Fat Tissue Samples Research Articles

A system for high-speed NIR transmission imaging of drug delivery in tissue

The development and characterisation of new drug delivery techniques often requires visualising the location of delivered fluid in tissue samples. The opacity of tissue means that this can typically only be done with destructive post-processing techniques, or with the use of ionising radiation (eg. X-ray). In this work we present a novel approach to imaging fluid during delivery into port-mortem tissue samples using transmission imaging at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. The system makes use of wavelengths just above the visible range (765 nm), at which tissue is relatively transparent, and to which visible light cameras remain sensitive. Thus, this system utilised a low-cost high-speed (1000 fps) camera and optical components designed for use with visible light. We demonstrate that this NIR imaging system is capable of measuring the location of delivered fluid and an 18G needle in 12 mm thick samples of muscle and fat tissue at 1000 fps. Predictions of needle depth using the imaging system compared well to the known needle position in the tissue: the standard deviation of the depth measurements was approximately 0.7 mm in muscle and 1.2 mm in fat. NIR images captured during and after delivery compare favourably with observations made using 2D X-ray and by sectioning the tissue post-injection. This system can support studies of fluid dispersion and penetration into tissue by new drug delivery systems, thus assist the development of new drug delivery techniques.

ELISA-4-amyloid: diagnostic accuracy of an ELISA panel for typing the four main types of systemic amyloidosis in subcutaneous abdominal fat tissue samples

Background Reliable typing of amyloid is essential. Amyloid extraction from tissue enables immunochemical typing of the precursor protein using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Objective To assess the diagnostic accuracy of a panel of ELISAs for typing the four main types (AA, ATTR, AL-kappa and AL-lambda amyloid). Methods From 1996 to 2023 subcutaneous abdominal fat tissue aspirates were obtained from 1339 amyloidosis patients and 868 controls. Amyloid was visually graded 0–4+ in Congo red-stained smears. Amyloid extracted from tissue by Guanidine was typed using a panel comprising four ELISAs. Results All amyloid protein concentrations in extracts correlated with amyloid grade in smears. Typing sensitivity was low (23.3%) in samples with grade 1+/2+ amyloid. Overall typing sensitivity of the panel was 81.6% for all easily visible amyloid (grade 3+/4+): high for AA (98.8%) and ATTR (96.8%) and fair for AL-kappa (66.7%) and AL-lambda (75.9). Overall typing specificity was 98.0% and the overall positive predictive value was 98.0%. Conclusions We describe a highly specific ELISA panel for routine typing of the main amyloid types in fat tissue. Until more sensitive typing techniques will become generally available, typing easily visible amyloid in fat tissue using this ELISA panel is reliable, affordable and straightforward.

The role of tissue persistent organic pollutants and genetic polymorphisms in patients with benign and malignant kidney tumors

This study aimed to explore whether there is an association between environmental exposure to POPs and kidney tumor induction, and whether blood POP concentrations reflect kidney tissue concentrations. POP derivatives were determined in blood, tumor tissue, tumor surrounding tissue, and perirenal fat tissue samples taken from patients who underwent surgery for renal tumors. A voluntary control group was recruited for blood and urine samples as well. Urinary excretions of o,o′-dityrosine, chlorotyrosine, nitrotyrosine, and 8-OHdG were measured in the same patients. The possible role of genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GST isozymes P, M, and T, and hOGG1 genes on the predisposition to renal cancer was investigated. Some POPs have been found to be associated with kidney cancer, as evidenced by their significantly high ORs. 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher compared to the control group. The GSTT1 null polymorphism can be a risk factor for malignant but not for benign kidney tumors.

The human dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) morphology: A multimodal imaging approach

BackgroundDermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) in humans can be characterized as a relaxed dermal skin compartment consisting of functionally interlinked adipocytes. dWAT is typically discerned both in terms of morphology and function from subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). In particular in human thigh, the dWAT appears as thin extensions from the adipose panniculus to the dermis, and it is primarily associated with pilosebaceous units, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and erector pili muscles. In this work, human fat tissue samples obtained post-mortem from the gluteo-femoral region were analyzed focusing on the thin extensions of dWAT named dermal cones. This anatomical region was chosen to deepen the dWAT morphological features of this site which is interesting both for clinical applications and genetical studies. The purpose of this exploratory methodological study was to gain deeper insights into the morphological features of human dWAT through a multimodal imaging approach. MethodsOptical microscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), have been employed in this study. The cones’ length and their distances were measured on the acquired images for optical microscopy and SEM. The cone’s apparent regular distribution in MRI images was evaluated using a mathematical criterion, the conformity ratio, which is the ratio of the mean nearest-neighbor distance to its standard deviation. ResultsThe imaging techniques revealed white adipocytes forming a layer, referred to as sWAT, with cones measuring nearly 2 mm in size measured on SEM and Optical images (2.1 ± 0.4 mm), with the lower part embedded in the sWAT and the upper part extending into the dermis. The distance between the cones results about 1 mm measured on MRI images and they show an overall semiregular distribution. ConclusionsMRI images demonstrated an orderly arrangement of cones, and their 3D reconstruction allowed to elucidate the dermal cones’ disposition in the tissue sample and a more general comprehensive visualization of the entire fat structure within the dermis.

A fractional order impedance model for heterogeneous drug distribution in obese patients during general anesthesia

Personalised pharmacokinetic models imply stepping away from the classical assumption of homogeneous drug mixing in various tissue compartments in the body, with a particular impact on obese patients. In this work, the pharmacokinetic compartmental model structure is revisited to account for non-uniform distribution of uptake/clearance time constants in patients as a nonlinear function of body mass index. Simulations are confirming expected patterns of drug distribution in the body and can account for post-anesthesia side effects up to 72 hours. We apply spectroscopy to extract the complex impedance in fat tissue samples. The data is modelled by a Cole-Cole model, where parameters of the fractional order impedance model are optimized using a genetic algorithm. The findings suggest that fat tissue will exhibit anomalous diffusion when drug uptake and clearance are present.

The anti-obesity properties of Anredera cordifolia leaf extract in rats fed a high-fat diet through inhibition of adipogenesis.

Various disease complications are a risk of overweight or obesity, so losing weight can reduce the risk of diseases caused by obesity. Binahong leaf ethanol extract (Anredera cordifolia) is a weight-loss herbal preparation. This study aims to analyze whether A. cordifolia extract is effective in losing weight by affecting the mechanism of adipogenesis in an animal obesity model. Animals were grouped into six groups as follows: the normal diet (K1), the negative control group (K2), the positive control group with Orlistat at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW (K3), an ethanol extract of A. cordifolia leaves at doses of 50 mg/kg BW (P1), 100 mg/kg BW group (P2), and 150 mg/kg BW (P3). All rats were fed a diet that consisted of high fat for eight weeks, except K1. Afterward, the treatments were given based on group distribution. Then, the rats were treated based on their groups for 4 weeks, and the high-fat diet was still given during the treatment for the control groups (K2). Anthropometric examinations such as body weight, length, and the circumference of the abdomen were measured. Metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and abdominal fat weight, were measured using molecular parameters that measured PI3K levels and Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in abdominal fat tissue samples using the ELISA method. ERK levels of abdominal fat were lowered in the treatment group using the extract of A. cordifolia (50 mg/kg BW (P1) and 100 mg/kg BW (P2)) compared to the control group that was given a high-fat diet without treatment. The control group, which was fed a high-fat diet without treatment, had an average ERK level of 10.17 ± 2.98 ng/ml, P1 (50 mg/kg BW). Furthermore, when ethanol extracts were used as opposed to the control group, which received a high-fat diet without treatment, there was an increase in phosphoinositide three-kinase (PI3K) levels (K2). The control group received 9.35 ± 2.87 ng/ml, the treatment group received 100 mg/kg BW (P2) 9.48 ± 1.54 ng/ml, and the treatment group received 150 mg/kg BW (P3) 7.87 ± 1.79 ng/ml. The weight of fat in the abdomen differed between the groups that received a high-fat diet without treatment (K2) and those that received a high-fat diet with treatment (P1, P2, P3; p < 0.05). Anredera cordifolia extract possesses anti-obesity activities by decreasing ERK and increasing PI3K levels, as well as reducing abdominal fat weight.

Single source CARS-based multimodal microscopy system for biological tissue imaging [Invited

A coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)-based multimodality microscopy system was developed using a single Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser source for biological imaging. It provides three complementary and co-registered imaging modalities: CARS, MPM (multiphoton microscopy), and RCM (reflectance confocal microscopy). The imaging speed is about 1 frame-per-second (fps) with a digital resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels. This microscopy system can provide clear 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images of ex-vivo biological tissue samples. Its spectral selection initiates vibrational excitation in lipid cells (approximately 2850 cm-1) using two filters on the pump and Stokes beam paths. The excitation can be tuned over a wide spectral range with adjustable spectral filters. The imaging capability of this CARS-based multimodal microscopy system was demonstrated using porcine fat, murine skin, and murine liver tissue samples.

2555. Metronidazole Dosing in Patients with and without Obesity Undergoing Colorectal Surgery: Should body size or composition be a factor?

Abstract Background Metronidazole (MET) is administered on a fixed-dose basis irrespective of body size in adults but studies suggest that dose adjustment may be needed (PMID: 33969405). This study evaluated plasma and fat tissue pharmacokinetics (PK) of MET in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery.Table 1.Patient demographics, body size, morphomic and pharmacokinetic values by obese group. Data reported as median (5th, 95th percentile) valuesFigure 1.Visual predictive check illustrating observed and model predicted metronidazole concentrations in plasma and fat tissue samples stratified by patients with and with out obesity Methods Adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) undergoing elective colorectal procedures with a preoperative CT scan available were prospectively enrolled. MET was administered as standard of care (500 mg) intravenously 15-60 prior to incision with blood sampling performed at the end of infusion, before incision, and at surgical closure. Fat tissue samples were collected at incision and closure. Samples were assayed by an LC-MS/MS method. Population PK analyses were performed by co-modeling plasma and fat MET concentrations and comparing weight, body surface area (BSA), morphomics, and conventional patient demographics as covariates. Morphomics are body dimensions and composition (e.g. muscle and fat areas) parameters generated using CT scan data. Results Data were acquired from 67 patients (n=36 male) with comparisons between groups reported in Table 1. A 1-compartment model adequately characterized plasma MET profiles with a mean (CV) volume of distribution (V) and clearance (CL) of 24.4 (62.5%) L and 4.04 (34.2%) L/h. A two-compartment structure with transfer rate constants, with vertebral height (compared to weight or BSA) as a covariate of V and age as a covariate of CL provided the best co-model fit for plasma and fat tissue (Figure 1). The median [5th, 95th percentile] sampling period was 3.3 [1.6, 6.4] hours with an AUCτ of 44.0 [22.0, 83.4] h*mg/L and 6.79 [3.11, 13.6] h*mg/L in plasma and fat tissue. No significant difference was observed in plasma or fat exposures or their ratio as a surrogate for tissue penetration between obese and non-obese patients. Simulations suggest a lower probability (≤62.6%) of achieving an AUC∞/MIC of 70 in adults under the age of 50 years. Conclusion Plasma and fat tissue exposures of MET are similar in obese and non-obese patients undergoing elective colorectal surgeries. Age may be a more relevant factor than body size or composition for metronidazole dose adjustment. Disclosures Stewart Wang, MD, PhD, Applied Morphomics, Inc.: patent for analytic morphomics|Applied Morphomics, Inc.: Ownership Interest|mBioHealth: Ownership Interest|Surgical Risk Management: Ownership Interest

Adipose Component Transplantation: An Advanced Fat-Grafting Strategy for Facial Rejuvenation.

Autologous fat grafting is frequently used for volume augmentation and tissue regeneration. The uniform physical and biological characteristics of fat grafts, however, limit their optimal effects in various situations. Subjecting fat tissue to different mechanical processes results in adipose-derived products with distinct biological components and physical features. The present study describes a novel facial fat-grafting strategy, adipose component transplantation (ACT), that yields different adipose products that can be applied to specific injection sites. All patients who underwent ACT were evaluated retrospectively. Fat tissue samples were fractionated into high-density fat, adipose matrix complex, stromal vascular fraction gel, and adipose collagen fragment, as described. Each of these fractions was processed and injected into indicated recipient sites. Additional SVF gel was cryopreserved and, if necessary, injected during the following 3 months. Patients were followed up after 1, 2, 3, and 6 months, and annually thereafter. From March of 2020 to September of 2021, 78 patients underwent whole face fat grafting using the ACT strategy. All operations and secondary injections of cryopreserved SVF gel were uneventful. There were no major complications, and final aesthetic results were satisfactory in 91% of patients. The ACT strategy allows specific adipose products to be applied to specific injection sites, as warranted. Adipose matrix complex is indicated for sufficient rigid support, high-density fat when large volumes are required, SVF gel for precise injection and cryopreservation, and ACF as mesotherapy for skin rejuvenation. The ACT strategy optimizes the biological functions and physical features of different adipose-derived products. Therapeutic, IV.

N-acetyl-L-cysteine ameliorates gestational diabetes mellitus by inhibiting oxidative stress.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnant disorder that needs careful medical attention. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is a well-recognized antioxidant to treat oxidative stress-induced diseases. Although its role in GDM has been reported, the mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, our current study further explored its protective role against GDM. An 8-week-old, db/+, female mice were injected with a single dose of 100mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Pregnant mice were randomly treated with 1200mg/kg NAC or water daily. On gestational day 19, oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and visceral fat tissue and blood samples were collected. After delivery, litter size and weight were recorded. NAC could effectively improve GDM-induced glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, activated inflammation, and oxidative stress in GDM mice. Moreover, NAC reduced the litter size and weight of GDM mice. NAC also activated the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in the liver of GDM mice. NAC effectively ameliorated GDM symptoms and the reproductive outcome of GDM mice through inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, NAC might serve as a potential candidate drug against GDM.

Photoacoustic testing of shear viscoelastic properties of soft tissues using annular beam illumination.

This Letter reports a new, to the best of our knowledge, photoacoustic excitation method for evaluating the shear viscoelastic properties of soft tissues. By illuminating the target surface with an annular pulsed laser beam, circularly converging surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are generated, focused, and detected at the center of the annular beam. The shear elasticity and shear viscosity of the target are extracted from the dispersive phase velocity of the SAWs based on the Kelvin-Voigt model and nonlinear regression fitting. Agar phantoms with different concentrations, and animal liver and fat tissue samples have successfully been characterized. Different from previous methods, the self-focusing of the converging SAWs allows sufficient SNR to be obtained even with low pulsed laser energy density, which makes this approach well compatible with soft tissues under both ex vivo and in vivo testing conditions.

The Effect of Calorie Restriction on Body Weight, Fat Tissue Weight and the Histopathological Picture of Fat Tissue in Rats

Background : Calorie restriction is a reduction in calorie intake without malnutrition, as the main tool to improve health (Tomiyama et al.,2017). Limitation of calorie intake around 20-40% of total calorie intake, but intake remains adequate to reduce inflammation (Trepanowski et al., 2010). Obesity is one of the consequences of excessive calorie consumption which causes inflammation so that it can increase the risk of degenerative diseases (Susantiningsih, 2015). Overweight is divided into two, namely hypertrophy occurs by the accumulation of large amounts of fat in unilocular fat cells, so that the size of fat cells reaches four times larger, but the number of fat cells does not increase. And hyperplasia is a heavy obesity because in addition to growing cells also the number of cells becomes more (Sunny Wangko, 2014). One effort that can be done to reduce the increase in degenerative diseases is by limiting caloric intake or appropriate calorie restriction (Brzek et al., 2012).Purpose : This study purpose to determine changes in body weight, fat tissue and histopathological features of fat tissue in rats given calorie restriction and reviewed according to Islamic views.Methods : This type of research is an experimental laboratory for 6 weeks with research subjects male white rats (Wistar Strain) which is divided into 2 groups, namely control, and Calorie Restrictions Taking samples of body weight and fat tissue in the abdomen and supraclavicular to see the number of cells fat, fat cell size and weight of white fat tissue and brown fat tissue.Results : Calorie restriction can reduce fat cell size, and weight of white fat tissue significantly (p &lt;0.05). in brown fat there was a significant increase. but in the measurement of body weight and fat cell numbers there were no significant differences (p&gt; 0.05).Conclusion : In calorie restriction there was no significant relationship after a study of body weight and fat cell count, but found a significant relationship to the weight of white fat tissue and brown fat tissue and the size of fat cells. In Islamic view calorie restriction is the same as limiting food intake as recommended by the Prophet about 1/3 of the stomach for food.

Selection of a reference gene for studies on lipid-related aquatic adaptations of toothed whales (Grampus griseus).

Toothed whales are one group of marine mammals that has developed special adaptations, such as echolocation for predation, to successfully live in a dynamic aquatic environment. Their fat metabolism may differ from that of other mammals because toothed whales have acoustic fats. Gene expression in the metabolic pathways of animals can change with respect to their evolution and environment. A real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is a reliable technique for studying the relative expressions of genes. However, since the accuracy of RT‐qPCR data is totally dependent on the reference gene, the selection of the reference gene is an essential step. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes (ZC3H10, FTL, LGALS1, RPL27, GAPDH, FTH1, DCN, TCTP, NDUS5, and UBIM) were initially tested for amplification efficiency using RT‐qPCR. After excluding DCN, the remaining nine genes, which are nearly 100% efficient, were selected for the gene stability analysis. Stable reference genes across eight different fat tissue, liver, and muscle samples from Grampus griseus were identified by four algorithms, which were provided in Genorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT. Finally, a RefFinder comprehensive ranking was performed based on the stability values, and the nine genes were ranked as follows: LGALS1 > FTL > GAPDH > ZC3H10 > FTH1 > NDUS5 > TCTP > RPL27 > UBIM. The LGALS1 and FTL genes were identified as the most stable novel reference genes. The third‐ranked gene, GAPDH, is a well‐known housekeeping gene for mammals. Ultimately, we suggest the use of LGALS1 as a reliable novel reference gene for genomics studies on the lipid‐related aquatic adaptations of toothed whales.

Supercharged Mechanical Stromal-cell Transfer (MEST).

Summary:PRP and fat-derived stromal-cell applications are the 2 most commonly used methods in regenerative medicine. PRP has a wide spectrum of indications. Mechanical methods have become very popular recently in fat-derived stromal-cell applications due to the advantages they provide. Combining these 2 methods has produced more successful results. To date, this combination has been in the form of combining 2 products obtained separately just before they are administered to the patient. In this study, fat tissue and blood samples obtained from eight volunteers were mixed with PPP as a new idea not previously reported in the literature, and stromal cells were obtained mechanically with sharp blades (adinizing). Later, the obtained PRP was added to the final product and became “supercharged.” The results were tested by the dual fluoroscopy method for cell number and viability, and the results obtained were analyzed statistically. By adding the plasma to the oil before stromal cells were obtained and cutting with sharp blades by mechanical separation, twice the volume and 4.7 times more cells were obtained compared with that obtained in the saline group (P < 0.001). We believe that the reason for this is the “binding” effect of the proteins in the plasma. This approach provided a higher cell count by using PPP, which is a “waste product,” and in addition, the potential efficiency was increased by adding PRP. However, the clinical results of this innovative method should be evaluated with advanced clinical studies.

Improvement of Pork Quality at Different Values of Pig Productivity

This article examines how to increase pork meat productivity and quality indicators through the use of crossbreeding. The aim is to increase the meat productivity of animals; reduce losses during production and processing; and improve the criteria for assessing the quality of meat and the organization of its rational use. The purpose of our research is to study the productive quality of the steppe type of pigs, used in the Rostov region in breeding and crossing systems, and the complex of biological and internal indicators in connection with the defects in the quality of pork. Four groups with 16 animals in each were formed: the first group – with the intensive cultivation technology, included pigs of the DM-1 breed, the second – SM-1, the third – the SM-1 × DM-1 crossbreed, the fourth – the DM-1 × SM-1 crossbreed. Analysis of the raw meat showed that the pork had a good ability to emulsify and gel, and had a high nutritional value. The toxicity index in the muscle and fat tissue samples corresponded to the first permissible toxicity group. The study shows the advantages of crossbred individuals over purebred ones, which can be explained by the consequences of heterosis. According to the research results, the use of pig breeding in the industrial production of pork can be recommended in order to improve feedstock and meat productivity, biological and interior indicators, as well as the quality of raw meat.&#x0D; Keywords: pork, crossbreeding, meat productivity, meat quality, steppe type of pigs, interior indicators, fattening qualities, biological and nutritional value of pork

The efficacy and safety of autologous stromal vascular fraction transplantation for infraorbital skin rejuvenation: A clinical prospective study.

The stromal vascular fraction of fat tissue contributes to its rejuvenation properties. The stromal vascular fraction is a minimal processed cell population. Therefore, it is purportedly a suitable cell therapy for skin rejuvenation. This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transplantation of autologous stromal vascular fraction to aging skin in the infraorbital region. Nineteen patients were candidates for stromal vascular fraction isolation and transplantation. They underwent lipoaspiration of the abdomen to obtain samples of fat tissue. The stromal vascular fraction was thereafter harvested and transplanted in each infraorbital area. The patients' outcomes were measured and were based on surface evaluation of wrinkles, surface evaluation of scaliness, and melanin evaluation with a Mexameter. The red blood cell volume and skin elasticity were measured with an erythrometer and cutometer, respectively. Three months and 6months after autologous stromal vascular fraction transplantation, the elasticity, wrinkle, and pigmentation of the infraorbital skin improved significantly, but not surface evaluation of scaliness and erythema. The phenotype also improved in the infraorbital skin area, as evaluated by physicians. The stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue represents an attractive cell source. In our study, preliminary data showed that clinical outcomes were also generally satisfactory with no serious adverse effects. Thus, stromal vascular fraction cells are safe for clinical rejuvenation use. We encourage future evidence-based controlled studies to maintain a strong focus on the efficacy and safety profile of stromal vascular fraction therapy.

CHANGE OF THE CHEMICAL, FAT AND ACID COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LAMB FAT UNDER INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FODDER BACKGROUND

The role of fats in nutrition is determined by their high-calorie content and participation in the construction of body tissues, together with proteins and carbohydrates. Enriched nutrition is of great importance in the complex of issues that determine its usefulness. Thus, the question of the effect of probiotics and sorbents in the diet on the animal organism has become very relevant. The purpose of the work was a comparative assessment of the composition and properties of adipose tissue of rams, consuming together and separately preparations with sorption and probiotic effect. The studies were carried out in two stages. In the first, during the scientific and economic experiment, 80 newborn rams grew and developed up to a year of age, followed by the slaughter of three animals from each group. In the second stage, samples of internal fat were examined according to some indicators. Sensory analysis revealed that all internal fat samples met the established requirements, while the color and consistency of the experimental samples improved. The dry matter content, including fat in the experimental samples of fat tissue, increased, and moisture decreased. The physical and technical parameters of internal fat also changed in the intergroup aspect. In the control sample, the iodine number decreased, and the saponification number, pour point, and melting point increased. Calculation of energy value indicates that in the first sample, the indicator increased by 0.08 MJ (0.23%); Group II – by 0.16 MJ (0.45%) and group III – by 0.25 MJ (0.70%). According to the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids, young group III was in the lead. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was the opposite. The biological effectiveness of fats is determined by the ratio that was better in the experimental samples. Thus, the inclusion of fodder additives in the diet of the rams of the Romanov breed helps to improve the quality of raw materials.

Association of endocrine active environmental compounds with body mass index and weight loss following bariatric surgery.

The objective of this study was to study associations of a wide range of halogenated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and diphenylethers with body mass index (BMI) and evaluate changes in their concentration following bariatric surgery. Subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and liver tissue samples were collected from 106 patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for weight loss or patients who were undergoing abdominal surgery for nonbariatric reasons. We measured concentrations of an extensive panel of chlorinated and brominated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans, and brominated diphenylethers in the samples. We conducted linear regression to examine associations with BMI, adjusting for age and gender. Changes in concentration for indicator chemicals were evaluated in samples collected following bariatric surgery in a small subpopulation. After adjustments for age and gender and correction for multiple testing, seven ortho-chlorinated biphenyls, one nonortho-chlorinated biphenyl, four PCDD/Fs and one ortho-brominated biphenyl were associated with BMI. The strongest associations between BMI and lipid-adjusted concentrations were seen with PCB-105 in subcutaneous fat (beta=16.838 P-val=1.45E-06) PCB-126 in visceral fat (beta=15.067 P-val=7.72E-06) and PCB-118 (beta=14.101 P-val=2.66E-05) in liver. The concentrations of sum PCBs, chlorinated toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ's) and brominated compounds increased significantly with weight loss in subcutaneous fat in a group of ten individuals resampled up to five years after bariatric surgery and substantial weight loss. We show that selected polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs and structurally related polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were associated with BMI. Concentrations of these lipophilic compounds in subcutaneous fat increased following bariatric surgery.

Influence of software parameters on measurements in automatized image-based analysis of fat tissue histology

The understanding of fat tissue plays an eminent role in plastic surgery as well as in metabolic research. Histopathological analysis of tissue samples provides insight in free fat graft survival and culture experiments help to better understand fat tissue derived stem cells (ASCs). To facilitate such experiments, modern image-based histology could provide an automatized approach to a large amount of data to gain not only qualitative but also quantitative data. This study was designed to critically evaluate image-based analysis of fat tissue samples in cell culture or in tissue probes and to identify critical parameters to avoid bias in further studies.In the first part of the study, ASCs were harvested and differentiated into adipocytes in cell culture. Histology was performed with the fluorescent dye BODIPY and the obtained digital images were analyzed using Image J software. In the second part of the study, digitalized histology of a previous in vivo study was subjected to automatized fat vacuole quantification using Image J. Both approaches were critically reviewed, and different software parameter settings were tested.Results showed that automatized digital image analysis allows the quantification of fat tissue probes with enough precision giving significant results. But the testing of different software parameters revealed a significant influence of parameters themselves on calculated results.Therefore, we recommend the use of image-based analysis to quantify fat tissue probes to improve the comparability of studies. But we also emphasize to calibrate software using internal controls in every single experimental approach.

Adipose Tissue in Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis Shows Features of Brown/Beige Fat

IntroductionMultiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) (syn.: Launois–Bensaude Syndrome, benign symmetric lipomatosis) is a rare disease of fatty tissue. The pathophysiology of MSL still remains unclear, although several approaches have been described in order to understand it. Beside morphological characteristics and some molecular cell biological approaches, little is known about the histological and immunohistochemical characterization of adipose tissue from patients with MSL.MethodsFrom the 45 patients with MSL in our database, 10 were included in the study. Fat tissue samples were collected from affected and unaffected areas. The forearm served as a control area as this area is not affected in MSL. The specimens were analyzed after selected stainings were taken (hematoxylin–eosin = HE, Elastica van Gieson, Ladewig, CD200, CIDEA, myf5, p107, Prdm16, Sca-1, syndecan, UCP1, MAC387, Glut4).ResultsIn patients suffering from MSL, no macroscopic or microscopic morphological difference could be found between affected and unaffected adipose tissue in HE stainings. The majority of samples showed positivity for UCP1 (9/10 clinically affected tissues, 7/10 clinically unaffected tissues) and CD200.ConclusionMarker profiles support the hypothesis that affected adipose tissue derives from brown or beige adipose tissue rather than from white fat.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.