Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Research Articles

Erythrocyte membrane and breast milk fatty acid profile in lactating mothers: relationship with infant erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile.

During the first thousand days of life, fetus and infant's nutrition depends on mother's diet. Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) are important substrates in infant neurogenesis. We related erythrocyte membrane (EM) and breast milk fatty acids (FA) profile in lactating mothers with the EM FA profile in exclusively breastfed infants and evaluated maternal fat consumption. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional analytical study. During the 2016-2019 period, milk and blood samples from adult mothers 90 days post-partum and infant's blood were analysed, and FA were determined by GC. A frequency of consumption survey of fatty acids precursor foods and sources was conducted. The sample included forty-five mother-infant EM and forty-five milk samples donated by the same mothers. A low percentage of DHA (0·14 (0·12-0·2)) was found in milk, consistent with mother's low consumption of DHA-rich foods. A significant positive correlation between infant's EM DHA percentage and milk DHA percentage (r = 0·39; P value 0·008), as well as between infant's EM ω-3 fatty acids sum and milk DHA percentage (r = 0·39; P value 0·008), was found. When milk had a DHA percentage greater than or equal to 0·20 %, infants had a significant increase in DHA in their EM. Mother's consumption of DHA precursors and sources was NS. The relation between the DHA percentage distribution found in maternal milk, and the DHA percentage distribution found in infant's and mother's EM was proven in this population. Dietary fatty acid intake is associated with the maternal milk lipid distribution and with mothers' and infant's EM fatty acids percentage.

Fatty Acid Profile of Erythrocyte Membranes in Patients with Psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic systemic disease with a multifaceted pathomechanism and immunological basis, with the presence of inflammatory skin lesions and joint ailments. Diseases accompanying psoriasis include metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. It has been suggested that inflammation is involved in the development of each of these conditions. The main objective of this study was to analyse the fatty acid profile, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, in the erythrocyte membranes of patients suffering from psoriasis. A total of 58 adult patients of the Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, suffering from psoriasis, were qualified for this study. The patients had undergone an interview and physical examination, during which the severity of psoriasis was assessed. All patients had their weight and height measured to assess their body mass index (BMI). After 3 months of treatment, biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, total cholesterol) and inflammatory markers (CRP) in the blood were assessed. In addition, the isolation of fatty acids (PUFAs, SFAs, MUFAs) from erythrocyte membranes and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of their profile using a gas chromatograph were carried out. In patients with severe psoriasis requiring systemic treatment, an altered profile of fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes was found, including a significantly lower concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3), which have an anti-inflammatory effect; a significantly higher concentration of saturated fatty acids; and a decreased concentration of oleic acid (omega-9), compared to the results obtained in patients with less severe psoriasis receiving topical treatment. In patients with psoriasis and BMI ≥ 25, significantly higher concentrations of AST and ALT in the blood and significantly higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid in erythrocyte membranes were found. Elevated concentrations of saturated (R = 0.31) and monounsaturated fatty acids (R = 0.29) may correlate with a greater severity of psoriasis.

Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid concentrations and myelin integrity in young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis

Decreased white matter (WM) integrity and disturbance in fatty acid composition have been reported in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR). The current study is the first to investigate both WM integrity and erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels as potential risk biomarkers for persistent UHR status, and global functioning in UHR individuals. Forty UHR individuals were analysed at baseline for erythrocyte membrane PUFA concentrates. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to analyse fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity measures. Measures of global functioning and psychiatric symptoms were evaluated at baseline and at 12-months. Fatty acids and WM indices did not predict functional outcomes at baseline or 12-months. Significant differences were found in FA between UHR remitters and non-remitters (individuals who no longer met UHR criteria versus those who continued to meet criteria at 12-months). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found to be a significant predictor of UHR status at 12-months, as was the interaction between the sum of ώ-3 and whole brain FA, and the interaction between the right anterior limb of the internal capsule and the sum of ώ-3. The results confirm that certain fatty acids have a unique relationship with WM integrity in UHR individuals.

Effect of pitavastatin on erythrocyte membrane fatty acid content in patients with chronic kidney disease: two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial.

Statins reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although diabetes mellitus (DM) is a reported side effect of statin treatment, some studies have indicated that pitavastatin does not cause DM. The present study investigated the effect of pitavastatin on the fatty acid (FA) content of erythrocyte membranes, which affects the occurrence of DM and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, changes in adiponectin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated after pitavastatin treatment. A total of 45 patients were enrolled, 28 of whom completed the study. Over 24 weeks, 16 patients received 2 mg pitavastatin and 12 patients received 10 mg atorvastatin. Dosages were adjusted after 12 weeks if additional lipid control was required. There were 10 and nine patients with DM in the pitavastatin and atorvastatin groups, respectively. Erythrocyte membrane FAs and adiponectin levels were measured using gas chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In both groups, saturated FAs, palmitic acid, trans-oleic acid, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower than those at baseline. The arachidonic acid (AA) content in the erythrocyte membrane increased significantly in the pitavastatin group, but adiponectin levels were unaffected. HbA1c levels decreased in patients treated with pitavastatin. No adverse effects were associated with statin treatment. Pitavastatin treatment in patients with CKD may improve glucose metabolism by altering erythrocyte membrane AA levels. In addition, pitavastatin did not adversely affect glucose control in patients with CKD and DM.

Relationships between erythrocyte membrane mono- and poly- unsaturated fatty acid composition and clinical/cognitive indices in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia patients.

Membrane phospholipid abnormalities are considered a pathophysiological background for schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to explore in detail the fatty acid (FA) composition in patients with antipsychotic-free schizophrenia and its association with clinical symptoms and cognitive function. Erythrocyte membrane FAs were measured in 29 antipsychotic-free patients with schizophrenia (male/female = 11/18; mean [standard deviation] age=26.7 [7.9] years) and age and sex-matched 32 healthy volunteers. Clinical symptoms and cognitive function were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). Eicosapentaenoic acid levels were lower in the schizophrenia group than in the healthy control group. In contrast, arachidonic acid and nervonic acid levels were higher in the schizophrenia group than in the control group. Nervonic acid levels were significantly associated with depression scores as measured by the PANSS. No FA levels were correlated with BACS score; however, oleic acid levels were significantly related to cognitive dysfunction, as measured by the SCoRS. These findings suggest that depressive symptoms along with cognitive dysfunction in daily living in schizophrenia may be linked to the FA composition abnormalities. Further studies will be needed to examine potential longitudinal FA changes during the course of schizophrenia as well as disease specificity.

Abstract P106: Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Erythrocyte Membranes Are Differentially Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Brazilian and Puerto Rican Adults

Introduction: Intake of omega-3 fatty acids (ω–3) may protect against CVD, but this evidence was generated from studies with limited ethnic diversity, and thus, findings may not be generalizable to wider populations, especially those with low habitual intake of ω–3. This study aimed to investigate the association between ω–3 in erythrocyte membranes (a biomarker of ω–3 intake) and cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazilian and Puerto Rican adults. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that Brazilians and Puerto Ricans have different ω–3 erythrocyte membrane composition, but that the ω–3 index is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in both populations. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 367 Brazilians living in São Paulo, Brazil, and 1,293 Puerto Ricans living in Boston, USA, aged 45-75 years, from two population-based studies: The 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo and the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. In both studies, fatty acids composition (as % of total fatty acids) was quantified in erythrocyte membranes from fasting blood samples using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (Shimadzu, CG-2010, Kyoto, Japan). The ω–3 index was calculated as the sum of EPA and DHA. Blood lipids, waist circumference, and insulin resistance (fasting plasma glucose and HOMA-IR) were measured from standardized protocols. Generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link or ordinary least squares regression assessed the associations of the ω–3 index and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: Puerto Ricans had worse indicators for cardiometabolic risk factors than Brazilians, except for total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c. The mean ω–3 index did not differ between the studies (4.43% for Puerto Ricans and 4.45% for Brazilians, P = 0.87). However, there were less total saturated (41.2% vs. 51.5%, P < 0.001) and more total polyunsaturated fatty acids (41.8% vs. 31.3%, P < 0.001) in Puerto Ricans than Brazilians. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, and diet quality (AHEI-2010 without the EPA+DHA component), the ω–3 index was inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose (β ± SE = -2.78 ± 1.37, P = 0.044), triglycerides (β = -0.05 ± 0.02, P = 0.004), VLDL-c (β = -1.22 ± 0.42, P = 0.003), and TG-HDL-ratio (β = -0.05 ± 0.02, P = 0.025) in Puerto Ricans, but positively associated with total cholesterol (β = 2.74 ± 1.30, P = 0.035), LDL-c (β = 2.48 ± 1.15, P = 0.031), and non-HDL-c (β = 2.81 ± 1.27, P = 0.028) in Brazilians. Conclusion: Despite similar ω–3 indices in Brazilian and Puerto Rican adults, there were differences in the magnitude, direction, and specific cardiometabolic risk factors with which it was associated. Variations in the dietary intake and cardiometabolic profile between the populations may explain the contrasting results. Assessing specific ω–3 in diverse populations is essential when studying their role in cardiometabolic health.

Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cognitive Function: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Obese Chinese Township Population from 45 to 75 Years.

Cognitive dysfunction is highly prevalent in obese people, and food is a key factor in obesity, and dietary inflammatory index (DII) can reflect whether diet has anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory potential. In addition, dietary fatty acid consumption is linked to inflammation, obesity, and cognitive impairment. Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids can reflect dietary fatty acid intake. Our hypothesis was that erythrocyte membrane fatty acids might have a significant impact on the relationship between DII and cognition in obese individuals, and we designed experiments to test the hypothesis. In three villages in Beijing, we collected 579 respondents from individuals 45 to 75 years old and categorized them by body mass index. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score and DII score was calculated and gas chromatography was used to measure the proportion of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. The relationship between the DII score and cognition was examined using multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression. Mediation analysis can help to understand the causal chain between variables, deeply explore the internal relationship and mechanism of action between variables. So a multiple chain mediation model was developed to investigate the mediating factors between the DII score and cognitive association. According to adjusted linear regression, higher DII scores were linked to lower MoCA scores in the obese group. The negative correlation between DII score and cognitive function score remains in binary linear regression. We discovered through mediation analysis that erythrocyte membrane fatty acids mediate the detrimental link between DII and cognitive function in obese individuals. We propose that higher DII scores in obese people are associated with a decline in cognitive function. In addition, this effect might be mediated via the fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane.

Erythrocyte and dietary omega-3 fatty acid profile in overweight and obese pregnant women

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) play an important role in fetal growth and development. In Mexico, 76.8 % of women of reproductive age are overweight and obese, which is associated with the development of gestational complications. EPA and DHA fatty acids have an anti-inflammatory effect, reducing the risk of developing complications. to evaluate the erythrocyte and dietary profile of omega-3 fatty acids in overweight and obese pregnant women. a prospective, cross-sectional, comparative and observational study in pregnant women with less than 14 weeks of gestation. Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids was evaluated by dietary diary; and levels of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes were evaluated by gas chromatography. the mean dietary intake of EPA and DHA fatty acids was 0.027 g and 0.095 g, respectively. The erythrocyte profile was 2.90 for EPA and 1.50 DHA, no differences between normal and overweight women was found. the dietary intake and erythrocyte profile of omega-3 of pregnant women is lower than the reference parameters, with no significant differences between normal and overweight women.

Жирные кислоты мембран эритроцитов в дифференцировании пациентов с жировой болезнью печени алкогольного, неалкогольного и смешанного генеза

The purpose of the study: to study the possibilities of using fatty acids of erythrocyte membranes in differentiating patients with fatty liver disease of alcoholic, non-alcoholic and mixed genesis (metabolic + alcohol). Material and methods. 38 men (average age 47.5 ± 2.9 years) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); 31 men with alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) (45.1 ± 3.1 years) and 30 men (48.2 ± 3.2 years) with fatty liver disease of mixed genesis (metabolic + alcoholic) were examined. The degree of fibrosis in the groups did not exceed grade I. The composition and levels of the fatty acids (FA) of erythrocyte,s membranes were studied using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, a system based on three Agilent 7000B quadrupoles (USA). Results. The levels of elaidic, 9-palmitoleic, eicosapentaenoic fatty acids were higher (p = 0.041–0.058), and the content of margaric, stearic and alpha-linolenic acids (p = 0.043–0.05) were lower in alcoholic genesis compared with non-alcoholic. The use of a panel of fatty acids – C18:1;t9, C17:0, C18:0, C18:3 n-3, C16:1;9, C20:5 n-3 – provided high diagnostic accuracy with an AUC of 0.914, sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 93% when distinguishing NAFLD from AFLD. It was found that the total content of unsaturated, monounsaturated, levels of arachidonic (n-6), oleic, eicosapentaenoic (n-3), palmitoleic, elaidic, the total content of two n-3 PUFA – eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic in patients with mixed-genesis fatty liver disease were statistically significantly higher, and the levels of stearic, the total content of saturated, arachinic and the ratios of saturated FA/unsaturated FA, saturated FA/polyunsaturated FA were lower than in patients with non–alcoholic fatty liver disease (p = 0.000004–0.04). In patients with fatty liver disease of mixed genesis, the total content of monounsaturated FA, especially oleic and palmitoleic, linoleic (n-6) and saturated lauric, were significantly higher, and the levels of saturated FA arachinic, stearic, SFA/USFA, SFA/PUFA ratios were lower than in AFLD (p = 0.0009–0.06). Conclusion. The revealed differences in the levels of fatty acids of erythrocyte membranes in patients with fatty liver disease of various origins are probably associated with the main etiological factor and can be used to develop new diagnostic methods and targets for therapy.

Association between erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and gut bacteria in obesity-related cognitive dysfunction

Obesity increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, and the gut microbiota can affect brain cognitive function and obesity through a variety of pathways such as the gut-brain axis. This study aimed to discover how fatty acid affect cognitive function by regulating intestinal flora in obesity. Obese subjects were recruited for cognitive function assessment, and participants were divided into obese group with cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 49) and obese cognitively normal group (Non_MCI, n = 55). In the erythrocyte membrane, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) and n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in the MCI group than in the Non_MCI group. However, the α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) percentage of the erythrocyte membrane was lower in the MCI group. We found that Coriobacteriales_Incertae_Sedis was positively correlated with erythrocyte membrane C20:4 n-6 and n-6 PUFA and negatively correlated with cognitive scores in obese patients. In addition, several of the functional pathways we predicted were significantly different in the MCI and Non_MCI groups. Higher levels of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio in the erythrocyte membranes may influence the inflammatory response in the organism causing obesity induced cognitive damage. Moreover, high levels of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio may also affect the intestinal flora of obese patients, which in turn may affect the cognitive function of obese patients.

Sex differences in erythrocyte fatty acid composition of first-diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorders.

Background: Since depression, sex hormones, and fatty acid status are interrelated, it is important to understand their relationships. In this study, we aimed to investigate sex differences in erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition among first-diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorders. Methods: The study included 139 individuals with first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression (male/female = 48/91) and 55 healthy controls (male/female = 24/31). The levels of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids were analyzed to compare the difference between males and females in both patients with depression and healthy controls, as well as to study their correlation with depressive symptoms. Results: In first-diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorders, sex disparities were observed in the levels of erythrocyte saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and n-6 PUFAs (such as C18:0, C20:4n6 and C22:4n6), where higher levels evident in females compared to in males. We found a noteworthy correlation between fatty acid levels and depressive symptoms, in which there is a significant association between female patients and depression but a weaker association between male patients and depression. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate higher levels of n-6 PUFAs and SFAs in female patients with depression. The relationship between fatty acid composition and depressive symptoms was more prominent in females than males. These findings highlight the significance of considering sex as a crucial and interconnected factor in future investigations and potential adjunctive treatment for mood disorders by targeting fatty acid metabolism.

Atherogenic features of the fatty acid profile of erythrocyte membranes of patients with fatty liver disease of mixed genesis

Aim of the study was to investigate the features of the fatty acid (FA) profile of erythrocyte membranes of patients with fatty liver disease (FLD) of mixed genesis (metabolic + alcoholic) from the point of view of atherogenic changes.Material and methods. 31 men (50.6 ± 9.9 years old) with FLD of mixed genesis, the degree of liver fibrosis corresponded to 0-1 (FibroScan ® 502 Echosens, France), and 28 persons of the comparison group, comparable in age, were examined. The study of the composition of FAs of erythrocyte membranes was carried out using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry – a system based on three quadrupoles Agilent 7000B (USA).Results. Patients with FLD of mixed genesis had higher level of palmitoleic (p = 0.03), pentadecanoic (p = 0.05), omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatter acids (PUFA) ratio (p = 0.03) and, conversely, lower level of docosahexaenoic (p = 0.0002), total content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic FA (p = 0.0007), of all omega-3 PUFA (p = 0.001) in the membranes of erythrocytes compared to healthy persons. There are trends towards a decrease in the content of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid and an increase in the ratio of SFA/PUFA in patients with fibroids of mixed genesis in contrast to healthy individuals. The level of individual FA provided high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating patients with FLD of mixed genesis from healthy individuals: palmitoleic (9-C16:1) (area under ROC (AUC) 0.702, sensitivity 66.7 %, specificity 69.6 %), docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3) (AUC 0.795, sensitivity 77.3 %, specificity 78.3 %), as well as the total content of eicosapentaenoic and docosegexaenoic FA (C20:5n-3 + C22:6n-3) (AUC 0.777, sensitivity 70.1 %, specificity 82.6 %).Conclusions. The revealed features of the profile of erythrocyte membrane FA in FLD of mixed genesis – increase of saturated, monounsaturated, omega-6 PUFA content and reduce of omega-3 PUFA concentration are atherogenic. The continuation of research in terms of the use of FAs as biomarkers of this pathology and targets for therapeutic effects should be considered promising.

Factors influencing the composition of fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes in Latvian pregnant women

Factors influencing the composition of fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes in Latvian pregnant women

Alterations in plasma and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition following exposure to toxic copper level affect membrane deformability and fluidity in female wistar rats

BackgroundDeformability and fluidity function of the red blood cell membrane are properties defined by the lipid composition. Toxic copper level induces membrane lipid peroxidation which could cause membrane instability. This study therefore investigated the effect of exposure to toxic copper level for 30 days on red blood cell membrane deformability and fluidity in female Wistar rats. MethodsTwelve (12) female Wistar rats (160 ± 10 g) were randomly grouped (n = 6) into control (given 0.1 ml distilled water p.o.) and copper-toxic (100 mg/kg Copper Sulphate, p.o.), and treated for 30 days. Plasma obtained and RBC membrane prepared from blood collected over EDTA post-treatment were assayed for total cholesterol (TC), phospholipids and fatty acid profile using spectrophotometry and Gas chromatography while heparinized blood was subjected to fragility test. Data were analyzed using student T-test for statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results and conclusionPlasma TC increased by 4.33% while RBC membrane TC decreased by 20.32% in copper-toxic group compared to control. Compared to control, excess copper significantly increased membrane phospholipids level (0.72 ± 0.01 vs 0.59 ± 0.04 mg/dL) but reduced membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (46.61 ± 4.72 vs 72.66 ± 6.47) and stability (by 23.53%). Number of cis- and saturated fatty acids increased in copper-treated plasma and RBC membrane compared to control. Exposure to toxic copper level alters erythrocyte membrane fluidity and deformability by disrupting membrane lipid composition, saturation, bond configuration in phospholipids and permeability.

Gut microbiota regulation of inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs in diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a major comorbidity known as diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD). Studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota is crucial in mediating the cognitive abnormalities that occur in diabetic individuals. Additionally, changes in dietary fatty acid intake levels, inflammatory cytokines, and microRNAs (miRs) have an effect on cognitive performance. However, further studies are needed to identify the link between gut microbiota and cognition in T2DM patients and the role that the above indicators play in this process. In order to provide a new rationale for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes, this study was conducted in the middle-aged and elderly Beijing population to examine the differences in gut microbiota between DACD and T2DM patients as well as to further explore the role of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, and miRs in gut microbiota-mediated cognitive impairment. According to the results, the abundance of norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Acidaminococcus, Enterorhabdus, and norank_f_Clostridium_methylpentosum_group was higher in DACD patients compared to T2DM patients at the genus level. Compared with T2DM patients, plasma interleukin-12 (IL-12) concentrations were significantly higher in DACD patients than in T2DM patients, and IL-12 was significantly positively correlated with norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group. In addition, plasma miR-142-5p was significantly positively correlated with Enterorhabdus and norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group. We therefore hypothesize that cognitive impairment in T2DM patients is associated with altered gut microbial composition and that the effect of microbiota on cognition may be mediated through IL-12 and miR-142-5p. KEY POINTS: • Type 2 diabetes with or without cognitive impairment differs in gut microbiota. • Differential genera of gut microbiota were associated with inflammatory cytokines. • Differential genera of gut microbiota were associated with plasma microRNAs.

Analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in antipsychotic-free individuals with at-risk mental state and patients with first-episode schizophrenia.

Abnormalities in membrane phospholipids are considered one of the pathophysiological backgrounds for schizophrenia. This study, explores the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes and its association with clinical characteristics in two groups: individuals with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) and patients experiencing their first-episode of schizophrenia (FES). This study measured erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in 72 antipsychotic-free individuals with ARMS, 18 antipsychotic-free patients with FES, and 39 healthy volunteers. Clinical symptoms and cognitive and social functions were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS), and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid levels were lower in the ARMS and FES groups than in the healthy control group. In contrast, nervonic acid (NA) levels were markedly higher in the ARMS and FES groups than in the controls, while only the FES group showed higher levels of arachidonic acid. Oleic acid and NA levels were significantly associated with PANSS scores in both the FES and ARMS groups, particularly for the negative and general subscores. However, the patient groups had no significant associations between the fatty acid composition and the BACS, SCoRS, and SOFAS scores. Furthermore, the baseline fatty acid composition did not differ between the ARMS individuals who later developed psychosis (N = 6) and those who were followed for more than 2 years without developing psychosis onset (N = 30). The findings suggest that abnormal fatty acid compositions may be shared in the early stages of schizophrenia and the clinical high-risk state for psychosis and may serve as vulnerability markers of psychopathology.

#4845 EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID ON MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE FATTY ACID AND COMPARISON WITH ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE IN ADENINE INDUCED UREMIC RATS

Abstract Background and Aims The kidney has the second highest mitochondrial content in the human body. Fatty acids (FAs) are one of the important energy sources and main constituents of cell membranes. Higher erythrocyte membrane oleic acid contents are related to acute coronary syndrome and omega-3 FA can reduce oleic acid contents. We investigated whether omega-3 FA modifies not only erythrocyte membrane FA but also mitochondrial membrane FA of kidney in adenine-induced uremic rats. Method Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0.75% adenine and 2.5% protein for three weeks. Next, rats were randomly divided into six groups that were fed diets containing 2.5% protein and saline with cholecalciferol (3000 IU/kg/week) or omega-3 FAs (300 mg/kg/day) with cholecalciferol were supplemented by gastric gavage for four weeks: normal control (n = 7), adenine control scarified at 3 weeks (n = 6), adenine control scarified at 5 weeks (n = 5), adenine control scarified at 7 weeks (n = 5), omega-3 FAs group scarified at 5 weeks (n = 5), and omega-3 FAs group scarified at 7 weeks (n = 5). The mitochondrial isolation kit was used for renal mitochondria extraction. The mitochondrial and erythrocyte membrane FA contents were measured using gas chromatography. Results Compared to the normal control group, serum creatinine levels in adenine control group was significantly increased and improved in omega-3 FA group. Compared with adenine control, erythrocyte and mitochondrial membrane monounsaturated FA contents including oleic acid and arachidonic acid (AA) levels were significantly decreased in omega-3 FA group. FA compositions were similar between erythrocytes and mitochondrial membranes in each group. Monounsaturated FA contents including oleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid were higher and saturated FA was lower in the mitochondrial membrane than erythrocyte membrane in adenine control group. Conclusion Omega-3 FA affects not only erythrocyte membrane FA but also mitochondrial membrane FA in uremic rats. Erythrocyte membrane FA contents can reflect mitochondrial membrane FA contents of the kidney.

Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Composition as a Potential Biomarker for Depression.

Major depressive disorders is a chronic and severe psychiatric disorder with poor prognosis and quality of life. Abnormal erythrocyte fatty acid (FA) composition in depressed patients were found in our previous study, but the relationship between erythrocyte membrane FA levels and different severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms remains to be explored. This cross-sectional study included 139 patients with first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression and 55 healthy controls whose erythrocyte FA composition was analyzed. Patients with depression were divided into severe depression and mild to moderate depression or depression with severe anxiety and mild to moderate anxiety. Then the differences of FA levels among different groups were analyzed. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to identify potential biomarkers in distinguishing the severity of depressive symptoms. Levels of erythrocyte membrane FAs were elevated among patients with severe depression compared with healthy controls or patients with mild to moderate depression of almost all kinds. While C18:1n9t (elaidic acid), C20:3n6 (eicosatrienoic acid), C20:4n6 (arachidonic acid), C22:5n3 (docosapentaenoic acid), total fatty acids (FAs), and total monounsaturated FAs were elevated in patients with severe anxiety compared with patients with mild to moderate anxiety. Furthermore, the level of arachidonic acid, C22:4n6 (docosatetraenoic acid), elaidic acid, and the combination of all 3 were associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. The results suggested that erythrocyte membrane FA levels have the potential to be the biological indicator of clinical characteristics for depression, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety. In the future, more research is needed to explore the causal association between FA metabolism and depression.

Fatty fish consumption reduces lipophilic index in erythrocyte membranes and serum phospholipids

Background and aimsLipophilic index (LI) has been introduced to assess the overall fatty acid lipophilicity and as a simple estimate of membrane fluidity. However, little is known on effect of diet on LI. We tested if Camelina sativa oil (CSO) high in ALA, fatty fish (FF) or lean fish (LF) affect LI as compared to control diet and, secondarily, if the LI is associated with HDL lipids and functionality and LDL lipidome. Methods and resultsWe used data from two randomized clinical trials. The AlfaFish intervention lasted 12 weeks and 79 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were randomized to FF, LF, CSO or control group. In the Fish trial, 33 subjects with myocardial infarction or unstable ischemic heart attack were randomized to FF, LF or control group for 8 weeks. LI was calculated from erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in AlfaFish and from serum phospholipids in Fish trial. HDL lipids were measured using high-throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. There was a significant decrease in LI in the FF group in the AlfaFish (fold change 0.98 ± 0.03) and in the Fish trial (0.95 ± 0.04) and the decrease differed from that of control group in both trials and from CSO group in the AlfaFish study. There were no significant changes in LI in LF or CSO groups. The mean diameter of HDL particles and concentration of large HDL particles were inversely associated with LI. ConclusionFF consumption decreased LI indicating better membrane fluidity in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or coronary heart disease.

The role of dietary patterns and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid patterns on mild cognitive impairment

Dietary fatty acids have been shown to be associated with the development of cognition. However, research on the role of fatty acid intake in dietary patterns and fatty acid patterns (FAPs) in the development of cognitive function is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between dietary patterns and FAPs and to provide available evidence for preventing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through these patterns. The 973 participants aged between 65 and 85 were recruited from 2020 to 2021 for this multicenter research in Beijing. Neuropsychological tests were used for cognitive evaluation, and data of dietary intake in the past 12 months were collected with semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile was tested by chromatography and mass spectrometry lipid profiling. Factor analysis was used to derive the main dietary patterns and FAPs. Pearson's correlation or Spearman's correlation was used to explore the association between dietary patterns and FAPs. Binary logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between patterns and cognitive function. Six dietary patterns and six FAPs were identified, explaining 53.4 and 80.9% of the total variance separately. After adjusting all potential confounders, T3 of the pattern 1 and FAP2 were the independent protect factors for MCI, respectively (OR 0.601, 95% CI [0.395, 0.914]; OR 0.108, 95% CI [0.019, 0.623]). Rich of SM (26:0), SM (24:1), and SM (26:1) is the characteristic of FAP2. A positive correlation was found between component scores of dietary pattern1 and FAP2 (r = 0.441, p = 0.001). People who adhered to a reasonable intake of animal flesh consumed more various long-chain fatty acids as well. The erythrocyte membrane metabolites, SM (26:0), SM (24:1), and SM (26:1), might function as early biomarkers for predicting or monitoring of cognitive aging in the elderly. The dietary pattern with recommended animal flesh consumption was significantly associated with FAP characterized by very long-chain SMs. This dietary pattern affected FAP, which might achieve the ultimate goal of neuroprotection through the very long-chain SMs. A rational intake of dietary fatty acids might be an effective way on preventing MCI in the elderly.