Lipid Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Neutral lipid fatty acid composition as trait and constraint in Collembola evolution.

Functional traits determine the occurrence of species along environmental gradients and their coexistence with other species. Understanding how traits evolved among coexisting species helps to infer community assembly processes. We propose fatty acid composition in consumer tissue as a functional trait related to both food resources and physiological functions of species. We measured phylogenetic signal in fatty acid profiles of 13 field‐sampled Collembola (springtail) species and then combined the data with published fatty acid profiles of another 24 species. Collembola fatty acid profiles generally showed phylogenetic signal, with related species resembling each other. Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, related to physiological functions, demonstrated phylogenetic signal. In contrast, most food resource biomarker fatty acids and the ratios between bacterial, fungal, and plant biomarker fatty acids exhibited no phylogenetic signal. Presumably, fatty acids related to physiological functions have been constrained during Collembola evolutionary history: Species with close phylogenetic affinity experienced similar environments during divergence, while niche partitioning in food resources among closely related species favored species coexistence. Measuring phylogenetic signal in ecologically relevant traits of coexisting species provides an evolutionary perspective to contemporary assembly processes of ecological communities. Integrating phylogenetic comparative methods with community phylogenetic and trait‐based approaches may compensate for the limitations of each method when used alone and improve understanding of processes driving and maintaining assembly patterns.

Вплив гіпоксії-гіперкапнії на жирнокислотну складову ліпідів білих м’язів коропа Cyprinus сarpio

Вплив гіпоксії-гіперкапнії на жирнокислотну складову ліпідів білих м’язів коропа Cyprinus сarpio

Lipid Profile in Human Frontal Cortex Is Sustained Throughout Healthy Adult Life Span to Decay at Advanced Ages.

Fatty acids are key components in the structural diversity of lipids and play a strategic role in the functional properties of lipids which determine the structural and functional integrity of neural cell membranes, the generation of lipid signaling mediators, and the chemical reactivity of acyl chains. The present study analyzes the profile of lipid fatty acid composition of membranes of human frontal cortex area 8 in individuals ranging from 40 to 90 years old. Different components involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, as well as adaptive defense mechanisms involved in the lipid-mediated modulation of inflammation, are also assessed. Our results show that the lipid profile in human frontal cortex is basically preserved through the adult life span to decay at advanced ages, which is accompanied by an adaptive proactive anti-inflammatory response possibly geared to ensuring cell survival and function.

Biomarker function and nutritional stoichiometry of neutral lipid fatty acids and amino acids in oribatid mites

Biomarkers (e.g. fatty acids, amino acids, stable isotopes, and molecular barcodes) have become increasingly important for investigating food web structure and nutrient flow in soil ecosystems. While the biomarker function of fatty acids has been investigated for some soil animal taxa (e.g. collembolans and nematodes), their role in soil-dwelling oribatid mites remained unknown. Here, we investigate the biomarker function and nutritional stoichiometry of neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFA) and amino acids in oribatid mites. We reared the opportunistic model oribatid mite species Archegozetes longisetosus on ten different resources of animal, bacterial, fungal and herbal origin. We analyzed the neutral lipid fatty acid and amino acid compositions of resources and consumers with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), respectively. We found diet-dependent amounts and compositions of NLFA in the oribatid mites, but amino acids were stable and independent of diet. Consumer NLFA composition could be used as a reliable predictor of diet using data mining approaches (i.e., Random Forest), while amino acid profiles reflected diet-independent intrinsic physiological properties and confirm the homeostatic protein stoichiometry hypothesis for oribatid mites.

Natronospira proteinivora gen. nov., sp. nov, an extremely salt-tolerant, alkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium from hypersaline soda lakes.

Brine samples from Kulunda Steppe soda lakes (Altai, Russia) were inoculated into a hypersaline alkaline mineral medium with β-keratin (chicken feather) as a substrate. The micro-organisms dominating the enrichment culture were isolated by limiting serial dilution on the same medium with casein as a substrate. The cells of strain BSker1T were motile, curved rods. The strain was an obligately aerobic heterotroph utilizing proteins and peptides as growth substrates. The isolate was an obligate alkaliphile with a pH range for growth from pH 8.5 to 10.25 (optimum at pH 9.5), and it was extremely salt tolerant, growing with between 1 and 4.5 M total Na+ (optimally at 2-2.5 M). BSker1T had a unique composition of polar lipid fatty acids, dominated by two C17 species. The membrane polar lipids included multiple unidentified phospholipids and two aminolipids. According to phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the isolate forms a novel branch within the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae (class Gammaproteobacteria) with the highest sequence similarity to the members of this family being 91 %. On the basis of distinct phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain BSker1T (=JCM 31341T=UNIQEM U1008T) is proposed to be classified as a representative of a novel genus and species, Natronospira proteinivora gen. nov., sp. nov.

Identification of Species and Fatty Acid Composition of Microalgae from Raas Beach Sendang Biru Malang and Their Potential as Biodiesel Feedstock

Biodiesel is one of the best renewable energy made from triglycerides. Microalgae has a high lipid content include triglycerides, so it can be used as raw material for biodiesel production. Malang has many of beaches which are potent to become sources of microalgae, several beaches are surrounding Sendang Biru. The aims of this research were to identify the species of microalgae from Raas Beach Sendang Biru, determine their yield of lipid and fatty acid composition, and analyse their potential to became feedstock of biodiesel production. This research consists of five stages: identification of microalgae, cultivation, harvesting, determination of the yield of microalgae lipid by soxhlet extraction method, and analysis of the fatty acid composition of lipid by GC-MS. The results showed that the species of microalgae are dominated by Euglena sp and small amount of Gloeocapsa. The lipid yield of dried microalgae is 7.5% and the fatty acids composition are dodecanoic acid (1.6%), tetradecanoic acid (1.3%), hexadecanoic acid (16.6%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (25.2%), 9-octadecenoic acid (29.8%), and octadecanoic acid (6.7%). Based on this results, it can be concluded that the microalgaes from Raas Beach Sendang Biru are potential to become biodiesel feedstock but it still need optimization.

Comparison of new castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes in the mediterranean area and possible valorization of residual biomass for insect rearing

Despite its high suitability to European climates and a considerable commercial-grade for industrial applications (about 25% of global castor oil production is processed in EU), castor crop is inexistent in the European farming systems. The revival of castor in Europe could result in an attractive opportunity not only for the production of domestic oil, but also for potential strategic uses of residual biomass at harvest in the bio-based economy. In the light of the recent inclusion of insect-derived products in the list of “Novel Food” (EC 16/11/2015), a very interesting use of castor leaves is for feeding eri silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini), a wild moth able to produce textile fiber from the cocoon, as well as to accumulate interesting oil and protein amounts in the pupae. Two screening trials comparing four different castor hybrids were set in Bologna (Italy) and Aliartos (Greece) in 2015; moreover, two of them, contrasting for the morphological habitus, were tested in Bologna to set up artificial diets for rearing eri silkworms. The artificial diets were prepared starting from both green (GADiet) or senescent leaves (SADiet), and the insect rearing performance was evaluated in comparison to a standard rearing on fresh leaves (FCLeaf). Castor hybrids demonstrated to be well adapted to both Mediterranean environments. More favorable temperatures and regular irrigation led to significantly better productive performance in Greece (up to 54% oil yield): higher biomass accumulation, increased seed yield (+34%) and seed oil content (+9%), even though the best hybrids were found the same in the two environments. The performance of the artificial diets in eri silkworm rearing was inferior compared to the fresh castor leaves, but the majority of the larvae fed with artificial diets (∼85% of total, on average of the two artificial diets) was anyhow able to complete the development until the cocoon spinning. The administration of artificial diets caused higher mortality, a general elongation of the duration of larval stage (30d for SADiet>24d for GADiet>17d for FCLeaf), and a reduced cocoon weight. The fatty acid composition of lipid extracted from the pupae was also significantly influenced by the rearing diet, with FCLeaf fed silkworms accumulating more linolenic acid compared to those fed on artificial diets. In conclusion, castor plant showed satisfactory seed yields in both Mediterranean locations; the use of senescent leaves to set up an artificial diet to rear eri silkworms for bio-based applications resulted a promising and affordable route for valorizing residual biomass under the biorefinery concept.

Changes in fatty acid composition of lipids in chloroplast membranes of tobacco plants during cold hardening

Changes in fatty acid composition of chloroplast membrane lipids were investigated using tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Samsun) plants subjected to cold hardening for 6 days at 8°C. Under optimal growing temperature (22°C), the lipids of thylakoid membranes were characterized by elevated content of 16:3n-3 and 18:3n-3 fatty acids (FA). Compared to the lipids of chloroplast envelope membranes, the thylakoid lipids were less rich in the content of saturated, mono- and diunsaturated FA. The relative content of unsaturated FA in chloroplast membranes increased substantially during cold hardening, which was mainly due to the accumulation of 18:3n-3 FA. It is concluded that the observed changes in FA composition of chloroplast lipids during cold hardening adjust the fluidity of these membranes to the level sufficient for functioning of tobacco photosynthetic apparatus, which is a prerequisite for accumulation of assimilates and allows the hardened tobacco plants to survive under conditions of hypothermia.

Effect of BAP on growth, amino acid content and lipid fatty acid composition of curly birch in vitro shoots

Effect of BAP on growth, amino acid content and lipid fatty acid composition of curly birch in vitro shoots

Structural and functional characteristics of photosynthetic apparatus of chlorophyll-containing grape vine tissue

Photosynthesis in tissues under periderm of woody stems and shoots of perennial plants occurs in environment that is very different from the internal environment of leaf chloroplasts. These tissues are characterized by high CO2 and low O2 concentrations, more acidic surroundings, besides that only light which have passed through periderm reaches photosynthetic antennas. In contrast to leaves of deciduous plants chlorenchyma tissues of wintering plant organs are exposed to temperature fluctuations during all seasons, that is why the photosynthetic apparatus of woody stems has to be able to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures. In order to reveal unique features, which enable photosynthetic apparatus of chlorenchyma cells in woody plant organs to implement biological functions under different light and temperature conditions, we studied photosynthetic tissues of stem cortex in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) under normal conditions and after exposure to suboptimal temperatures and high light intensity. Comparative analysis of photosynthetic pigment composition and low-temperature chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectrum of leaves, young shoots and chlorenchyma of lignified shoots revealed relatively high level of chlorophyll b and carotenoids, and high photosystem II (PSII) to photosystem I (PSI) ratio in woody shoots. Analysis of parameters of variable chlorophyll fluorescence revealed high PSII activity in grapevine shoot cortex and demonstrated improved freeze tolerance and higher sensitivity to light of photosynthetic apparatus in grape vine in comparison to leaves. It was shown for the first time that photosynthetic apparatus in chlorenchyma cells of vine undergoes so-called “state-transition”–fast rearrangements leading to redistribution of energy between photosystems. Analysis of fatty acid (FA) compositions of lipids in examined tissues showed that the FA unsaturation index in green tissue of vine is lower than in leaves. A distinct feature of FA compositions of lipids in vine cortex was relatively high level of linoleic acid.

Расчет характеристик биодизельного топлива на основе жирнокислотного состава липидов некоторых биотехнологически значимых микроорганизмов

Расчет характеристик биодизельного топлива на основе жирнокислотного состава липидов некоторых биотехнологически значимых микроорганизмов

Canned goods from pacific saury - a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 family

Lipid fatty acids composition for muscle tissue of pacific saury is determined in dependence on the fish body size. The percentage is 40.97 % of monounsaturated fatty acids and 34.20 % of polyunsaturated fatty acids for small-sized fish and 43.87 % and 31.09 %, respectively, for large-sized fish. The summary content of EPA and DHA is 2.30 g per 100 g of muscle tissue for small-sized fish and 3.77 g/100 g for large-sized fish. Decreasing of the omega-3 fatty acids content in the process of the canned food sterilization does not exceed 5.2 % of the initial amount. The saury of various size could be processed to the canned goods of pate type that excludes the fat losses in the process of broth and fat separation under high temperature. The portion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the canned food from saury is 42.1-46.7%, with average content of EPA and DHA 1.73-2.71 g per 100 g that corresponds to daily requirements of human organism.

Effect of carbon and nitrogen source concentrations on the growth and lipid accumulation of yeastTrichosporon oleaginosusin continuous and batch culture

BACKGROUND Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional fossil diesel fuel. Currently, it is mainly produced from vegetable oils and consequently it has an adverse impact on food price. Lipids from oleaginous microorganisms (e.g. microalgae, bacteria, fungi and yeasts) could be an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production and therefore the growth and lipid accumulation of Trichosporon oleaginosus was studied under different conditions. RESULTS The growth of T. oleaginosus on the xylose containing media enhanced the lipid accumulation and reduced cell growth, while on the glucose-containing media the opposite effect was observed. Trichosporon oleaginosus can accumulate above 50% of total lipids in dry cell mass during continuous and batch culture in the nitrogen-limited conditions. In the continuous culture relatively high productivity of total lipid accumulation (0.67 g dm−3 h−1) was observed on the glucose containing media. The type of substrate limitation has considerable impact on the fatty acid composition of yeast cell lipids. The predicted biodiesel properties (based on the fatty acids composition of lipids) were found to meet the CEN quality standards. CONCLUSION The results obtained show that T. oleaginosus has great potential for feasible biodiesel production, especially when sugars from industrial and agricultural waste are used as a substrate. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Lipid metabolism-related gene expression pattern of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) larvae fed on live prey

The present study is the first to evaluate lipid metabolism in first-feeding Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT; Thunnus thynnus L.) larvae fed different live prey including enriched rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Acartia sp. copepod nauplii from 2 days after hatch. Understanding the molecular basis of lipid metabolism and regulation in ABT will provide insights to optimize diet formulations for this high-value species new to aquaculture. To this end, we investigated the effect of dietary lipid on whole larvae lipid class and fatty acid compositions and the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism in first feeding ABT larvae fed different live prey. Additionally, the expression of lipid metabolism genes in tissues of adult broodstock ABT was evaluated. Growth and survival data indicated that copepods were the best live prey for first feeding ABT and that differences in growth performance and lipid metabolism observed between larvae from different year classes could be a consequence of broodstock nutrition. In addition, expression patterns of lipid metabolic genes observed in ABT larvae in the trials could reflect differences in lipid class and fatty acid compositions of the live prey. The lipid nutritional requirements, including essential fatty acid requirements of larval ABT during the early feeding stages, are unknown, and the present study represents a first step in addressing these highly relevant issues. However, further studies are required to determine nutritional requirements and understand lipid metabolism during development of ABT larvae and to apply the knowledge to the commercial culture of this iconic species.

Cell ultrastructure and fatty acid composition of lipids in vegetative organs of Chenopodium album L. under salt stress conditions

White goosefoot plants (Chenopodium album L. of the family Chenopodiaceae) grown at various NaCl concentrations (3–350 mM) in the nutrient solution were used to study the cell ultrastructure as well as the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids in the lipids of vegetative organs. In addition, the biomass of Ch. album vegetative organs, the water content, and the concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl– were determined. The growth rates of plants raised at NaCl concentrations up to 200–250 mM were the same as for the control plants grown at 3 mM NaCl; the growth parameters remained rather high even at NaCl concentrations of 300–350 mM. The water content in Ch. album organs remained high at all NaCl concentrations tested. Analysis of the ionic status of Ch. album revealed a comparatively high K+ content in plant organs. At low NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution, K+ ions were the dominant contributors to the osmolarity (the total concentration of osmotically active substances) and, consequently, to the lowered cell water potential in leaves and roots. As the concentration of NaCl was increased, the plant organs accumulated larger amounts of Na+ and Cl–, and the contribution of these ion species to osmolarity became increasingly noticeable. At 300–350 mM NaCl the contribution of Na+ and Cl– to osmolarity was comparable to that of K+. An electron microscopy study of Ch. album cells revealed that, apart from the usual response to salinity manifested in typical ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the cytosol, the salinity response comprised the enhanced formation of endocytic structures and exosomes and stimulation of autophagy. It is supposed that activation of these processes is related to the removal from the cytoplasm of toxic substances and the cell structures impaired by salt stress conditions. The qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids in the lipids of Ch. album organs was hardly affected by NaCl level. These findings are consistent with the high salt tolerance of Ch. album, manifested specifically in retention of growth functions under wide-range variations of NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution and in maintenance of K+, Na+, and Cl– content in organs at a constant level characteristic of untreated plants.

Detailed fatty acid profile of serum lipid classes in lactating women and their relationship with milk fat

Little is known about fatty acid (FA) distribution among triacylglyceride (TG), cholesterol ester (CE), and phospholipid (PL) plasma lipid fractions in lactating women, and the relationships between these fractions and the FA profile of the milk that mothers produce. Milk fat and serum lipid FA compositions in lactating women were compared to investigate which serum lipids are the source of FA in milk fat. A TLC methodology was used to fractionate serum lipids including PL subclasses, that is, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM). Plasma lipids consisted of CE (36.4%), TG (19.1%), PE (1.40%), PC (39.80%), and SM (3.29%). With regard to PL fractions, PE was characterized by the highest levels of 18:0, 20:4 n‐6, 22:6 n‐3, and alkenyl ethers. PC revealed 16:0 as the predominant FA, followed by 18:2 n‐6, 18:0, cis‐9 18:1, and 20:4 n‐6, whereas saturated FA from 16:0 to 24:0 were characteristic of SM. Although n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated FA were mostly found in PE and PC, strong correlations were found for 18:2 n‐6 and 18:3 n‐3 between plasma TG and milk lipids. This study also shows that trans 18:1 isomers may be selectively incorporated into milk fat from specific serum fractions.Practical applications:An easy‐to‐use and inexpensive two‐stage TLC methodology to fractionate plasma lipids requiring only 1 mL of blood serum has been developed. Moreover, this study provides valuable information on the composition of serum lipids in lactating women, particularly with regard to PL classes, and their influence on the milk fat FA profile.Fatty acid transfer from serum lipids to milk fat in lactating women.

Blood fatty acids in the development and correction of metabolic syndrome

to investigate the composition of plasma fatty acids (FA) and red blood cells and the level of eicosanoids in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) and to assess whether metabolic disturbances may be corrected during a cycle use of an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Examinations were made in 46 patients, including Group 1 (a control group) of 15 persons without MS components; Group 2 of 31 patients with MS, Group 3 of 16 MS patients who had taken an ω-3 PUFA for 6 months, and Group 4 of 15 MS patients who had received the drug for 12 months. The composition of plasma FA and red blood cells was analyzed on a gas-liquid chromatograph. An enzyme immunoassay was used to measure the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and eicosanoids (thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, leukotriene B4). A biologically active additive from the king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) hepatopancreas was used as a source of ω-3 PUFA. Having a higher proportion of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in the plasma, the patients were found to have decreased levels of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs (linoleic and α-linolenic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids) and a larger proportion of Mead acid and saturated FAs (myristic and stearic acids) in the red blood cells, suggesting that that cellular blood FA transfer was impaired and FAs were absorbed by cells. Their serum samples showed the high levels of leukotriene B4, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, and thromboxane A2. The long-term (6- and 12-month) use of ω-3 PUFA from the king crab hepatopancreas had a positive impact in modifying the lipid FA composition of red blood cells and in eliminating deficiencies of physiologically important ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs in the blood cells. The findings suggest that FAs and their metabolites play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS and that dietary ω-3 PUFA should be incorporated into a package of preventive and therapeutic measures for MS.

INFLUENCE OF THERMAL HEATING ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF TURKEY MEAT ENRICHED WITH LINSEED OIL

Abstract The paper examines the problem of optimization of the fatty acid composition of lipids in poultry meat, which is widely used in nutrition. The omega-6 content is significantly higher than the omega-3 content in the composition of poultry meat lipids, which is not optimal for assimilation and needs a correction. The possibility of turkey meat enrichment with linseed oil was investigated with the aim of ensuring the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio in the minced meat formulations, which provides for the nutritionally adequate balance not higher than 10 units. The paper also presents the results of the investigation of the fatty acids composition and fatty acid balance of the lipid fraction of minced meat as well as the changes due to thermal heating of meat formulations in the water medium with a temperature of 95±2 °C to a product core temperature of 70±1 °C. According to the data of the investigations, the omega-6 : omega-3 ratio in the minced meat formulations before thermal treatment was 6.5 to 7.7 units compared to the control (42 units); after thermal treatment, it was 6.5 to 8.0 units for the minced meat formulations, which included vegetable oils with linseed oil. The data on the fatty acid composition of the formulations correspond to the indicators of the fatty acid balance which was RL1…3=0.47 – 0.57 and RL1…6 = 0.32 – 0.37 units for enriched minced meat before thermal treatment and 0.48 – 0.57 and 0.31 – 0.38 units after thermal treatment, respectively. The results confirm the possibility to enrich minced meat formulations with linseed oil when producing meat balls, which can be extended to other types of products.

Analysis of effects of a new environmental pollutant, bisphenol A, on antioxidant systems in soybean roots at different growth stages.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial raw material. Because of its widespread use and increasing release into environment, BPA has become a new environmental pollutant. Previous studies about BPA’s effects in plants focus on a certain growth stage. However, the plant’s response to pollutants varies at different growth stages. Therefore, in this work, BPA’s effects in soybean roots at different growth stages were investigated by determining the reactive oxygen species levels, membrane lipid fatty acid composition, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant systems. The results showed that low-dose BPA exposure slightly caused membrane lipid peroxidation but didn’t activate antioxidant systems at the seedling stage, and this exposure did not affect above process at other growth stages; high-dose BPA increased reactive oxygen species levels and then caused membrane lipid peroxidation at all growth stages although it activated antioxidant systems, and these effects were weaker with prolonging the growth stages. The recovery degree after withdrawal of BPA exposure was negatively related to BPA dose, but was positively related to growth stage. Taken together, the effects of BPA on antioxidant systems in soybean roots were associated with BPA exposure dose and soybean growth stage.

Should fatty acid signature proportions sum to 1 for diet estimation?

AbstractKnowledge of predator diets, including how diets might change through time or differ among predators, provides essential insights into their ecology. Diet estimation therefore remains an active area of research within quantitative ecology. Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) is an increasingly common method of diet estimation. QFASA is based on a data library of prey signatures, which are vectors of proportions summarizing the fatty acid composition of lipids, and diet is estimated as the mixture of prey signatures that most closely approximates a predator's signature. Diets are typically estimated using proportions from a subset of all fatty acids that are known to be solely or largely influenced by diet. Given the subset of fatty acids selected, the current practice is to scale their proportions to sum to 1.0. However, scaling signature proportions has the potential to distort the structural relationships within a prey library and between predators and prey. To investigate that possibility, we compared the practice of scaling proportions with two alternatives and found that the traditional scaling can meaningfully bias diet estimators under some conditions. Two aspects of the prey types that contributed to a predator's diet influenced the magnitude of the bias: the degree to which the sums of unscaled proportions differed among prey types and the identifiability of prey types within the prey library. We caution investigators against the routine scaling of signature proportions in QFASA.