Mass Fraction Of Fat Research Articles

FEASIBILITY OF USING THE GENE POOL OF THE SYCHEVSKAYA BREED TO IMPROVE SIMMENTAL DAIRY CATTLE IN SIBERIA

The research results into the history of the Siberian zonal type of Simmental cattle creation are reflected. It has been established that the leading role in its formation was played by the Smolensk region’s Simmental cattle, which in 1950 was registered as a Sychevskaya breed. Bulls of Swiss, German and Austrian breeding were also used. Since the mid-80s. 20th century to increase milk productivity and suitability for industrial technology, Siberian herds of semimetals were actively crossed with bulls of the Holstein breed (red-and-white colour), and since the beginning of the 21st century. Producers of Austrian and German origin are widely used, which has led to a significant increase in milk productivity, quality indicators of milk and live weight of animals. As a result, domestic lines are practically not found in the Simmental herds of Siberia. Accordingly, the valuable adaptive qualities necessary for dairy cattle breeding in areas with highly natural and climatic conditions were partly lost. Many of the cows began to deviate towards the meat and dairy type, which harmed milk productivity. The gene pool of the domestic Simmental of the desired dairy and milk-meat type has been preserved only in the form of the Sychevskaya breed in the Smolensk, Tver and Kaluga regions. Data on the current state of the number of livestock, genealogical structure and productive indicators of the Sychevskaya breed are presented. The Sychevskaya breed is superior to the Simmental breed in terms of the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk, the yield of calves, the duration of the dry period, the product of meat from a cow, the number of heifers for breeding sales per 1 cow, which provides it with a higher efficiency rating. The expediency of using bulls of the Sychevskaya breed for selection and breeding work with herds of Simmentals in areas with highly natural and climatic conditions in farms with low food supply, specialising in milk production, is substantiated.

Development of the technology of milk sauce with the addition of guarana

One of the ways to improve the taste characteristics and increase the nutritional value of cooked meat, fish and poultry dishes is to include various sauces in their composition. Traditionally, the composition of sauces includes wheat flour, vegetables, spices. Nowadays powdered plant compositions of polysaccharides (PS), such as locust bean gum and guarana, have gained wide popularity. Based on the organoleptic studies performed, samples of milk sauce with the addition of guarana in concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 % have been selected, which have been compared with a control sample made using wheat flour. The introduction of 0.5 % guarana into the composition of the milk sauce does not change the level of the mass fraction of fat in the sample, and the addition of 1.0 % guarana has increased the mass fraction of fat by 2.05 times compared to the control. Replacing wheat flour with a polysaccharide in the studied samples with the addition of guarana at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 % has reduced the level of mass fraction of solids by 8.3 and 7.9 % and titratable acidity by 3.6 and 5 °T, respectively. According to generally accepted microbiological indicators, prototypes of milk sauce with guarana correspond to regulatory documentation. In the developed sauces, the content of proteins has decreased by 22.19 %, fats – by 2.46 %, carbohydrates – by 54.76 %, which led to a decrease in energy value by an average of 32.16 %. Thus, milk sauce with the addition of guarana can be recommended as a dietary product for preventing obesity, improving lipid metabolism, and lowering cholesterol levels. In the course of determining the economic efficiency of introducing milk sauce with guarana into production, it has been found that the profit amounted to 9628.26 thousand rubles with an annual production capacity of 677.76 tons per year.

Studing of the composition of plant raw materials for the development of a recipe for a new type of feed

The article examines the chemical composition of some types of grain crops – wheat, bran, barley to identify the most nutritious of them, mixed with a feed additive to obtain highly nutritious feed for cattle. According to laboratory studies, the selected raw materials exceed the most common types of feed in terms of mineral content. Bran has the best indicators of vitamin and mineral composition, but the content of fiber and ash in them is higher than in wheat and barley, which can negatively affect the digestibility of ruminants. Wheat has the lowest indicators in terms of the content of the mass fraction of fiber and ash: fiber – 10.44%, ash – 1.57%. The content of the mass fraction of fat in the studied raw materials is in the range of 2.13-3.62%. Consequently, 3.5-4% of animals or a mixture of animal and vegetable fats protected from decay in the rumen can be added to the cow's diet. Comparing the data obtained with the minimum requirements for fodder crops and feed quality in the production of milk and beef, the compliance of the actual results with the requirements of regulatory documents was revealed. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that it is possible to use this raw material as the main raw material for the development of compound feed with increased nutritional value.

Effect of individual packaging to preserve emulsion foods

The article presents the results of the analysis of the rate of mayonnaise resistance to oxidative poisoning, depending on the combination of polymer films used in doy-pack packaging, and its storage modes. The object of the study was mayonnaise with a mass fraction of fat of 67%. In the course of the studies, packaging with a combination of PET12/PE90 films was used; PET12/PE100; PET12/PE110; PET12/PE120; PET12/PE130; PET12/RE_VBS120; PETp12/PE120; RETFp12/RE_VBS120, including those with a "transparent window". The rate of oxidative poisoning was controlled using the indicator "Peroxide number", the values of which were determined by the standard method for 120 days of storage with a frequency of 15 days. Resistance to oxidative poisoning of mayonnaise was determined in the temperature range from +10 to +15°C; from +15 to +25°С and from +25 to +30°С. The results of the study showed that the resistance of mayonnaise to oxidative poisoning is directly dependent on the thickness of the packaging material - the smaller the thickness of the polyethylene, the higher the peroxide value. The combination of PET12/PE120 films used for packaging mayonnaise is able to ensure compliance with the regulated standards in terms of "Peroxide number" in all three studied temperature ranges with different durations: in the range from +25 to +30°C for 45 days, from +15 up to +25°С - for 60 days, and at a temperature from +10 to +15°С for 90 days. The use of high-barrier materials for packing mayonnaise makes it possible to reduce the intensity of the oxidative poisoning process by a factor of 2 or more and thereby increase its shelf life. The presence of a “transparent window” in the design of the packaging material does not significantly affect the intensity of oxidative processes and the shelf life of mayonnaise.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MILK FROM RED STEPPE COWS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS

Dairy cattle of the red steppe breed are adapted to arid conditions, have high adaptive qualities and are still in demand for breeding in agricultural organizations. The article describes the characteristics of the population of cows of the red steppe breed according to the main indicators of milk quality in the farms of the Stavropol Territory. The mass fraction of fat and protein, the amount of fatty acids in milk, as well as the correlation coefficients between milk indicators and paratypical factors were determined. The research results have shown that milk corresponds to the breed characteristics characteristic of this breed of cows. The average annual dairy productivity of a herd of cows located on the border of the northeastern slope of the Stavropol Upland and the southwestern part of the Manych Lowland (n = 380-430 heads, herd I) is 4.0-4.3 thousand kg/head, and a herd of cows located in the northeastern part of the steppe plain of the Stavropol Territory (n = 600-636, herd II), respectively, the milk productivity is 4.1-4.4 thousand kg / head of milk. The average annual fat content in milk in cows was in the range of 4.08-4.45%, while in cows of the II herd this indicator was higher by 9.5%. The average annual protein content in milk, respectively, was at the level of 3.32-3.63%, while in cows in the II herd this indicator was higher by 9.2%. The percentage ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 44,9% in cows in the II herd and 58% in cows in the I stad.

Effect of Herbal Extracts Upon Enhancing the Quality of Low-Fat Cottage Cheese

compounds found in plants possess medicinal properties and act as biogenic stimulants. These substances are formed in isolated tissues of animal and plant origin during their adapting to adverse environmental conditions, exhibiting biological activity. Biogenic stimulants include plant extracts utilized in pharmacology and dairy cattle breeding to enhance immunity, prevent animal infertility, increase productivity, and elevate the level of protein and fat components in milk. This suggests the potential application of plant biopreparations in the dairy industry, particularly in the technology of low-fat cottage cheese, to enhance its protein content. Objective. The present study aims to investigate the effect of biological preparations used in low-fat cottage cheese production on its quality and assess the feasibility of the said preparation. Methods. The quality parameters and biological value were evaluated for low-fat cottage milk cheese made from low-fat cow's milk prepared for curdling, as well as the lactating enzyme preparation "Fromaza" in the amount of 0.1 g for each batch of the product dissolved in plant extracts-based biopreparations "Biosvit" and "Megasvit". In samples of raw milk, the mass fraction of fat, protein, and solids and density were determined. Physicochemical and biochemical parameters, as well as the amino acid composition of protein in milk, were determined using standardized methods. Results. The study revealed that the use of "Biosvit" increased the mass fraction of total protein in the pilot cheese batch by 0.4%, while "Megasvit" led to a decrease in total protein content by 0.52%. Additionally, "Biosvit" and "Megasvit" reduced the mass fraction of non-casein protein in the pilot cheese batches by 0.25% and 1.82%, respectively, and increased the level of casein protein by 0.65% and 1.43%, respectively, compared to the control. The cheese yield from every 100 kg of processed raw milk increased by 2.8% and 4.5%, respectively, when using "Biosvit" and "Megasvit" preparations, compared to the control. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the biological preparation "Megasvit", used to dissolve the enzyme "Fromaza", in improving the quality and biological value of low-fat cottage cheese has been confirmed.

Dairy productivity of Holstein first-calf cow of complex genotypes of the COQ9 and STAT5A genes

The research presents a study of traits of dairy productivity and the qualitative composition of milk of Holstein heifers of various complex genotypes of the COQ9 and STAT5A genes. Genotyping by PCR-RFLP of the COQ9-BstMB I and STAT5A-PspE I loci revealed that animals of all genotypes are present in the herd. The largest group of animals are representatives of the heterozygous combination of AG/CG genotypes - 27.2% (65 animals), and the smallest group of cows of the complex GG/GG genotype - 3.8% (9 animals). The analysis of associations of economically significant traits of milk productivity in cows of different genotypes showed that groups with complex genotypes AA/CG, AA/CC, GG/CG and GG/CC have the highest milk yields in full and standard lactation, the content of the mass fraction of fat and protein, the yield of fat and yield of protein. The worst indicators for all traits were cows with a complex combination of AA/GG and AG/CC.

Waffle cone technology for soft ice cream using chickpea flour and psyllium

Relevance. The purpose of the research is to develop the recipe and technology of flour confectionery waffle cone used for packaging soft ice cream.Methods. The production technology of the waffle cone included the following processes: acceptance of raw materials, preparation of ingredients (sifting of dry components, weighing of dry components), kneading dough, mixing, baking products. The composition of the flour confectionery included ingredients: wheat flour, chickpea flour, crushed psyllium husk, chickpea broth or liquid from canned peas, water, vanillin, salt, vegetable oil, stevoside. Psyllium is a type of soluble fiber that has a huge amount of valuable qualities for a person. Chickpea flour does not contain gluten, which is present in cereals such as barley, wheat or rye. Therefore, the product is valuable for people with intolerance to this substance (celiac disease). Stevia is a vegetable sweetener that can be used instead of sugar. The technology of waffle production consisted of the main processes: preparation of ingredients, kneading dough, baking waffles in the machine, forming a horn, cooling, storage.Results. The study of nutritional value showed that the waffle cone contains: a mass fraction of protein — 7.2%, a mass fraction of fat — 22.6%, a mass fraction of carbohydrates — 34.2%, a mass fraction of ash — 0.83%, the energy value of the product — 361.9 kcal. The finished product isrecommended to be used for the production ofsoft ice cream.

Dairy cattle development prospects in the Vologda region

The article’s author determined the development trends of dairy breeds of cattle in the Vologda region based on the quantitative and qualitative traits dynamics from 2015 to 2021. According to the research results, from 2016 to 2020, the number of assessed livestock in the region stabilised, totalling 166 thousand animal units, including 76-77 thousand cows. In 2021, there is a decrease in the total number of livestock by 3.0 thousand animal units (up to 163 thousand heads), including cows - by 1.0 thousand animal units (up to 75 thousand heads). At breeding livestock farms for the analysed period, the number of animals increased by 8.27 thousand animal units. It amounted to 43.01 thousand animal units, including cows - by 3.56 thousand animal units (up to 20.49 thousand heads). In the Vologda region, the primary livestock of dairy breeds of cattle is made up of animals of the black-and-white breed - 68.46 thousand animal units, the rest of the species - from 4.47 (Holstein) to 10.62 thousand animal units (Kholmogory). The authors established for the analysed period an increase in the milk yield of cows for the Holstein breed by 1515 kg of milk (up to 9804 kg), for the Kholmogory breed - by 2147 kg (up to 7548 kg). An increase in milk yield until 2020 was revealed for the rest of the species. But in 2021, there was a decrease of 91 kg of milk for the Black-and-White breed (up to 8788 kg), 126 kg for the Yaroslavl breed (up to 6609 kg) and 222 kilograms for the Ayrshire breed. In the Vologda region, two species have high levels of milk fat: Yaroslavl - from 4.06 to 4.31% and Ayrshire - from 4.19 to 4.27%. For the Black-and-White breed, the indicators of the mass fraction of fat in the milk of cows are also at a high level - from 3.83 to 3.90%. The Black-and-White breed has the highest indicator of the mass fraction of protein in the milk of cows - from 3.21 to 3.30%, Yaroslavl - from 3.19 to 3.36 and Ayrshire - from 3.14 to 3.28%. Consequently, each breed population is characterised by its unique development of selectable traits in the region.

Economically useful traits of cows received from different sires

When breeding Black-and-White holstinized cattle, the sperm of highly productive sires with high productivity potential of maternal ancestors, including Holstein breed, is used. Evaluation of sires by the quality of off spring is the most accurate method of determining the actual breeding value. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the economically useful traits of cows obtained from diff erent sires. The research was carried out in one of the breeding farms typical for the Sverdlovsk region for the breeding of Black-and-White cattle with a high proportion of blood in Holstein breed. The evaluation of three Holstein sires Zhadon 60044914, Onward 4512 and Plateau 62297905 on the quality of off spring was carried out by comparing the productivity of cows-daughters with their herdmates. It is established that when selecting sires for work in the herd, group selection of sires of the same type in terms of productive traits of maternal ancestors is used. This leads to almost equal milk yields for their daughters. There was also no signifi cant diff erence in milk quality indicators. When comparing the productivity of the cows-daughters of sires for the fi rst lactation with their herdmates, a certain diff erence was established, both in milk yield for 305 days of lactation, and in the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk. The cows-daughters of sire Onward 4512 turned out to be the best relative to herdmates in milk yield and mass fraction of fat in milk. The daughters of the sires Zhadon 60044914 and Plateau 62297905 had productivity lower than their herdmates by 315 and 127 kg, respectively. The daughters of the sire Plateau 62297905 surpassed their herdmates in terms of the mass fraction of fat and protein in milk. The level of profi tability of milk production for the highest lactation was 58,9–66,6 % and was higher in the group of cows–daughters of the sire Zhadon 60044914.

Productive and reproductive traits of cows of Kholmogorskaya breed depending on their origin from sire

Among domestic dairy cattle breeds, Kholmogorskaya breed is very famous. The relevance of the work carried out lies in the evaluation of cows of one of the oldest genealogical lines of Kholmogorskaya breed – the line Khlopchatnic CX 1097, which today is of gene pool interest for this breed. The purpose of the research was to study the productive and reproductive traits of cows of Kholmogorskaya breed depending on their origin from sire. The research was carried out in breeding farms of the Kaluga region breeding cattle of Kholmogorskaya breed. During the research the indicators of milk productivity were studied such as milk yield, fat mass fraction, milk fat yield and reproductive traits such as period of open days, dry period, interval between calving, multiplicity of insemination, coeffi cient of reproductive ability, and duration of pregnancy. The study of the above indicators was carried out on mature cows-daughters of Kholmogorskaya sires: Gonets 85, Zador 313, Douplet 184 and Zemlemer 1901 belonging to the genealogical line Khlopchatnic CX 1097. The daughters of the sire Gonets 85 surpassed the daughters of sires of other producers in milk yield by an average of 838,7 kg. Thus, in cows-daughters of the sire Gonets 85 milk yield for 305 days of mature lactation exceeded the same indicator of the daughters of sire Zador 313 by 1123,3 kg (p < 0,001), and the daughters of sires Douplet 184 and Zemlemer 1901 by 79,6 and 1313,3 kg (p < 0,001), respectively. The duration of the period of open days, the multiplicity of insemination were lower in the daughters of sire Gonets 85, Zador 313 and Douplet 184, compared with the indicators of herdmates from the line Khlopchatnic CX 1097 and Kholmogorskaya breed. At the same time, a slight increase in the duration of pregnancy of the daughters of the sires Gonets 85, Zador 313 and Zemlemer 1901 was established. The results obtained indicate the possibility of line breeding and pure breeding for further improvement of the domestic line Khlopchatnic CX 1097 and the whole Kholmogorskaya breed.

Changes in the Qualitative Composition of the milk of Holstein Cows During Summer Chronic Heat Stress

Seasonal summer heat stress leads to significant economic losses, resulting in a drop in milk yield in dairy cows and a deterioration in milk quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in some qualitative parameters of milk in Holstein cows during chronic heat stress on one of the largest commercial dairy farms Ukraine (50°49′14″ N, 31°49′23″ E). Five multiparous cows of medium lactation with a milk yield of about 30 kg per day were randomly selected into the reference (in the spring, at the end of May) and the experimental group (in the summer, at the end of August). Milk samples were taken from cows during the morning milking. Qualitative analysis of milk included the identification of milk solids-not-fat, density, mass fraction of lactose, fat, protein and minerals, as well as the freezing point, electrical conductivity and active acidity using ultrasonic method. Animals were kept in naturally ventilated barns. The total mixed single-type balanced diet consisting of corn silage and concentrates that the cows received remained unchanged. The sampling of milk from cows of the experimental group was preceded by a continuous 26-day hot period, during which the maximum daily values of the temperature and humidity index did not fall below 72 units. The results showed that in the milk of the animals of the experimental group there was a significant decrease in the content of milk solids-not-fat, the mass fraction of fat and protein (P0.05). The mass fraction of lactose and minerals tended to increase. It should be noted that the average daily milk yield of dairy cows in the herd in spring and summer was almost at the same level. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that high summer temperatures lead to a deterioration in the quality of milk in Holstein cows. Despite the decrease in milk density and freezing point, these figures met the requirements of the standard. Organoleptic indicators of milk, electrical conductivity and active acidity of milk did not change in hot weather, their value indicated the naturalness of milk. The mass fraction of milk fat, which undergoes the greatest change under the influence of seasonal heat stress, is one of the most valuable components of milk, which has a direct effect on nutritional value and purchase price of raw milk. Therefore, a further deeper study of the fatty acid composition of milk using the method of chromato-mass spectrometry will provide valuable data necessary to search for possible herd management strategies to maintain high milk quality under conditions of seasonal heat stress.

МОЛОЧНАЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ КОРОВ, ПРОИСХОДЯЩИХ ИЗ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ВЕТВЕЙ ГОЛШТИНСКОЙ ПОРОДЫ

The aim of the study was to study the milk productivity of cows originating from different promising branches and lines of the Holstein breed. The population studied was Wis Back Idial 101341, Reflection Sovering 198998, Montvik Chieftain 95679, Siling Traijun Rokita 252803 and Roseife City 267150. The best indicators were established in cows of the line V.B. Ideal for the 1st and 3rd lactation (7086 and 7431 kg of milk with the amount of milk fat 271 and 285 kg and the amount of milk protein 225 and 238 kg), and the difference is statistically significant (P<0.05-0.001) in relation to other lines. In second place are the animals of the Reflection Sovering line. Cows of the line S.T. Rokita had a high milk fat content (3.85 and 3.94%) at P<0.05. In V. Aidial's line, the best milk yield indicators are shown by first-calf heifers of the SWEET-HAVEN TRADITION branch (7143 kg). In the R. Sovering line, cows of the TO-MAR BLACKSTAR-ET branch showed the greatest increase in milk yield by 89-1226 kg, milk fat yield by 4-42 kg, milk protein yield by 2-37 kg (P<0.001), and high milk fat content (3.86%) of the cow of the S-W-D VALIANT line (P<0.01-0.001). According to the 3rd lactation in the line of R. Sovering, cows of the S-W-D VALIANT branch show an advantage in milk yield by 353-831 kg of milk, mass fraction of fat - by 0.05-0.08%, milk fat yield - by 20-36 kg and milk protein yield - by 12-26 kg (P<0.05-0.01). As a result of the study, it was found that the use of animal branches of SWEET-HAVEN TRADITION, ROCKALLI SON OF BOVA, TO-MAR BLACKSTAR-ET and WALKWAY CHIEF MARK makes it possible to obtain high milk productivity from them.

Genetic parameters of milk productivity of camels of the kazakh population

The objects of research are modern arrays of camels of the Kazakh Bactrian breed, Turkmen dromedary of the Arvan breed, Kazakh dromedary bred in the south and south-east of Kazakhstan; Mongolian Bactrian of Tuvan populations bred in the forest- steppe and dry-steppe zone of the Republic of Tyva of the Russian Federation. The age of the studied camels ranged from 1 to 12 lactation. The studies were conducted in the period 2020-2022. The camels of the Kazakh Bactrian breed in the amount of 200 heads, the Turkmen dromedary in the amount of 120 heads, the Kazakh dromedary 120 heads and the Bactrian of the Mongolian breed of the Tuvan popu-lation 30 heads were studied. The camels of the Kazakh bactrian are able to give 4 % milk in 210 days of lactation 1111.2 ± 45.1 kg, the Turkmen dromedary of the Arvan breed 1588.8 ± 58.4 kg, the Kazakh dromedary 1870.0± 47.5 kg, the Mongolian bactrian of the Tuvan population 933.5 ±29.8 kg. The coe cient of variability in milk yield for 210 days of lactation was CV = 19.7-35.9 % in camels. The coe cient of variation is 6.2-9.9 % in fat content, 3.9-7.2 % in protein content. In dairy camels, the coe cient of variability in the yield of milk fat was 22.2-41.9 %, in the yield of milk protein - 19.5-36.9 %. In dairy camels, the heritability coe cients for the studied breeding traits have average values that vary between h2 = 0.25-0.55, which characterizes the stability of inheritance by descendants of productive traits of mothers. According to milk yield for 1-2 lactation, the repeatability coe cient was 0.65 … 0.82, according to the mass fraction of fat in milk - 0.58 and 0.85, protein - 0.59 and 0.88, according to the yield of milk fat - 0.75 … 0.82, milk protein - 0.72… 0.83. The correlation coe cient between the productivity indicators of camels of the rst foal for 105 days of lactation and the indicators for 210 days of lactation (P < 0.001) varies from +0.42 to +0.78, which indicates the reliability of the forecast of productivity of camels of the rst foal for 210 days of lactation according to the assessment data for the rst 105 days.

Variability of indicators of dairy productivity of cows of different genealogical lines

As a result of targeted selection and mating, a highly productive herd was formed in the OJSC Povadino Breeding Farm in the Moscow Region. However, the breeders of the farm do not stop at the achieved level of productivity of cows and consider diff erent breeding techniques in order to consolidate the results obtained. Evaluation of the productivity of fi rst-calf cows is an important element in the selection of highly productive cows. The purpose of the research was to study the variability of indicators of dairy productivity of cows of diff erent genealogical lines. The coefficient of variability of trait of dairy productivity is considered as one of the criteria for assessing the breeding value of cows during selection. The Holstein sires of Montwik Chieftain 95679, Refl ection Sovereign 198998, Wes Back Ideal 1013415, Sealing Trijun Rocket 252803 lines represent the important breeding value in terms of milk productivity. With line-group mating, the highest coeffi cient of milk yield variability in fi rst-calf cows was observed in progeny of the line Montwick Chieftain 95679. According to the content of the mass fraction of protein in milk, it was high in cows of the line Sealing Trijun Rocket 252803. With lines crossbreeding, milk yield increased in the progeny of all genealogical lines, but the coeffi cient of variability of milk yield did not change and remained within the same limits as for the fi rst lactation. However, the variability in the mass fraction of fat in cows of the lines crossbreeding Refl ection Sovereign 198998 and Sealing Trijun Rocket 252803 increased. The coeffi cient of variability of the mass fraction of fat and the mass fraction of protein at the crossbreeding of the genealogical lines remained within the same limits as with line-group breeding. Thus, in further breeding work it is possible to improve the herd using different selection mating, taking into account the coefficients of variability of traits of dairy productivity.

Influence of high temperatures on the behavior, productivity and bioenergetic characteristics of goats

Abstract. The research was carried out in IE «Babyni kozy» of Kyiv region at a goat farm where a stable-pasture system of goats is used. In winter, goats are kept at free-stall housing on a deep litter and during the grazing period, on a forage area. Goats are milked on a milking parlor into the milk line. The article presents the results of researches of the influence of ambient temperature during the thermo neutral period and during the period of high temperatures on the productivity, daily behavior and bioenergetic characteristics of Saanen goats. A group of goats of the Saanen breed of the 3rd lactation was formed during the period of the milk yield increasing. The research was performed in thermo neutral period (average daily air temperature was up to + 22.3 °C) and during the period of temperature load at an average daily air temperature of + 27.6 °C. Each period lasted 12 days. It has been found that goats responded to the change in temperature by reducing of productivity by 10.70 % (0.35 kg). Hereby, the mass fraction of fat in goat's milk during this period increased by 0.09 %. During the period of high temperatures, goats spent a little less time eating food, watering and walking, but rested more in a supine position compared to the thermo neutral period. In general, in both temperature periods, the duration of the main acts of behavior in goats corresponded to physiological norms. The decrease in the duration of feed consumption during the temperature load caused a decrease in the number of feed reactions and the duration of chewing the cuddy in goats. The energy index, i.e. the amount of net energy consumption of feed, which transfers into milk energy during the temperature load decreased by 1.42 MJ %. Net energy consumption per 1 MJ of milk energy during the period of high temperatures has increased by 0.62 MJ. Key words: goats, temperature, productivity, metabolic energy, behavior, bio-energy.

Associations of somatotropin (GH) gene polymorphism with lactation performance of cows

The research was conducted in the laboratory of molecular genetic expertise in 2018 and 2019 within the framework of the state assignment on the topic "Development of genetic-selection and theoretical foundations for the conservation and effective use of the gene pool of cattle in the Ural region with the use of modern biotechnologies". The object of the study is the cattle of Holsteinized black-and-white breed. The main task is to analyze the degree of influence of the somatotropin (GH) gene polymorphism on lactation performance indicators. In the course of the study, DNA from 270 cows was isolated, the polymorphism of the somatotropin gene was determined based on the obtained data, and the relationship between different genotypes and indicators of live weight, milk yield, protein mass fraction and fat mass fraction in milk was established. The results were biometrically processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software program. It was revealed that LL is the main genotype of the GH gene among the representatives of the Holsteinized black-and-white breed (frequency of occurrence 77.0%). The proportion of LV and VV genotypes in the population is 21.9 and 1.1%, respectively. During the observation period, cows carrying the LL genotype showed higher milk yields in the first and third lactations. The difference with their peers was 202-2334 kg (p ≤ 0.05). A tendency towards increased protein content in milk was recorded in animals with the VV genotype. In the first lactation, the difference with LL and LV genotype carriers was 0.03 and 0.06%, respectively. In the third lactation, individuals with the VV genotype surpassed their female counterparts in protein content by 0.07 and 0.12%, respectively.

Slaughter indicators of purebred Hereford bulls depending on the genotypes of the gene GDP-l-fucosynthetase (TSTA3)

The paper presents the results of studying the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection. The object of research was cattle and biological material (ear pluck) from cows of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection, contained in the agricultural production cooperative named after I.P. Senko, Grodno region. DNA genotyping of animals for the genes of diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL), and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP). The results of studies on the assessment of the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein cows of dairy cattle domestic selection showed that in terms of the mass fraction of fat and the amount of milk fat in milk, in most cases, the highest rates were in animals with the complex genotype.

Association of the complex of polymorphic variants of the DGAT1, GH, PRL and BLG, genes with dairy productivity indicators of holstein dairy cattle cows of domestic selection

The paper presents the results of studying the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection. The object of research was cattle and biological material (ear pluck) from cows of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection, contained in the agricultural production cooperative named after I.P. Senko, Grodno region. DNA genotyping of animals for the genes of diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL), and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and restriction fragment length polymorphism ( RFLP). The results of studies on the assessment of the associated effect of complex genotypes for the genes diacylglycerol O-acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), somatotropin (GH), prolactin (PRL) and beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) on the milk productivity of Holstein cows of dairy cattle domestic selection showed that in terms of the mass fraction of fat and the amount of milk fat in milk, in most cases, the highest rates were in animals with the complex genotype DGAT1ККGHLLPRLAABLGAB.

Ways to reduce the impact of the external environment in summer on the milk productivity of cows

One of the factors of efficient intensive milk production is the creation of comfortable conditions for keeping cows on a farm or complex. Highly productive cows are quite demanding of the indoor microclimate and conditions of keeping. It is believed that the productivity of animals by 10-30% depends on this. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibility of reducing the influence of high ambient temperature on the milk productivity of cows by different approaches to the organisation of their feeding technology. The paper uses analytical, diagnostic, physicochemical, and statistical research methods. The main climate indicators were monitored during the summer period (June-August). It is established that the decrease in daily milk yield is a consequence of the negative influence of the temperature factor when the daily (from 1100 to 1700) air temperature in June-July is at the level of +26-30°C. At an air temperature of 26.5°C (about 1400), the body temperature of cows rises from 37.5-37.8°C to 38.20-38.46°C. The proof of this is a decrease in the rate of decline in the level of milk productivity of cows of the experimental groups in August when the average daily air temperature dropped to +24-26°C. It is proved that the introduction of 1.5 kg of protein feed additive with protected TEP-mix protein into the diet of highly productive cows increases the productivity of experimental cows (in terms of basic milk) by 15.7% (4.3 kg). Modernisation of the diet of feeding highly productive cows by increasing the content of non-broken down protein in the rumen to normal during temperature stress contributed to better adaptation of animals in terms of productivity and quality indicators of milk: an increase in the mass fraction of fat by 0.67% and the mass fraction of protein by 0.26%, with the content of somatic cells of 285.06±81.0–409.3±134.3 thousand/cm3