Fat Samples Research Articles

Mercury and Organochlorine Pesticides in Tissues of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Southwestern Mediterranean Coastline (Andalusia, Spain).

Nineteen loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) stranded along the southwestern Mediterranean coastline (Andalusia) were used in this study. A total of 68 samples of fat (n = 18), liver (n = 15), kidney (n = 13), pectoral muscle (n = 19), and brain (n = 3) were analysed for total mercury (Hg) and organochlorine pesticides [OC: ∑Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (∑DDT), ∑Hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH), ∑Heptachlor, ∑Drins and ∑Endosulfan]. These loggerhead sea turtles showed tissue Hg and OC concentrations similar to or lower than those reported in other studies. Few growth-related variations in Hg or OC levels in relation to straight carapace length were found, probably because the specimens were mostly juveniles. This study will help to fill the gap on spatio-temporal exposure data and ascertain the real world-wide picture of the contamination levels in loggerhead sea turtles.

Transcriptome profiling of lncRNA related to fat tissues of Qinchuan cattle.

Qinchuan cattle is one of the five yellow cattle breeds in China with good performance of meat. The proliferation and differentiation level of muscle and fat are closely related to the growth and development of the organism and are the key factors affecting the quality of meat. In order to study the effect of lncRNA on the fat tissues of Qinchuan cattle, six calf and adult bovine adipose tissues were selected for high-throughput sequencing. We obtained 3,716 lncRNA candidates from calves and adult cattle fat samples, among them 789 lncRNA were annotated and 2,927 lncRNA were novel lncRNA. A number of lncRNAs were highly abundant, and 119 lncRNA were differentially expressed between two developmental stages. We further validated several differentially expressed lncRNAs using qPCR, and the results were consistent with the sequencing data. Therefore, we conclude that lncRNA may play an important role in adipose tissue in different age groups of cattle.

Authentication of Iberian pork official quality categories using a portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument

A portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument was evaluated for the discrimination of individual Iberian pig carcasses into the four official quality categories (defined by a combination of genotype and feeding regime). Spectra were obtained scanning four anatomical locations (live animal skin, carcass surface, fresh meat and subcutaneous fat samples) at a commercial abattoir, using a handheld micro electro mechanical system instrument. The best assignments into official quality categories with the NIRS measurements in the carcass surface and subcutaneous fat were able to correctly classify 75.9% and 73.8% of the carcasses, respectively. Moreover, 93.2% and 93.4% of carcasses were correctly classified according to feeding regimes by using the spectra from fresh meat and subcutaneous fat samples. The results suggest that, using subcutaneous fat samples, a portable NIRS could be used in commercial abattoirs as a tool to support the control of official quality category assignment in Iberian pig carcasses.

Fatty Acids and Trans Fatty Acids Profile of Potato Chips and French Fries Marketed in Romania

The aim of the study was to evaluate the composition in fatty acids (FAi) and trans fatty acids (t-FAi) from potato chips and French fries using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fat sample was extracted with petroleum ether, using the Buchi B-811 automatic extraction unit, the Soxhlet Standard procedure. The extracted fat was saponified with sodium methoxide solution and the fatty acids derivatized into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with BF3 methanolic solution. Six potato chips samples and six French fries samples, coming from 3, respectively 5 brands, were purchased from supermarkets and fast foods in Bucharest, Romania. In potato chips, saturated (SFA), cis-monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were present between 6.410 - 48.862%, 41.786 - 84.570%, respectively 5.567 - 28.274%, and in French fries ranged between 7.001 - 57.277%, 35.281 � 57.894%, respectively 7.442 � 49.392%. The tested samples showed that the level of total trans fatty acids (TFA) was less than 0.2% (undetectable - 0.124%). It can be concluded that potato chips and French fries marketed in Bucharest, Romania are safe for consumers in terms of TFA content.

Fatty Acid Profiling for the Authentication of Iberian Hams According to the Feeding Regime

The quality and sensory characteristics of Iberian ham are closely related to the pig feeding regime. These are mainly due to the inclusion or not of acorns into the diet, which significantly increases the content of monounsaturated fatty acids in this food product. In this work, the fatty acid profile from subcutaneous fat samples was evaluated and modeled with various chemometric approaches as a potential tool for authentication of Iberian ham from three categories according to the rearing system: “Jamón de Bellota”, “Jamón de Cebo de Campo”, and “Jamón de Cebo”. The application of artificial neural networks provided satisfactory classification and prediction rates, with oleic acid being the most important variable driving this differentiation.

Concentration of Metals and Trace Elements in the Normal Human and Rat Thyroid: Comparison with Muscle and Adipose Tissue and Volcanic Versus Control Areas.

Background: The concentration of trace elements and metals in the thyroid is the result of exposure, uptake, retention, and clearance. The specificity and selectivity of thyroid capacity to concentrate these elements relative to other tissues are not known. To obtain this information, we measured the tissue concentration of 26 elements in the thyroid, muscle, and fat of euthyroid human subjects and also in normal rats. Methods: At programmed surgery, small (<1 g) tissue fragments were collected in 77 euthyroid subjects. Macroscopically normal thyroid tissue, sternothyroid muscle, and neck subcutaneous fat samples were excised, and thyroid tissue was confirmed to be morphologically normal through microscopy. Tissue specimens (thyroid, hindlimb muscle, and abdominal fat) were also obtained from normal rats. Measurements of trace elements were performed on tissues using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Results: Only 19 of the 26 investigated elements were measurable as 7 elements were below the limit of detection. The ranking concentration in human thyroid tissue, not considering iodide, indicated that Zn, Br, Cu, Cr, Se, and Mn represented over 95% of the measured elements. A similar ranking was observed in the rat thyroid. A comparison with other tissues indicated that in addition to I, also Br, Mn, Se, and Sn were significantly more concentrated in the thyroid, and this was also the case for the recognized carcinogens As, Cd, and Hg. As and Hg, but not Cd (which was not detectable in any of the rat tissues), were also more concentrated in the rat thyroid. Since human thyroid specimens were also obtained from residents of a volcanic area, where environmental pollution may cause human biocontamination, we compared the trace element concentration in specimens from the volcanic area with controls. Many trace elements were slightly, but not significantly, increased in the volcanic area specimens. Conclusions: In the normal human thyroid, many trace elements, including Br, Mn, Se, and Sn, and the recognized carcinogens, As, Cd, and Hg, are significantly more concentrated than in muscle and fat of the same individual. Similar data were observed in rats. The reason for the differential element accumulation in the thyroid is unclear; a better understanding may be useful to further clarify thyroid biology.

P359 Platelet-rich stroma injection (PRS) as a novel surgical treatment of refractory perianal fistulas in Crohn’s disease: A pilot study

Abstract Background Perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease (FCD) comes with significant morbidity and severe reduced quality of life. Treatment of FCD is challenging and includes immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics and surgery. All therapies are associated with high recurrence rates. Platelet-rich stroma (PRS) is a combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Autologous PRS includes stromal cells in their matrix with stimulating factors, plays an essential role in wound repair and defence mechanisms against infection and is easy to obtain and inject. Because of its operating mechanism, PRS could be of additional value in patients with refractory FCD. This study aims to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of local injection of PRS in patients with refractory FCD. Methods After informed consent, 10 patients (age ≥16 years) with refractory FCD were included between March 2018 and July 2019. Exclusion criteria were rectovaginal fistulas, persistent proctitis and pelvic abscesses. All patients underwent surgery with harvesting of subcutaneous fat and venous blood sampling to obtain 6 ml of PRS (1 ml of SVF resp. 5 ml of PRP), excision of the external opening(s), fistula curettage, and injection of PRS in the fistula wall and closure of the internal opening. A pre- and postoperative MRI was performed. Endpoints were clinical outcome, both closure and absence of discharge at physical examination, patient-reported outcome (no effect/moderate effect/major effect), as well as radiological outcome (van Assche score). From 3 months postoperative, re-injection of PRS was considered in patients with unfavourable clinical and/or radiological outcome. Results All patients (4:6 female:male; median age 33 (IQR 22.9–38.7) had infralevatoric fistulas with a median van Assche score of 17 [range 14–20] without rectal involvement and abscesses. Median follow-up was 6 months [4–12]. The median duration of FCD was 4 years (IQR 2–5). The median number of drugs given were 4 [1–7] and number of operations 3 [2–3], including stoma formation in 2 patients. Crohn’s disease activity outside the anorectum was present in all patients. 7 patients underwent 1 PRS injection and 3 patients 2 injections. There were no complications of the PRS injection. Fistula closure was present in 5 patients and open in 5 patients, of which 2 patients had no signs of discharge. One patient underwent restoration of bowel continuity. Of 7 postoperative MRIs available to date, median decrease of van Assche score was 4 (17 vs. 13)[0–15]. Patient-reported outcome was major effect in 4, moderate effect in 3, and no effect in 3 patients. Conclusion Autologous PRS appears to be feasible, safe and promising in the treatment of refractory perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease.

EFEITOS SISTÊMICOS DO VINAGRE DE MAÇÃ EM RATOS SUBMETIDOS À DIETA HIPERCALÓRICA VINAGRE DE MAÇÃ EM RATOS OBESOS

Obesity is a public health problem, with alarming numbers, when viewed as incidence projections for the coming years. It is a metabolic syndrome characterized by excess fat in adipose tissue. In view of this, see Search for obesity. The practice of daily intake of apple cider vinegar with therapeutic treatment has been widespread, due to the potential antihyperlipidemic property of acetic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using apple cider vinegar on the surveillance of the high calorie diet. 32 male Wisteros were used, divided into 4 groups: Control Group (C), Group with administration of apple cider vinegar (V), Group with administration of high calorie diet (D), Group with administration of high calorie diet associated with administration of apple cider vinegar (DV). During the experiment, the groups that had induced obesity received a diet in the cafeteria, while other groups received ration. After 3 months, apple cider vinegar was made for 8 weeks. The animals were sacrificed and taken from blood, mesenteric fat, aorta and liver samples for analysis. There are no significant differences due to the use of vinegar, except for TGO and TGP in groups C and V. Therefore, apple cider vinegar is not effective in reducing levels of total cholesterol, HDL, VLDL, LDL, triglycerides, blood glucose, TGO and TGP when already tall, nor for weight reduction of animals. However, it was shown to be hepatoprotective, when associated with a normolipidic diet.

A Machine Learning Approach for Lamb Meat Quality Assessment Using FTIR Spectra

The food industry requires automatic methods to establish authenticity of food products. In this work, we address the problem of the certification of suckling lamb meat with respect to the rearing system. We evaluate the performance of neural network classifiers as well as different dimensionality reduction techniques, with the aim of categorizing lamb fat by means of spectroscopy and analyzing the features with more discrimination power. Assessing the stability of feature ranking algorithms also becomes particularly important. We assess six feature selection techniques (χ 2 , Information Gain, Gain Ratio, Relief and two embedded techniques based on the decision rule 1R and SVM (Support Vector Machine). Additionally, we compare them with common approaches in the chemometrics field like the Partial Least Square (PLS) model and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) regression. Experimental results with a fat sample dataset collected from carcasses of suckling lambs show that performing feature selection contributes to classification performance increasing accuracy from 89.70% with the full feature set to 91.80% and 93.89% with the SVM approach and PCA, respectively. Moreover, the neural classifiers yield a significant increase in the accuracy with respect to the PLS model (85.60% accuracy). It is noteworthy that unlike PCA or PLS, the feature selection techniques that select relevant wavelengths allow the user to identify the regions in the spectrum with the most discriminant power, which makes the understanding of this process easier for veterinary experts. The robustness of the feature selection methods is assessed via a visual approach.

Proximate Chemical Analysis, Fatty Acid Profile and Microstructural Characteristics of Dromedary Camel Fats (Hump, Renal and Mesentery)

The quality, safety, and suitability of animal fat for processing of a specific meat product is a critical issue. Increasing the human awareness about the health aspects associated with increased intake of animal fat, makes camel fat a suitable raw material for meat processing due to its excellent nutritional contribution. Therefore, the target of this study is examination of the sensory, physicochemical, fat oxidation, fatty acid profile, and other quality parameters of camel fat to evaluate the feasibility for processing of different meat products. To achieve this goal, 30 fat samples each from the hump, renal, and mesentery of Arabian male camels were investigated. The results showed that both the renal and mesenteric fat had honey color and medium-soft texture, while the hump had greyish-white color and hard texture. The sensory panel scores were significantly different between the hump and other fats. Hump fat had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher moisture, protein, and collagen content, while higher fat content was recorded in mesenteric fat. The fatty acid analysis showed that hump had high SFA and very low PUFA in comparison with both renal and mesenteric fat. Camel fat had high oxidation stability, and the mean values were very low in comparison with the levels of quality and acceptability. The ultrastructural analysis showed that hump fat had high elastin fibers which increase its hardness. The results indicated that both renal and mesenteric fat were more suitable for the production of various meat products than the hump.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based sensitive analytical approach to detect and quantify non-polar pesticides accumulated in the fat tissues of domestic animals.

A fast and simple technique is proposed for the detection and quantitative determination of six non-polar pesticides including pyrethroids (cypermethrin, deltamethrin), organochlorines (hexachlorobenzene, α-hexachlorocyclohexane) and organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion) accumulated in fat tissues of local cattle, sheep and goats. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (GC–MS) adapted to cleanup procedures based on solid-phase extraction from QuEChERS method was adopted. The work was performed for quantitative affirmation of most customarily used pesticides in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq and also the impact of boiling (100 °C, 30 min) and broiling (176 °C, 20 min) on chosen pesticides was evaluated. Among the results of 150 fat samples presented, the dominant compound in cattle samples was hexachlorobenzene (0.236 mg kg−1); while, in sheep and goats it was deltamethrin (0.248 and 0.122 mg kg−1 respectively). Boiling reduced pesticide concentration significantly (P < 0.05) and the most reduced group was pyrethroids in both techniques. Good responses for the six analytes were obtained at validation level of 0.01–0.1 mg kg−1. The linear coefficient was between 0.9997 and 0.9999 and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged 0.0052–0.014 mg kg−1 and 0.015–0.044 mg kg−1 respectively. Acceptable recoveries (81.5–98.6%) and relative standard deviation (0.3–9.3%) were obtained in different spiked levels. The validation results confirmed that the proposed GC–MS technique can be utilized as a dependable screening apparatus for the quantitative screening of studied pesticides in fat tissues with accuracy and sensitivity, if deployed along with solid-phase extraction based QuEChERS method.

Epicardial Transplantation of Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Sheets Promotes Epicardial Activation and Stimulates Angiogenesis in Myocardial Infarction (Experimental Study)

Aim: to evaluate the impact of tissue-engineered structures (TES) transplantation based on mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) sheets in myocardial infarction on the activation of the epicardial cell pool and vascularization of the damaged zone.Materials and methods. Mesenchymal stromal cells were obtained from samples of subcutaneous fat of Wistar rats and C57Bl/6 mice. Tissue engineering structures were obtained by culturing cell sheets on thermosensitive plates (Nunc Dishes with UpCell Surface). Transplantation of TESs was performed after myocardial infarction modeling in rats by ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Transplant cells and damaged zones were assessed using immunofluorescent staining of myocardial cryosections. The impact of MSC secretion products on the migration activity of epicardial cells in vitro was evaluated using the explant culture method.Results. MSCs in TESs after transplantation remain viable and induce activation of the epicardial cell pool and local increase of the damaged zone vascularization. The in vitro experiments showed that the conditioned environment of MSCs stimulates the migratory activity of epicardial cells and initiates the formation of activated Wt1/POD1 precursor cells.Conclusion. TES transplantation on the basis of MSC sheets seems to be a promising approach for effective delivery of viable cells into myocardium to activate the epicardial cellular niche and reparative angiogenesis.

Design of clinical prospective study: application of gene, cell therapy and indirect revascularization for treatment of patients with non-reconstructive chronic lower limb ischemia

The aim — to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with chronic critical lower limb ischemia.Materials and methods. To organize the study, we chose the open controlled method of parallel groups. The study was planned and conducted as an open prospective randomized and controlled trial. The study was conducted in four stages: 1st (screening, up to 2 weeks) — evaluation of the possibility of involvement in the study. At this stage all examinations of patients were carried out; 2nd (2 days) — signing informed consent, distribution of the patients to the treatment groups; 3rd (1.5 months) — treatment; 4th (3 years) — observation. The study involved patients whose vascular bed surgical reconstruction was impossible due to: the presence of prolonged occlusion of the femoral artery with the transition to the distal bed; destruction of vessels of distal segments with unfavorable prognosis; previously performed reconstructive interventions on the arteries of the lower extremities, which did not eliminate chronic ischemia due to the impossibility of repeated surgery; decompensation of somatic pathology that could interfere with surgery.Results and discussion. 110 patients were selected for treatment. The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment method: 1st — 48 patients who underwent revascularization osteotreopenia as an operation of indirect revascularization, 2nd — 21 patients who were administered endothelial cell growth factor drug for stimulation of their own angiogenesis, 3rd — 41 patients in whom subcutaneous fat sampling, cultivation and transplantation of autologous mesenchymal cells were performed according to proposed by us method. To compare the main endpoints of the study, we created a control group of patients, who had previously undergone the treatment by standard methods in the clinic. The criteria for inclusion in the treatment groups and control group did not differ. All patients in the treatment groups had a high level of pain (on average > 70 mm on a visual analog scale) in the affected limb. The most common associated pathologies were hypertension and coronary heart disease. There was no statistically significant difference in the anamnestic data. Many patients had a history of revascularization attempts (> 50 % had one attempt, 20 % had two or more), 42 % had previous amputations including 26.4 % of small amputations and 10.9 % of above‑knee amputations. The most common reason why patients in the treatment groups were not subject to the revascularization procedure was the technical impossibility of intervention (56.4 %), less common reason — the inappropriateness (33.6 %), which was evaluated on the Finnvasc scale.Conclusions. Critical lower limb ischemia is the most severe form of peripheral artery disease and is associated with a high risk of amputation of the affected limb and death. Three groups of patients, comparable in age, sex ratio, concomitant pathologies and clinical characteristics of the underlying disease, were selected for the prospective study. To compare the effectiveness of our treatment we selected a control group of patients retrospectively, by case histories, according to the inclusion criteria which were the same for all groups. This group was somewhat artificially created, as it consisted only of selected patients comparable to persons in treatment groups by age, comorbidities and underlying disease, as well as those patients whose treatment outcomes could be traced over a 3‑year follow‑up period.

Protective Effects of Micronized Fat against Ultraviolet B-Induced Photoaging.

Autologous fat grafting has long been an essential technique in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Here, the authors report the advantages of a new device for preparing micronized fat, and they also investigated the therapeutic potential of micronized fat against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging. Micronized fat aliquots were prepared through a connector device with trifoliate blades. The histologic structure and viability of the prepared fat samples were evaluated by calcein AM/propidium iodide staining. The levels of growth factor were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry was used to detect the ratio of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to stromal vascular fraction. The authors also evaluated the effects of micronized fat transplantation through immunohistochemistry and Masson trichrome staining in an animal model of photoaging. The micronized fat had a normal histologic structure and viable adipocytes. It had a higher level of hepatocyte growth factor compared with the control group, and its ratio of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to stromal vascular fraction was also higher than in the control fat preparations. Transplantation of micronized fat preparations in the animal model of photoaging produced increased skin neovascularization, epidermal cell proliferation, and dermal collagen density. The authors' results demonstrated that the novel device produced micronized fat easily, which can condense adipose tissue. This micronized fat was easy to use with smaller cannulas. It mitigated the signs of cutaneous photoaging and was superior to control fat. Contrary to previous reports, normal histologic structures and viable adipocytes were noted in the micronized fat.

Herbal Extracts Incorporated into Shortbread Cookies: Impact on Color and Fat Quality of the Cookies.

This study aimed at determining the effect of aqueous ethanolic extracts from lemon balm, hyssop and nettle, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) on properties of shortbread cookies. This was achieved by instrumental measurements of color and sensory properties of the cookies directly after baking and by determination of peroxide (PV) and p-anisidine (p-AnV) values, and specific extinction coefficients (K232 and K268 values) for fat extracted from the cookies stored for 3 months at room temperature. Increase of the herbal extracts’ concentration from 0.02% to 0.2% in the cookies caused a reduction of L* (the brightness) and a* values (the red coordinate), while b* values (the yellow coordinate) increased when the cookies were enriched with lemon balm and nettle extracts. Among the cookies studied, those prepared with BHA and 0.1 and 0.2% addition of lemon balm extracts were characterized by the highest scores for aroma, taste, and overall acceptability. Incorporation of BHA and 0.02% hyssop extract into the cookies caused a decrease of PV values (the peroxide value) for fat extracted from the cookies after 3 months of their storage compared to a (control) sample without additives and produced the lowest K232 values. Changes in the p-AnV values for the fat samples studied occurred gradually and slowly during the storage and the obtained values were lower compared to the control sample. All of the studied fat samples also showed a higher ability to scavenge DPPH radicals than the control sample. Considering both PV and p-AnV values as indicators of fat oxidation, BHA protected fat extracted from cookies against oxidation better than the herbal extracts used.

PSVII-32 Fat analysis and sensory trial on Gallus gallus domesticus fed olive pomace

Abstract In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable growth and carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of the study was to analyze the adipose tissue, and conduct a sensory trial from broilers fed different levels of olive pomace. Four pens, consisting of 10 broilers each at 34 days of age, were provided four feed diets in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a commercial broiler feed (control), or an olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture at 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1. The broilers were fed for 27 days, harvested, a fat sample was taken for fatty acid analysis, and a breast was taken from each bird for sensory analysis. The sensory trial on the chicken breast was to determine if students (n = 42) could detect flavor differences between treatment groups. No significant differences were detected between treatment groups in the sensory analysis (P &amp;gt; 0.79). Fat samples showed that all of the fat from the control, 1:3, and 3:1 were similar, however, the 1:1 treatment had lower amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and higher amounts of decanoic acid. While unsure about the differences in fatty acid content for 1:1 treatment, the results illustrate that olive pomace can be fed in large amounts and not affect the palatability of the resulting product.

PSXIII-27 Meat and fat quality of gilts intended for Spanish dry-cured ham: effect of immunocastration and feeding

Abstract Currently, gilts intended for Spanish high quality dry-cured ham are characterized by lack of fatness detected at backfat depth covering the ham and also in the intramuscular fat content, necessary for an optimum dry-curing process and for the consumer acceptability, respectively. Trying to solve it, a trial was carried out with 90 Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) females to assess the impact of immunocastration and different diets on meat and fat quality. Half of gilts were entire (EG) and the other half were immunocastrated (IG) by two injections of Vacsincel® at 58 and 76 kg of body weight (BW). Three diets were tested (76–134 kg BW) in both groups: A=control, B=high net energy content and C=low lysine level. A sample of meat from each carcass (n = 15) and 48 samples of subcutaneous fat chosen at random (n = 8) were analyzed. Data were processed as a factorial 2 (sexes) x 3 (diets) using the GLM procedure of SAS. Meat from IG showed lower moisture (P = 0.04) and higher intramuscular fat content (P = 0.01) than that from EG. Fat from IG presented higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P = 0.002) and lower of polyunsaturated (PUFA) (P = 0.02) and PUFA:SFA ratio (P = 0.007) than that from EG, but the n6:n3 ratio was not influenced. About feeding, the only effects observed were that in IG, diet C and B increased the water holding capacity (P &amp;lt; 0.01). It can be concluded that immunocastration improved the chemical composition of meat, but feeding had scarce effects on pork quality. Besides, fat from EG seems healthier but fat from IG would be fitter for technological processes, such as curing. This work (Project AGL2016-78532-R) was funded by MINECO.

PSI-32 Impact of titrating levels of dried distillers grains with solubles as a replacement of soybean meal on Boer goat fat quality

Abstract Due to the rising goat population in the United States, there is growing economic incentive to feed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) over soybean meal (SBM). However, there is limited knowledge of how this may affect carcass composition. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of titrating levels of DDGS as a replacement of SBM on Boer goat fatty acid profiles. Thirty-two Boer goat kids were fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets consisting of 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% DDGS replacing SBM. There were no detected differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in final body weight after a 47-d growth experiment. Goats were slaughtered in a commercial, USDA-inspected facility, backfat samples collected between the 12th and 13th rib, and samples analyzed for fatty acid profile via AOAC Official Method 996.06. Data were analyzed with goat as the experimental unit in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatment did not impact (P &amp;gt; 0.05) the overall fatty acid profile or iodine value (50 to 52 points) of fat samples. This may be because fatty acids go through biohydrogenation by rumen bacteria, limiting the impact of diet on fatty acid profile. That said, increasing levels of DDGS impacted (P = 0.03) both C16:1 and C18:3 in a quadratic manner. Specifically, goats fed 0% and 100% DDGS replacing SBM had higher C16:1 than those fed intermediate levels of DDGS, while the opposite was true for C18:3. No other fatty acid was affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05), nor were there shifts in the ratio of saturated vs. unsaturated, or the total sum of n-3 fatty acids. In summary, fatty acid profiles are not significantly impacted by increasing levels of DDGS in place of SBM, and therefore DDGS can be used in Boer goat diets without impacting fat quality.

Evaluating Pig Performance, Carcass Merit and Processed Pork Quality when Chestnuts and Acorns are fed to Duroc-Influenced Pig Genetics During Late Finishing

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding chestnuts and acorns on growth performance, carcass quality and further processed products of Duroc/Duroc crossbred finishing barrows.Materials and MethodsBarrows (n = 30) were individually housed in pens, blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (n = 10), inclusion of acorns at 15% of the diet (n = 7), inclusion of chestnuts at 15% of the diet (n = 13). Pigs were fed ad libitum for 28 d prior to harvest. Feed refusal and individual pig weights were collected every 7 d and used to calculate average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed (G:F), and average daily feed intake (ADFi). Following harvest, carcass quality was determined by objective color (L*, a* and b*), fat composition and marbling scores. Fat samples were removed from four fat depots (backfat, seam, jowl, kidney and pelvic) and analyzed for fatty acid composition. Sample chops were removed between the 10th and 11th rib of the left side of each carcass and analyzed for fatty acid composition, moisture and fat content. Bellies were removed from the left side of each carcass, further processed into bacon slabs and analyzed for slice quality, fatty acid composition, moisture and fat content. Carcass characteristics and bacon quality were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Growth performance and fatty acid composition were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Significance was determined at P-value &lt; 0.05.ResultsNo differences were detected for ADG and ADFi across treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Barrows fed chestnut diets had a greater G:F when compared to control (P &lt; 0.05) or acorn fed barrows (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary treatments did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) carcass characteristics or carcass quality. Inclusion of chestnuts or acorns within the diet did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) moisture and fat content of chops and bacon slices (P &gt; 0.05). Moreover, feeding acorns led to similar concentrations (P &gt; 0.05) of palmitoleic acid (16:1) and linoleic acid (18:2n6c) when compared to the control diet. However, feeding diets containing acorns led to greater proportions (P &lt; 0.01) of palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid similar to barrows fed diets containing chestnuts. No difference (P &gt; 0.05) for stearic acid (18:0) were observed between control and chestnut treatments, however, both were found to have greater amounts (P &lt; 0.01) of stearic acid when compared to the acorn treatment. Acorns increased (P &lt; 0.01) the total concentration of omega-6 fatty acids (n-6) when compared to chestnut diets, but no differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between acorn and control diets. Inclusion of acorns reduced (P &lt; 0.05) total saturated fatty acids (SFA) when compared to control and chestnut treatments; however total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were increased (P &lt; 0.05) when acorns were included in the diet. When evaluating PUFA:SFA ratio, no differences (P &gt; 0.05) were found between control and chestnut diets. Including acorns in the diet, resulted in an increased (P &lt; 0.05) PUFA:SFA ratio.ConclusionInclusion of acorns and chestnuts did not negatively impact carcass characteristics, carcass quality or bacon quality, nevertheless, including acorns altered overall fatty acid composition while minimal differences were observed between diets containing chestnuts and the control.

Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (the RYSA trial): trial protocol and interim analysis

IntroductionThere is a lack of prospective studies comparing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). Also, the effects of bariatric surgery and weight loss need a deeper understanding through metabolic studies. We describe the trial protocol and interim analysis of a prospective randomized controlled study comparing RYGB and OAGB: the RYSA trial.Materials and methodsIn total, 120 bariatric patients will be randomized between RYGB and OAGB in two academic centers. All patients will be followed up for 10 years with analysis and measurements of weight, comorbidities, blood tests, body composition and questionnaires. Extensive metabolic analyses (mixed meal tests, energy expenditure, biopsies of muscle and subcutaneous fat, urine, saliva and fecal samples) will be carried out in the Obesity Research Unit, University of Helsinki, for all patients treated at the Helsinki University Hospital (80 patients) at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Bile reflux will be studied for the OAGB group at the Helsinki University Hospital at 6 months with gastroscopy and scintigraphy.ResultsAt an interim analysis at 3 months (half-way) through recruitment (30 RYGB and 30 OAGB patients) there have been no deaths and no intensive care unit admittances. One patient in both groups required additional gastroscopy, with anastomosis dilatation in the RYGB group but with no additional intervention in the OAGB group.ConclusionThe trial can be safely carried out. Recruitment is estimated to be complete by the end of 2019.Trial registrationClinical Trials Identifier NCT02882685. Registered on August 30th 2016.