Fatal Accidents Research Articles

IJCM_49A: Mortality trends of road traffic accidents due to human errors in Chhattisgarh and India (2016-2022)

Background: Road safety continues to be a major developmental issue, a public health concern and a leading cause of death and injury affecting not only the victims and their family but also the economy as a whole in terms of untimely deaths, disabilities and loss of potential income. India ranks 2nd in the number of road accidents and 1st in mortality due to RTA in the world. Road accidents are multi-causal due to interplay of various factors. These can be broadly categorized into those relating to (a) Human error (b) Road condition/ environment (c) Vehicle condition. Human errors for RTA include non-compliance to traffic rules and not using helmets and seatbelts, resulting in mortalities which can be mitigated by proper education, adherence and implementation of traffic rules. Objective: To analyze the mortality trends due to RTA by human errors in Chhattisgarh and India 2016-2022 Methodology: The RTA mortality statistics were retrieved from the Road accidents in India report published annually by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. A literature search was done in electronic databases like-PubMed, Google Scholar, other platforms using keywords- RTA mortality, Distracted driving Results: From 2016 to 2022, both Chhattisgarh and India experienced a steady rise in fatalities, peaking in 2022 due to overspeeding and helmet non-compliance. In 2019, India saw its peak in fatalities from alcohol-related driving, mobile use, and signal jumping, followed by a decline. Chhattisgarh experienced the highest signal jumping fatalities in 2017 and alcohol-relatedriving deaths in 2018 compared to other years Conclusion: The study reveals a decrease in road traffic accident fatalities caused by certain human errors post-2019, credited to the adoption of the Motor Vehicle Amendment Act 2019. Boosting public awareness and establishing robust surveillance measures are imperative in curbing fatalities caused by road traffic accidents (RTAs)

Analysis of Road Safety Based on Road Type on National Roads in Bali Province

The Province of Bali is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia which accounts for 40% of tourist visits in Indonesia. Apart from being a tourist spot, Bali also often hosts various state events. As a destination that is often in the public and world spotlight, it is important for Bali to have safer road infrastructure. However, based on data in the field, there are still many accidents that occur on National Roads in Bali and even tend to increase. If this is not handled, the impact will also be a problem in various aspects. This research aims to analyze road safety based on the type of road using the accident rate and fatality rate method on National Road sections in Bali Province. Based on the results of data analysis, this research shows the results of data accident rate or the highest accident rate is 160 incidents per 1 million vehicles per year on the Kosamba – Angentelu Bali road section. For data analysis of fatality rate or death rate, the highest is 245 per 1 million vehicles per year on Jalan A.Yani (Amlapura) Bali. And the type of road that has the highest accident rate and fatality rate number is the 2/2 UD road type.

Effect of Monetary Penalty and Traffic Law Enforcement Agents on Drivers’ Behaviour in Ogun State, Nigeria

Fine or penalties are parts of measures in preventing accidents fatalities on Nigeria roads due to erratic driver behavior. This study thus examined the influence of monetary penalties on driver behavior in Lagos State. The study employed survey research design by purposively distributed four hundred (400) structure questionnaires to both private and commercial drivers. The results of the study showed that 76% of the respondents attested to the effectiveness of monetary penalty in changing driver behavior despite its 28% (R2= .276) statistical contribution. However, it was concluded that changing of driver attitude is not as effective when the focus is concentrated on monetary penalty only. Therefore, it was recommended that, implementation of alternative penalty measures, including fines, community service, driver’s license revocation or the utilization of combinations of two penalty options. Keywords: Penalty option, Fines, Traffic Law, Law enforcement agents

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INJURIES AND DEATHS CAUSED BY ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN POLAND AND SELECTED EU COUNTRIES

The article examines the relationship between three dependent variables: the quantity of accidents on roads in Poland and the quantities of those hurt and killed as a result. Data were obtained from police websites between 2016 and 2021. Multidimensional comparative analyses were used for the research, which, by grouping data and compiling them dynamically in various scales depending on the needs, allowed us to observe trends such as seasonality on a monthly basis (data in a month - Fig. 2) and a downward trend (data in years Fig. 3). This became a premise for building a multiple regression model, which allowed us to dynamically observe the correlation between the quantity of accidents in Poland and the quantity of people hurt and killed as a result. The above-mentioned regularity was described by the function: Y = ‒67,9212 + 1,3341*v(2) + 0,7332*v(3) + +28,4305*v(4) and the built model was analyzed and evaluated. Then, information on the quantity of road accidents and quantities of people killed and hurt in the capital city of Warsaw from January 2021 to December 2022 were used for the research and compared with the data observed throughout Poland. To observe the impact of the random factor, which was a strong increase in the scale of fines in 2022, especially for exceeding the limit of speed by approximately more than 31 km/h. Dynamic indices on a constant base were calculated for the research. It was found that in 2022, compared to 2021, there was a visible decline in the quantity of people killed in road accidents in Warsaw from 42 to 30 people. A similar regularity can be observed in the data on fatalities in road accidents throughout Poland in the identical time period [11]. Moreover, there was no correlation between the time series of fatalities in road accidents in Warsaw and the quantity of accidents and injuries in 2022.

Computational modelling of the key stages of placing bioresorbable polymeric coronary stent

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main problems in the world in medicine. It ranks first in the list of causes of fatal accidents, in addition, more than a half of cases are a result of ischemic heart diseases. One of the most effective method of treatment is coronary stenting. The main purpose of the study is to outline bioresorbable polymeric coronary stent’s behaviour using computational modelling and to demonstrate benefits of application of polymer materials instead of standard metallic alloys. During the research the main stages of coronary stenting that are necessary for general understanding of process were analyzed: the strain after crimping, the shape of angioplasty balloon after deployment and the stress-strain state of vessel and atherosclerotic plaque after coronary stent deployment. PLLA (poly-L-lactic acid) was taken as a material for the research. It allows to create stent construction that will provide the required lumen of the vessel during rehabilitation. Moreover, with the progress of poly-L-lactic acid vasomotor function will restore thereby forming «golden section». The results showed the possibility of use of approaches that were given in this paper for examination of polymer material’s behaviour with coronary stenting. It can be concluded that polymer bioresorbable coronary stents in medicine are promising for further application for improvement of quality of invasive coronary operation.

Calculation of the Level of Death Risk in Traffic Accidents Based On Aggregate Loss Costs

The transportation sector is undergoing transformative changes, driven by the emergence of autonomous vehicles and advancements in smart transportation systems. However, these innovations pose novel challenges, particularly in mitigating the risk of fatalities in traffic accidents. This study focuses on estimating death risk in traffic accidents by analyzing aggregate loss costs within the context of traffic safety. Employing a quantitative approach, the research utilizes the Poisson distribution to model the frequency of fatal incidents and the exponential distribution function to depict the distribution of associated losses. The study's objective is to calculate aggregate losses, offering insights into the potential severity of risks. Through a comprehensive analysis, the results affirm the efficacy of the Poisson and exponential distributions in assessing death risk in traffic accidents, with the highest estimated aggregate loss cost reaching Rp3.734.832,09.

Analytical Hierarchy Process for Risk Management in the Stabilized Flight Approach - Expert Judgment

Destabilised approaches have been the primary cause of fatal accidents during the approach and landing phase, as stated in  (Airbus, 2023). The stabilised approach concept is of great importance for the safe operation of an airline during the approach and landing phases (Acarbay & Kiyak, 2020). The elements highlighted in the approach phases are the runway's dry or contaminated condition and length. In the crew, we analyse their competence, recurrence, and fatigue. Another variable is the type of approach, whether it is precision, non-precision or visual. The external conditions of the aerodrome include obstacles, wind, and wildlife—the type of aircraft, whether light, medium or heavy.  Due to the large amount of qualitative information derived from the pilots' experience about risk management in the approach and landing phases, this paper proposes an Analytic Hierarchy Process model (AHP) for threat characterisation and risk analysis to achieve a stabilised approach. The results show that AHP proposed model establishes a new methodology for identifying potential in-flight risks to air operations based on expert criteria, improving the decisions to land at an alternate airport based on qualitative information from expert pilots in the risk management field.

Identification of the best machine learning model for the prediction of driver injury severity

Predicting the injury severities sustained by drivers engaged in road traffic accidents is a key topic of research in road traffic safety. The current study analyzed the driver injury severity (DIS) using twelve machine learning (ML) algorithms. These models were implemented using 0.70, 0.80, and 0.90 train ratios and 5-, 10- and 15-fold cross-validation. Ten years of accident data (from 2011 to 2020) was obtained from police department of Shillong, India. A total of 693 accidents were documented, with 68% being nonfatal and 32% being fatal. Precision, recall, accuracy, F1 score and area under the curve measures were used to compare the performance of all twelve ML models. Overall, the light gradient-boosting machine model was shown to be the best ML model for predicting the injury severities of drivers engaged in road traffic incidents. Finally, variable importance analysis results showed that cause of accident, collision type and types of vehicles were the most influencing factors in nonfatal and fatal driver accidents. The results also revealed that age and gender were slightly associated with DIS. The findings of the current research could be helpful to road safety agencies for the implementation of suitable countermeasures to increase driver safety in road accidents.

Investigation on the Nature of Safety Rule Violations in High-Rise Construction Projects

The construction sector has consistently demonstrated a greater risk of fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents than other economic sectors, particularly with respect to high-rise building construction projects. Despite searing progress in the regulatory domain, and progressive formulation of new safety agenda for the industry, the truth is safety incidences involving fatalities and injuries still perpetuate with varying degrees of intensity. This is further aggravated by the loss of vital project resources of materials, equipment, and labours, which is counter-productive, unsustainable, and occasionally polluting. What is abundantly clear is that human factor when dealing with safety intricacies and observation still plays a considerable role in determining key safety objective accomplishment. With that in mind, it was the aims of this study to delve deeper into this issue among practitioners at the forefront of the high-rise building construction works in Malaysia. Specifically, it investigates, analyses, and ranks the degree of severity of the safety rule violation repercussion, the frequency, and perpetrators. A questionnaire survey approach was devised and distributed to respondents from among the developers, consultants, contractors, and relevant authorities. The data collected were analysed using SPSS package by determining the average index, standard deviation, variance, and frequency analysis. The results have shown that the lack of fire protection was perceived to lead to the most severe repercussion, while the lack of risky, near-miss, accident reporting, and the lack of Logout or Tagout (LOTO) procedures during servicing and maintenance activities were the most frequent safety rule violations. In addition, the contractor party was the most regular offender of the safety regulations, understandably by virtue of numbers. In conclusion, these outcomes could facilitate safety authorities and professionals in devising pragmatic schemes that best utilize both the persuasive and punitive mitigation measures for better safety outcomes.

Predicting severe wildlife vehicle crashes (WVCs) on New Hampshire roads using a hybrid generalized additive model

Across the United States, wildlife vehicle crashes (WVCs) are increasing and remain consistently deadly to drivers, despite a downward trend in fatal automobile accidents overall. That said, the factors related to severe WVCs are unclear. With this in mind, we pursued a statistical model to reveal factors associated with WVCs that result in severe injury or death to drivers. We hypothesize that there are statistically significant interactions and non-linear relationships between these factors and severity occurrence. We developed a generalized additive model (GAM) with linear terms, additive terms, and a binary response for severity. We surmise that our fitted model results will quantify the relationship between significant variables and severity occurrence, and ultimately help to develop countermeasures to mitigate serious injury. The model was fitted to WVC records occurring between 2002 and 2019 in the state of New Hampshire. Fitted linear terms revealed: 1) in inclement weather, there is about a 22% increase in the odds of severity for slick surface conditions compared to dry surface conditions; 2) for the warmer months (spring/summer), there is a 42% decrease in the odds of severity for straight roads compared to those with curvature/incline; 3) for highways, the odds of severity decreases by 48% for accidents occurring on NH’s two major intestates highways, and 4) for spring/summer (as compared to the fall/winter), there is more than a 3-fold increase in the odds of severity for two-way traffic. Fitted additive terms revealed: 1) the odds of severity increased in the early hours, between midnight and 6AM, and after 5PM; 2) speeds between 45 and 60 mph are associated with an increase in the odds of a severe accident, while both lower and higher speeds (those below 45 and above 60 mph) are associated with a decrease in the odds of a severe accident; and 3) low, mid-range, and high human population densities are associated with decreases, increases, and decreases in odds of severity, respectively. Cross validation and resulting ROC curves gave evidence that our model is well specified and an effective predictor. Results could be used to inform drivers of potentially dangerous roadways/conditions/times.

Critical Ergonomics and (Dis)Comfort Factors While Performing Tasks with Hand Tools on a Ladder: A Pilot Study

Falls at height are among the major causes of fatal accidents at work, especially in the construction sector. Maintaining balance while performing a tool with both hands generates physical efforts and mental loading that needs to be managed for workers’ safety and health. The purpose of the study is to compare perceived (dis)comfort (overall and localized), the ergonomic risk, and the perceived effort through the acquired postures that subjects assumed during the execution of simple and common tasks both on a ladder and on the ground. 26 subjects were asked to perform four tasks in both conditions: top screwing, frontal screwing, object picking from the bottom forward, and object picking from the bottom sideways. Subjective and objective data were gathered for assessing subjective experience (discomfort and effort, perceived) and ergonomic risk. Results highlighted few ergonomic risk differences among “on ladder” and “on ground” tasks, while subjective data reveal significant differences in different scenarios. Furthermore, the knees and neck areas are the most critical ones.

Design and Lateral Stability Analysis of an Attitude Adjustment Tractor for Moving on Side Slopes

Lateral overturns are the most frequent fatal accidents involving tractors. A tractor being able to travel safely on uneven or sloped terrain is still an open field of investigation. The design concept of a four-wheel-drive tractor that can traverse hilly and mountainous areas is described. The tractor’s locomotion system can actively adjust its roll angle by using the attitude adjustment mechanisms equipped on the rear wheels. With double quadrangle mechanisms, the front axle can cooperate with the rear axle to adjust this tractor’s attitude. This tractor can also level its body, steer, and transmit power. The principles and configurations of the two axles are presented. A mathematics/mechanical model of a tractor on lateral slopes was developed. This model considers the relationships of the ground supporting forces when the tractor adjusts its roll angle. Combining the model of specific attitude adjustment mechanisms and the above mechanics model, the lateral stability analysis associated with the active input of the attitude adjustment mechanism is conducted. The reliability of the proposed model is discussed based on a comparison of slope traversing experiments and numerical simulations. This designed tractor has potential application in the fields of hilly and mountainous terrains. The results show that posture/configuration adjustment is a positive way to enhance tractor lateral overturn stability.

Efficient Vertical Structure Correlation and Power Line Inference.

High-resolution three-dimensional data from sensors such as LiDAR are sufficient to find power line towers and poles but do not reliably map relatively thin power lines. In addition, repeated detections of the same object can lead to confusion while data gaps ignore known obstacles. The slow or failed detection of low-salience vertical obstacles and associated wires is one of today's leading causes of fatal helicopter accidents. This article presents a method to efficiently correlate vertical structure observations with existing databases and infer the presence of power lines. The method uses a spatial hash key which compares an observed tower location to potential existing tower locations using nested hash tables. When an observed tower is in the vicinity of an existing entry, the method correlates or distinguishes objects based on height and position. When applied to Delaware's Digital Obstacle File, the average horizontal uncertainty decreased from 206 to 56 ft. The power line presence is inferred by automatically comparing the proportional spacing, height, and angle of tower sets based on the more accurate database. Over 87% of electrical transmission towers were correctly identified with no false negatives.

Extremity Injuries in Pillion Riders of Fatal 2-Wheeler Road Traffic Accidents: An Autopsy-Based Study.

The extremities are the important anatomical regions that are disproportionately injured during road traffic accidents in poor and medium-income countries. The data regarding extremity injuries, particularly in pillion passengers, are minimal globally. We analyzed the pattern of extremity injuries and their association with various parameters such as collision type, seating position, road type, and type of vehicle. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. The pillion riders of fatal motorized 2-wheeler road accident cases that were subjected to autopsy were studied over a period of 2 years. We analyzed 73 cases of pillion riders. Females (60%) were the most commonly affected group. The upper extremities were injured in 55 cases (75.3%) and the lower extremities in 49 cases (67.1%). The shoulder (41%), hand (31.3%), and elbow (23.2%) were the predominantly injured anatomical regions of the upper limb. In the lower extremity, knee (41%) and foot (21.9%) were mostly affected. Forty-nine (67.1%) and 48 (65.8%) cases had abrasions in the upper limbs and lower limbs, respectively, followed by lacerations and contusions. Upper extremity injuries are more common compared with lower extremity. The majority of the pillion riders were seated in a side-saddle position, and self-fall from the bike without any collision with other vehicles was the most common mode of injury. Thus, appropriate seating posture with safety gear can be used to reduce extremity injuries.

Survey Paper on the Driver Drowsiness Detection using IoT

Traffic accidents caused by drowsy drivers represent a crucial threat to public safety. Recent statistics show that drowsy drivers cause an estimated 15.5% of fatal accidents. With the widespread use of mobile devices and roadside units, these accidents can be significantly prevented using a drowsiness detection solution. This device would be a valuable tool for helping to keep drivers safe on the road. It would be especially beneficial for drivers who are prone to drowsiness, such as long-haul truck drivers or shit workers. The system works by collecting data from the various sensors and using a machine learning algorithm. While several solutions were proposed in the literature, they all fall short of presenting a distributed architecture that can answer the needs of these applications without breaching the driver’s privacy.

Primary prevention of food allergy in children

Pediatricians and allergists have noted a recent increase in cases of food allergy and anaphylaxis to peanuts and nuts, affecting very young children with worrying consequences in terms of quality of life. Children suffering from persistent cow's milk protein allergies that do not heal spontaneously are at very high risk of a fatal accident. Based on the findings of these studies, recommendations for primary prevention are made.

Machine Learning Techniques for Fatal Accident Prediction

Abstract Ensuring public safety on our roads is a top priority, and the prevalence of road accidents is a major concern. Fortunately, advances in machine learning allow us to use data to predict and prevent such incidents. Our study delves into the development and implementation of machine learning techniques for predicting road accidents, using rich datasets from Catalonia and Toronto Fatal Collision. Our comprehensive research reveals that ensemble learning methods outperform other models in most prediction tasks, while Decision Tree and K-NN exhibit poor performance. Additionally, our findings highlight the complexity involved in predicting various aspects of crashes, as the Stacking Regressor shows variability in its performance across different target variables. Overall, our study provides valuable insights that can significantly contribute to ongoing efforts to reduce accidents and their consequences by enabling more accurate predictions.

Основные причины производственного травматизма при эксплуатации карьерного автотранспорта на золотодобывающих предприятиях Южной Якутии

Solid minerals mining is one of the main trends in the economic development of the Russian Federation. Mining dump truck transportation is an extremely essential component of the mining industry; in the coming decades, this transport will continue to be crucial for the transportation of overburden and minerals during open-pit mining in the course of the development of solid mineral deposits. Despite the numerous advantages of mining dump trucks, employment of this transport is one of the most hazardous technological processes in the Russian mining industry. More than one-third of all fatal accidents that have occurred in mining production can be associated with mining pump trucks. For example, the number of fatalities registered in certain areas of gold-mining enterprises of Southern Yakutia and associated with the operation of mining dump trucks can reach two cases per year. The goal of the study is to establish the main causes of industrial injuries during the operation of mining dump trucks employed by gold-mining enterprises of Southern Yakutia and the development of various measures to prevent such injuries. According to the results of conducted studies, accidents that occurred during the operation of mining dump trucks were caused by violations of safety rules and requirements in combination with human factors. To ensure the safe operation of mining dump trucks in gold-mining enterprises of Southern Yakutia, control over loading and speed of mining dump trucks should be strengthened; the process of repair job performance must be randomly checked on a regular basis; workers must regularly undergo tests for knowledge of safety rules and requirements for operation of mining dump trucks; and the material and technical base of the trucks must be upgraded. The suggested measures to minimize industrial injuries can be useful for both Russian and international mining companies that employ mining dump trucks.

소방공무원 현장순직사고의 발생실태 및 대응방안에 관한 연구

This study analyses the on-site fatal accidents of firefighters from 2002 to 2021 and proposes response measures to reduce fatal accidents. For this purpose, detailed analyses were conducted by type of work, cause, region, day of the week, rank, age, and years of service. The most common type of fatal accident was engaged in firefighting, followed by drowning and traffic accidents. There were more fatal accidents in Gyeonggi and Gangwon province on Thursdays. There was a disproportionately high rate of fatal accidents among those in leading positions(fire sergeant and senior firefighter) in the field and those in their late 30s. Firefighters with less than five years of experience had a high rate of fatalities. Based on these analyses, this study makes the following recommendations for reducing fatal accidents. First, a strategy for responding to fatal accidents that considers various causes and factors is needed. Second, response strategies should be tailored to each region and location. Third, a response strategy for early problem-solving is needed. Lastly, we need safety education based on the life cycle.

Analisis Hubungan Geometrik Jalan dengan Potensi Kecelakaan di Jalan Imogiri - Dlingo, Bantul, Indonesia

Imogiri - Dlingo road section is a primary collector road located in the Mangunan tourist area, Bantul, Indonesia. This road is a provincial road with hilly terrain, lots of sharp turns, and long ascents and descents, which are potential for traffic accidents. Police data records that in February 2022 there was an accident on this road with 13 deaths and 33 injuries. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate road geometric, both horizontal and vertical alignments on Imogiri - Dlingo road based on Guidelines for Road Geometric Design number 13/P/BM /2021. To do so, road geometric analysis is conducted by employing road safety inspection data, which is then modeled using AutoCAD Civil 3D software. Based on the survey on road geometric, it is known that the number and width of lanes and shoulders are in accordance with Guidelines. Meanwhile, the analysis results using computer program show that this road has 24 horizontal and 6 vertical alignments. Nevertheless, 87% of bend radius, 67% of curve length, 58% of bend angle, 43% of slope, 57% of critical length, and 67% of control design (K) are not fulfilled the requirements. Therefore, Imogiri - Dlingo road is dangerous road and is potentially causing fatal accidents.