основе использования нетрадиционного рыбного жирового сырья

Разработка технологии кулинарной продукции на основе использования нетрадиционного рыбного жирового сырья

ЗАМІНА ГІДРОГЕНІЗОВАНИХ ЖИРІВ НА РОСЛИННУ ОЛІЮ У СКЛАДІ БОРОШНЯНИХ КОНДИТЕРСЬКИХ ВИРОБІВ

Urgency of the research. One of the trends in the development of the global confectionery market, which is linked to the care of consumers health, is the development of confectionery that do not contain hydrogenated fats. Their source in confectionery are margarines and confectionery fats, which are made on the basis of vegetable oils, in particular, palm and coconut or low-quality animal fats, which are waste meat and fish processing enterprises. A direct relationship between the increased content of trans-isomers in the products and diseases of the cardiovascular system, impaired metabolic processes, in turn, provokes the development of various diseases has been established. Therefore, search for alternative raw materials to replace the hydrogenated fats in the confectionery composition is a need. Target setting. In the process of searching for these types of raw materials, developers are faced with the problem of stabilizing the properties and quality of confectionery containing vegetable oils, namely, the binding and content of oil in dough and finished products. Most often, for this purpose, food additives of a stabilizing action based on high-molecular compounds - polysaccharides and proteins are used. The use of such additives leads to a departure from the traditional formulation of products, adding to the list of ingredients on the packaging of finished products is often in no way understandable to the consumer by E-codes and names. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The latest publications have been reviewed, which disclose the mechanisms of negative effects of trans-fatty acids on human health, which also indicate the need to limit the content of trans fats in food products and which suggest alternative sources of fatty materials for confectionery. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Remains relevant search for ways to stabilize the structure of confectionery products, which contain vegetable oil in its composition, without the use of polysaccharides and protein stabilizers. The research objective. The aim of the study is the development of confectionery recipe without the use of hydrogenated fats. The statement of basic materials. Refined sunflower oil as an alternative to hydrogenated fats in the confectionery was used. To stabilize the dough and finished products, as well as to improve their organoleptic characteristics, potassium bitartrate was introduced into the formulation. The physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of finished products manufactured according to the developed recipe were studied. Conclusions. The proposed prescription composition of the confectionery with the use of vegetable oil in its composition allows to obtain finished products with good physico-chemical and organoleptic quality indicators.

Ensuring the safety of the lipid fraction of semi-finished products of a high degree of preparation from fatty fish raw materials

The relevance of the studies is caused by the need to improve the safety and extend the shelf life of semi-finished products from fatty fish raw materials. The study was carried out at the premises of the Saratov State Agrarian University. Study objects were fish mixed fodder; two-year-old carps; fish raw materials; carp semi-finished products. Physicochemical, histological, and organoleptic research methods were used in the study. The authors have developed a method for inhibiting the process of fish fat oxidation at all the stages of the life cycle of fish products using CO2 rosemary extract and milk thistle oil meal as antioxidant components because they contain flavonolignans and carnosic and rosmarinic acids. Technological methods for obtaining complex fish mixed fodder with antioxidant properties were developed and the optimal dosages of the antioxidants added to a feed supplement were determined. A positive effect of an antioxidant supplement on the fish biological characteristics of a reared carp, as well as on the morpho-functional indicators of the obtained raw materials, was shown. The authors developed formulations of the fish semi-finished products made from the raw materials grown using antioxidant fish mixed fodder. The safety and quality indicators of the developed products were estimated. They showed that the use of an antioxidant component at the stage of fish rearing and in manufacturing process of fish semi-finished products makes it possible to significantly improve the stability of the fat phase both in fish raw materials and in the finished products.

Effectiveness of Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) Seed Extracts on Fungi and Bacteria Management

Grape ( Vitis vinifera L.) seeds from 3 grape varieties were powdered and the fatty material was extracted. These extracts were tested for grape storage restriction fungi Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata , Aspregillus niger and Penicillium expansum and antibacteria activity for Gram-negative Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , and Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis , Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus by pour plate method. The grape seed extracts (GSE) were tested against peri-implantitis microflora. Suspension of microorganisms was made in sterile normal saline and adjusted to 0.5 Macfarland standard (10 8 Cfu mL -1 ). From the stock of 65536 mg mL -1 GSEs, serial dilutions were made up to 4 mg mL -1 . It was found that, no effective restriction and/or inhibition for tested fungi and Gram-negative Escherichia coli 35218, Klebsiella pneumonia 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, and Gram-positive Enterococcus feacalis 51299 bacteria while Gram-positive Staphylococus aureu 44300 was inhibited at 32768 μg mL -1 GSE of ‘Muskule’ variety and GSE 65536 μg mL -1 GSE of ‘Okuzgozu’ and Streptococcus pneumonia 49619 bacteria were inhibited at 2048 μg mL -1 4096 μg mL -1 and 32768 μg mL -1 concentration of ‘Kara Dimrit’, ‘Okuzgozu’ and ‘Muskule’ GSEs. The results of the study showed that GSEs has potential antimicrobial effects which can be further studied.

CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPASE IMMOBILIZED ONTO CARRIER CHITOSAN-Fe3O4 BY THE COVALENT COUPLING METHOD

Enzymes are catalysts for biochemical reactions in the cell's metabolism. Enzymes are highly specific in their action on substrates. Lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase) is an unique enzyme which can catalyze various types of reactions such as hydrolysis, esterification, alcoholysis… In recent days, studying and applying immobilized lipase in catalyzing transesterification of biodiesel production has been receiving much attention. The increased demand for biodiesel and the difficulties in obtaining enough quantities of raw materials for its production are stimulating the search for alternative feedstocks. Among the various possibilities, the utilization of residual fatty materials, in particular oils and animal fat residues from the meat and fish processing industries, are increasingly seen as viable options for biodiesel production. This paper presents the results of producing fixed lipase enzyme on microparticle chitosan-Fe3O4. Microparticle is a complex of nano particles Fe3O4 being absorbed on chitosan so it has magnetic property. Enzyme links to microparticle through an intermediate bridge – glutaraldehyde. Free enzyme which is used to fix is commercical lipase enzyme of Sigma (Germany) being extracted from pancreas of pig. Under the optimum conditions (pH 6, 40oC), after 3 hours reaction, immoblized enzyme activity measured 185 IU/mg and the productivity of attaching lipase to the carrier ratio was 75.1%. With immobilized lipase, the result of testing the biodiesel synthesized by lipid from wastewater of the surimi fish fillets manufacturing. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were further analyzed. The characterizations of the produced biodiesel showed that it met Vietnam standart (TCVN 7717:2007). Also discussed are the questions related to the viability of using this type of feedstocks in biodiesel production.

Influence of Types of Fatty Materials and Addition of Sugar Concentration on Fruit Leather Quality from Dragon Fruit Albedo (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

In this study, the production of fruit leather from dragon fruit skin albedo was conducted in order to investigate the effect of stabilizer types and ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo with sugar concentration on the quality of fruit leather from dragon fruit skin albedo. The research was conducted using Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with two factors. First factor was the addition of stabilizer ingredients with 3 variants, which are gum arab, pectin, and gelatine, with concentration 0.2% for each. Second factor was the ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo and sugar concentration added with 3 ratios, which are 70%:30%, 60%:40%, and 50%:50%. Results of the research showed that the addition of stabilizer ingredients affected the water content, pH, total acid, total sugar content, and fiber content, and also influenced the colour, texture, aroma, and flavour preferences of fruit leather. There was interaction between stabilizer type and ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo and sugar concentration added on the water content, total sugar content, fiber content, and the colour, aroma, and flavour preferences of fruit leather. From the mean of hedonic test, pectin as stabilizer ingredient type with ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo and sugar concentration 70%:30% generated the best fruit leather with the mean of water content 26,86% wb, pH 3,64, total acid 7,69% db, total sugar content 48,86% db, and fiber content 1,75% db.

Correlation between Ankle Brachial Index with Coronary Artery Disease and Gender

Abstract Background Ankle brachial index (ABI) has been shown to be a specific and sensitive for the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Both PAD and coronary artery disease (CAD) are caused by atherosclerosis, which is a narrowing of the arteries due to the build-up of plaque and fatty material inside the lumen. The aim of our study is to find out the relation between ABI and coronary angiographic findings with cardiovascular risk factors and gender in patients admitted in a tertiary care center with a provisional diagnosis of CAD. Methods It is a cross-sectional observational study, in which patients admitted with suspected CAD are included. In this study, patient characteristics such as demographics, family history, past history of CAD, and other comorbidities were included, and also the risk factors for atherosclerosis such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking history were enquired by using a predetermined proforma. In all study patients, ABI was measured prior to coronary artery angiogram (CAG). ABI ≤ 0.9 was considered as PAD, and ABI between 0.9 and 1.4 was considered as normal. Then, all patients included in the study underwent CAG. The results of the ABI reports were compared with the angiographic findings and atherosclerotic risk factors. Results In this study, 90 patients were included who were admitted for CAG. Twenty-two patients have ABI ≤ 1.09 among them, 9 patients have no CAD, and 13 patients have CAD on CAG. Sixty-eight patients have ABI ≥ 1.10, with 28 patients having no CAD and 40 patients having CAD. There is difference in the right and left mean ABI with right ABI less than left ABI, and it is statistically significant (p = 0.014). By binary logistic regression, the determinants of CAD are left ventricle ejection fraction (EF) and age, and ABI was not a predictor. In our study, out of 90 patients, only 1 had ABI < 0.9 (1.1%). Therefore, it is not worth doing ABI in all patients undergoing CAG to rule out peripheral vascular disease (PVD). This is true in male and female patients and even in the diabetics. In comparing male and female ABI, there is no significance between ABI in both the sexes. Conclusion This study findings concluded that ABI is not a useful method in assessing the risk factors and the severity of CAD in suspected patients. Only left ventricle EF and age were the predictors of the presence of CAD, and ABI was not a predictor. This study have shown the difference in the right and left mean ABI with right ABI less than left ABI, which is an important finding. This study has also shown the similar prevalence of ABI in both sexes. However, to make more accurate results on ABI (right vs. left), we should plan studies with larger sample size in future.