Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important industrial raw material. Because of its widespread use and increasing release into environment, BPA has become a new environmental pollutant. Previous studies about BPA’s effects in plants focus on a certain growth stage. However, the plant’s response to pollutants varies at different growth stages. Therefore, in this work, BPA’s effects in soybean roots at different growth stages were investigated by determining the reactive oxygen species levels, membrane lipid fatty acid composition, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant systems. The results showed that low-dose BPA exposure slightly caused membrane lipid peroxidation but didn’t activate antioxidant systems at the seedling stage, and this exposure did not affect above process at other growth stages; high-dose BPA increased reactive oxygen species levels and then caused membrane lipid peroxidation at all growth stages although it activated antioxidant systems, and these effects were weaker with prolonging the growth stages. The recovery degree after withdrawal of BPA exposure was negatively related to BPA dose, but was positively related to growth stage. Taken together, the effects of BPA on antioxidant systems in soybean roots were associated with BPA exposure dose and soybean growth stage.

Highlights

  • Bisphenol A [BPA; 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)] is a chemical intermediate for synthesizing polycarbonate and epoxy[1]

  • Our results showed that low dose of BPA (1.5 mg·L−1) exposure caused higher production of H2O2 than removal in soybean roots (Fig. 1) at the seedling stage, and this imbalance was aggravated as BPA exposure dose increased (Fig. 1)

  • We found that low dose (1.5 mg·L−1) of BPA exposure caused oxidative stress to soybean roots at the seedling stage (Fig. 1) and the accumulation of Pro in cells to regulate cell membrane permeability and reduce the absorption of BPA by roots[37], but this did not cause membrane lipid peroxidation or activate the antioxidant systems (Figs 1–3)

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Summary

Introduction

Bisphenol A [BPA; 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)] is a chemical intermediate for synthesizing polycarbonate and epoxy[1]. Previous studies showed that 1.5 mg·L−1 BPA could promote glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthetase cycles and glutamate dehydrogenase pathways in soybean roots for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins, thereby promoting root growth[22]. Studying the effects of BPA on ROS levels and antioxidant systems in plant roots is important for understanding root function, growth, and even the entire life status of plants. The effects of BPA on ROS levels, membrane lipid fatty acids, membrane lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic substance contents in soybean roots at different growth stages (seedling stage, flowering and podding stage, seed-filling stage) were investigated to evaluate whether there are differences among different growth stages. The results will provide new information to evaluate the microscopic mechanism of BPA on plants at all growth stages

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