Percent Fat-free Mass Research Articles

The relationship between obesity and body compositions with respect to the timing of puberty in Chongqing adolescents: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIt is well known that excess adiposity during childhood may influence pubertal development. However, the extent to which body compositions vary in throughout puberty in boys and girls is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether obesity and body compositions correlate with the timing of puberty in boys and girls.MethodsBy random cluster sampling, our study analyzed data from 1472 students (690 girls, 782 boys) aged 6–17 years from two schools in the Chongqing area. Data were collected by physical examination of weight, height, and skinfold thicknesses. Testicular volume was measured in boys and breast development in girls. By which we got the indicators of obesity, timing of puberty and body compositions. Probit regression analysis was used to group subjects into early puberty (>P25), on-time puberty (P25 ~ P75), and delayed puberty (<P75). Chi-square test was applied to assess the distribution differences of fat levels among puberty groups by sex. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine the association between timing of puberty and body composition indicators.ResultsThere were significant differences in the distribution of fat levels (normal weigh, overweight, obesity) among different pubertal groups in different sex (boys:χ2 = 10.639, P = 0.031; girls:χ2 = 63.232, P = 0.000). Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that percentage of body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass in the delayed puberty girls were significantly lower than the girls in the on-time puberty and early puberty, while body density had the opposite result (all P < 0.001). Body density, percentage of body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass of boys all had no significant difference among different timing of puberty groups (all P > 0.05).ConclusionsIn girls, delayed puberty was negatively correlated with Obesity, percentage of body fat, fat mass and fat-free mass, and positively correlated with body density. But in boys, delayed puberty was only negatively correlated with Obesity, the relation between puberty and body compositions was not found.

The Relationship between Lifestyle Factors and Body Compositionin Young Adults.

Background: Little is known of how lifestyle factors might influence on body composition parameters in young adults from Croatia. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the lifestyle factors and body composition in young adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants were 271 university students (59.0% of women). Body composition was measured by using bioelectric impendance analysis (BIA). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured according to standardized protocol and Mediterranean diet adherence (MD), physical activity (PA) and psychological distress (PD) were assessed with validated questionnaires. Results: Self-rated health (SRH) and PA were inversely associated with weight, body-mass index (BMI), fat-mass percentage and blood pressure in men and with weight, BMI, fat-mass percentage and heart rate in women. Higher levels of SRH and PA were positively associated with fat-free mass percentage in both men and women. Smoking was positively associatedwith BMI and fat-mass percentage in women and with heart rate in men. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with weight and BMI in women and fat-mass percentage and heart rate in men, yet inversely associated with fat-free mass percentage only in men. PD was positively associated with weight and blood pressure in men and with BMI, fat-mass percentage and blood pressure in women. Conclusions: Our study shows that higher levels of SRH, MD and PA are related with healthy body composition parameters in young adults. Special interventions and policies that enhance PA and MD and decrease substance use and misuse (SUM) and PD should be implemented within the university school systems.

Cardio respiratory response: Validation of new modifications of Bruce protocol for exercise testing and training in elite Saudi triathlon and soccer players.

The Bruce protocol is the traditional method used to assess maximal fitness level, although it may have limitations, such as its short duration and large work rate increases, with very high levels of exertion that consist of speed/incline combinations. Modifications have been added to elicit similar maximal fitness achievements. The authors of this experimental trial have proposed a new treadmill protocol that allows optimal test duration in conjunction with peak oxygen consumption ‘VO2max’, and with appropriate patient comfort and safety during both exercise testing and training.SubjectsTwenty-two elite Saudi players, comprising eleven Saudi triathlon athletes, and eleven Saudi elite soccer players, BMI, body fat mass percentage, body fat free mass percentage. cardiovascular parameter; including, absolute and relative “VO2max” as well as maximal heart rate “HR max”, were assessed during a graded treadmill running modified protocol, using a Quark Cardio Pulmonary Exercise Testing Unit (CPET).ResultsDescriptive statistics were used to obtain the anthropometric characteristics, including comparisons between the means, independent sample T-test and a regression analysis, to test the association of the protocol duration and the corresponding, dependent variables.Conclusions, clinical relevanceIt is often difficult to achieve a high cardiorespiratory response, VO2max, without an association to high values of HR max, and peak perceived exertion. This may lead to cardiovascular risk. Our new modifications can provide a practical, valid alternative protocol to be used comfortably both during exercise testing and training, rather than performance testing only, to achieve high VO2max with minimal cardiovascular stress.

Effects of Promoting Long-term, Exclusive Breastfeeding on Adolescent Adiposity, Blood Pressure, and Growth Trajectories

Evidence that breastfeeding reduces child obesity risk and lowers blood pressure (BP) is based on potentially confounded observational studies. To investigate the effects of a breastfeeding promotion intervention on adiposity and BP at age 16 years and on longitudinal growth trajectories from birth. Cluster-randomized Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial. Belarusian maternity hospitals and affiliated polyclinics (the clusters) were allocated into intervention (n = 16) or control arms (n = 15) in 1996 and 1997. The trial participants were 17 046 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs; of these, 13 557 children (79.5%) were followed up at 16 years of age between September 2012 and July 2015. Breastfeeding promotion, modeled on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); fat and fat-free mass indices and percentage of body fat from bioimpedance; waist circumference; overweight and obesity; height; BP; and longitudinal growth trajectories. The primary analysis was modified intention-to-treat (without imputation for losses to follow-up) accounting for within-clinic clustering. We examined 13 557 children at a median age of 16.2 years (48.5% were girls). The intervention substantially increased breastfeeding duration and exclusivity compared with the control arm (exclusively breastfed: 45% vs 6% at 3 months, respectively). Mean differences at 16 years between intervention and control groups were 0.21 (95% CI, 0.06-0.36) for BMI; 0.21 kg/m2 (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.44) for fat mass index; 0.00 kg/m2 (95% CI, -0.21 to 0.22) for fat-free mass index; 0.71% (95% CI, -0.32 to 1.74) for percentage body fat; -0.73 cm (-2.48 to 1.02) for waist circumference; 0.05 cm (95% CI, -0.85 to 0.94) for height; -0.54 mm Hg (95% CI, -2.40 to 1.31) for systolic BP; and 0.71 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.68 to 2.10) for diastolic BP. The odds ratio for overweight/obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile vs <85th percentile) was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.02-1.28) and the odds ratio for obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile vs <95th percentile) was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.92-1.29). The intervention resulted in a more rapid rate of gain in postinfancy height (1 to 2.8 years), weight (2.8 to 14.5 years), and BMI (2.8 to 8.5 years) compared with the control arm. The intervention had little effect on BMI z score changes after 8.5 years. A randomized intervention that increased the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding was not associated with lowered adolescent obesity risk or BP. On the contrary, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in the intervention arm. All mothers initiated breastfeeding, so findings may not apply to comparisons of the effects of breastfeeding vs formula feeding. isrctn.org: ISRCTN37687716; and clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01561612.

Influence of the level of physical activity on physical fitness, lipid profile and health outcomes in overweight/obese adults with similar nutritional status

Summary Objective To determine the influence of the level of physical activity on physical fitness, body composition and lipid profile and further explore the associations between fitness with these health outcomes in a population of overweight/obese adults. Methods Forty overweight/obesity participants with a caloric intake between a negative balance of 500 kcal/day and their estimated required energy intake were classified according to their level of physical activity. Anthropometric (weight and height), body composition (waist-to-hip ratio, percentage of body fat and fat-free mass), clinical measurements (blood pressure), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness – 6MWT –, handgrip strength and lower-limb muscle strength – MVC –) and lipid profile (total cholesterol – TC –, low – LDL – and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol – HDL –, triglyceride – TG –, and plasma glucose) were determined. Results Significant differences in MVC and fat-free mass were found between participants with different physical level. Significant associations between all the body composition measures and the strength-related variables (handgrip and MVC) in both physical activity categories also were found. In addition, associations between triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol with muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness were observed only in the low physical activity group. Moreover, MVC explained up to 39% of the variance in metabolic syndrome in those with a moderate level of physical activity. Conclusions Correlations between physical fitness (especially in strength) and health risk factors depending on the level of physical activity were found.

Body-composition changes in the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE)-2 study: a 2-y randomized controlled trial of calorie restriction in nonobese humans1–3

Background: Calorie restriction (CR) retards aging and increases longevity in many animal models. However, it is unclear whether CR can be implemented in humans without adverse effects on body composition.Objective: We evaluated the effect of a 2-y CR regimen on body composition including the influence of sex and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) among participants enrolled in CALERIE-2 (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), a multicenter, randomized controlled trial.Design: Participants were 218 nonobese (BMI: 21.9–28.0) adults aged 21–51 y who were randomly assigned to 25% CR (CR, n = 143) or ad libitum control (AL, n = 75) in a 2:1 ratio. Measures at baseline and 12 and 24 mo included body weight, waist circumference, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and appendicular mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) by doubly labeled water; and dietary protein intake by self-report. Values are expressed as means ± SDs.Results: The CR group achieved 11.9% ± 0.7% CR over 2-y and had significant decreases in weight (−7.6 ± 0.3 compared with 0.4 ± 0.5 kg), waist circumference (−6.2 ± 0.4 compared with 0.9 ± 0.5 cm), FM (−5.4 ± 0.3 compared with 0.5 ± 0.4 kg), and FFM (−2.0 ± 0.2 compared with −0.0 ± 0.2 kg) at 24 mo relative to the AL group (all between-group P < 0.001). Moreover, FFM as a percentage of body weight at 24 mo was higher, and percentage of FM was lower in the CR group than in the AL. AREE, but not protein intake, predicted preservation of FFM during CR (P < 0.01). Men in the CR group lost significantly more trunk fat (P = 0.03) and FFM expressed as a percentage of weight loss (P < 0.001) than women in the CR group.Conclusions: Two years of CR had broadly favorable effects on both whole-body and regional adiposity that could facilitate health span in humans. The decrements in FFM were commensurate with the reduced body mass; although men in the CR group lost more FFM than the women did, the percentage of FFM in the men in the CR group was higher than at baseline. CALERIE was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00427193.

Relación entre composición corporal y movimientos producidos durante la marcha en personas mayores

ObjectiveTo explore the relationships between the parameters of body composition and the movements during gait, measured by accelerometers, in healthy and normal weight older people. Material and methodThe sample consisted of 30 older people with a mean age of 69.7±3.5 years. Functional (Timed Up & Go, Chair Stand Test) and anthropometric (waist circumference and bioelectrical impedance analysis) clinical trials were performed. The accelerometry gait analysis was performed along a corridor of 10 meters (back and forth). ResultsThe weight was correlated with the minimum value of axes 1 and 3. At higher height revealed higher maximum values in axes 1 and 2 and the vector module; and a bigger waist circumference showed higher minimum acceleration value on the axis 2. Among both sexes, significant differences between the basal metabolism, the percentage of fat-free mass, trunk muscle, trunk fat-free mass and percentage of fat mass in lower limbs. ConclusionsHeight relates to more instability of gait in older people (especially men), which must be taken into account to implement prevention programs when the first signs of deterioration are detected. The accelerometer-based gait analysis and body composition by bioimpedance in older adults, can help identify prematurely impaired balance and postural control.

Increase of fat-free mass and low percentage of body fat in Brazilian sport horses training under tropical climate

This study aimed to determine the subcutaneous fat layer thickness, percentage of body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass of Brazilian sport horses at different levels of training for and competing in eventing and the effects of a tropical climate in the body composition of athletic horses. The study included 17 Brazilian sport horses aged between 4 and 10 years. Group 1 included young horses aged from 4 to 6 years training for Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) one-star events, and group 2 comprised adult horses aged from 7 to 10 years in training for FEI two-star events. The training protocol comprised exercise for 5 days a week for 60min, including flatwork, aerobic conditioning, and jumping, both track and natural obstacles. The equines were weighted, and rump fat layer was determined by measuring the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue at the region of the gluteus medius muscle using ultrasound. The ultrasound evaluation was performed at the end of the equestrian season, which lasted 9 months. An increase in the body weight, fat layer, percentage of body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass was observed in group 2 compared with the overall group and group 1, although the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Despite the important increase in the percentage of body fat between young and adult horses, 4.87±1.22% and 5.64±1.90% found in group 1 and 2, respectively, it did not differ statistically (p=0.3775). This fact may contribute to a decline in their performance because fat can be a key source of energy. Lower mean values of all parameters were observed in group 1 than in group 2. In conclusion, Brazilian sport horses training for and competing in eventing under tropical conditions have the body composition accustomed for this equestrian discipline. Brazilian sport horses training for and competing in eventing have high values of fat-free mass and low percentage of body fat and fat mass, demonstrating the athletic capability of these horses. There were no significant changes in the body condition of young and adult Brazilian sport horses. A hot, humid environment led to an increase of weight and body condition.

The Influence of Age, Sex and Body Mass Index on the Effectiveness of Brisk Walking for Obesity Management in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Brisk walking is the most popular activity for obesity management for adults. We aimed to identify whether participant age, sex and body mass index (BMI) influenced the effectiveness of brisk walking. A search of 9 databases was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two investigators selected RCTs reporting on change in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, fat-free mass, and body fat percentage following a brisk walking intervention in obese adults. Of the 5072 studies screened, 22 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled mean differences were: weight loss, -2.13 kg; BMI, -0.96 kg/m2; waist circumference, -2.83 cm; fat mass, -2.59 kg; fat-free mass, 0.29 kg; and body fat percentage, -1.38%. Meta-regression of baseline BMI showed no effect on changes. Brisk walking can create a clinically significant reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass for obese men and women aged under 50 years. Obese women aged over 50 years can achieve modest losses, but gains in fat-free mass reduce overall change in body weight. Further research is required for men aged over 50 years and on the influence of BMI for all ages and sexes.

Dietary fatty acid profiles and percentage fat-free mass: Cross-sectional associations in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort

Dietary fatty acid profiles and percentage fat-free mass: Cross-sectional associations in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort

Severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower fasting plasma glucose level in persons with spinal cord injury.

Cross-sectional study. To investigate the effects of severe lower extremity spasticity on anthropometric dimensions, body composition and metabolic profiles in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Outpatient clinic. Fifty-five of the 61 participants were divided into two groups (no or mild spasticity group, 28; severe spasticity group, 27) based on the assessment of the extensor muscle spasticity according to the modified Ashworth scale. Anthropometric dimensions (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR)), body composition (fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BFP), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass percentage (FFMP), bone mineral density (BMD)) and metabolic profiles (leptin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) were compared between the two groups with different degree of spasticity. Spasticity of the extensor muscle group negatively correlated with BFP (r=-0.458, P<0.001). Patients with severe spasticity showed a lower WC and WtHR than those in the no or mild spasticity group (P=0.038, P=0.006, respectively). The FM, BFP, leptin and FPG of the severe spasticity group were significantly lower than those of the patients in the no or mild spasticity group (P=0.003, P<0.001, P<0.001 and P=0.037, respectively). However, no differences in BMD, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG and HbA1c were observed between the groups. The results of this study suggest that severe spasticity in lower extremities is associated with reduced adiposity and lower FPG levels in persons with chronic motor complete SCI.

MON-P211: A Higher Fat Free Mass Percentage is Associated with Better Physical Performance in Overweight and Obese Older Adults

MON-P211: A Higher Fat Free Mass Percentage is Associated with Better Physical Performance in Overweight and Obese Older Adults

Overweight and obesity in Slovak high school students and body composition indicators: a non-randomized cross-sectional study.

BackgroundPhysical development can be considered as an indicator of the overall health status of the youth population. Currently, it appears that the increasing trend of the prevalence of obesity among children and youths has stopped in a number of countries worldwide. Studies point to the fact that adolescence is a critical period for the development of obesity. Body mass index (BMI) seems to be an orientation parameter in the assessment of prevalence of obesity which is not sufficient for more accurate identification of at risk individuals.The purpose of this study was to evaluate association between BMI percentile zones as health-risk for being overweight and obese and body composition indicators in high-school students from the Prešov (Slovakia) region.MethodsA non-randomized cross-sectional study in high school students from the Prešov (Slovakia) region was conducted. The research sample consisted of 1014 participants (boys n = 466, girls n = 549). Body composition was measured using direct segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (DSM-BIA). To examine the association between obesity and selected body composition indicators, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Eta2 were used. The relationship between selected body composition indicators and percentile BMI zones was determined using the Kendall tau correlation.ResultsIn groups with different BMI percentile zones (normal weight, overweight, obese), ANOVA showed significant differences for girls and boys (p ˂.05) with high effect size (η2 ˂.26) in body weight, body fat mass index, body fat percentage, fat free mass index, fat-free mass percentage, visceral fat area, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, protein mass and mineral mass. The highest degree of correlation among boys was between BMI values indicating overweight and obesity and fat free mass index and waist circumference, respectively (τ = .71, τ = .70, respectively). In girls, the highest correlation was found between classification of BMI percentile zones and waist circumference (t = .78).ConclusionThe characteristics of body composition are very useful determinants of health and nutrition status. Our data revealed a direct association between BMI value and chosen body composition indicators. The most accurate indicator of overweight and obesity in our study appears to be waist circumference for both male and female population.

Early Infant Feeding and Body Composition In Pre-School Children

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between early infant feeding and childhood adiposity. Method: This was a cross-sectional study of 29 pre-school age (4 to 6 years) children and their mothers. Mothers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess early infant feeding practices, while the children’s body composition was measured using the BOD POD Pediatric Option Body Composition System. Results: The mean age of the children was 4.9 ± 0.8 years, 82.8% Caucasian and 17.2% Black/African American, while 65.5% were female. None of the mothers reported alcohol consumption or smoking during the pregnancy with the child. Of the 29 children in the study, 41.4% were exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months, 48.3% mix-fed and 10.3% exclusively formula-fed. Although we found significant differences in BMI-for-age z-score (p = 0.033) and BMI-percentile-for-age (p = 0.023), there was no significant differences in fat mass and percent fat mass between the groups. Formula-fed children tended to have slightly higher fat-free mass and percent fat-free mass than both mix-fed and exclusively breastfed children although these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the direction of the association between early infant feeding and childhood obesity may be dependent on the indicators used to assess obesity.

Multimodal-lifestyle intervention produces reduction of the fat mass rather than body weight loss in men with obesity: A prospective cohort study

Abstract Background and the objective Body composition changes throughout the multimodal-lifestyle intervention of obesity is underinvestigated. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the multimodal-lifestyle intervention in reduction of fat mass together with preservation of fat free mass. Methods Adult male subjects with overweightness or obesity ( n = 99) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study for 12 months. Patients were educated about healthy diet, physical activity, and some behavioral changes. Anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis by bioelectric impedance analysis (InBody-720) were reported before, during and after the study period. Results Concerning adherent subjects, the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of percent weight loss, percent fat mass loss, percent fat free mass and total body water changes after 6 months were 7.24 ± 0.98, 16.28 ± 2.35, 0.76 ± 0.64 and 0.82 ± 0.65, respectively, and after 1 year they were 10.14 ± 0.78, 25.22 ± 3.59, 1.22 ± 1.06 and 1.27 ± 1.07, respectively. There were significant changes between before- and after-measurements of weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and percent body fat ( P 0.05) for all studied intervals. Conclusions Multimodal-lifestyle intervention might be effective in loss of fat mass rather than reduction of the total body weight together with preservation of the lean body mass.

Is low-protein diet a possible risk factor of malnutrition in chronic kidney disease patients?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming increasingly widespread in the world. Slowing its progression means to prevent uremic complications and improve quality of life of patients. Currently, a low-protein diet (LPD) is one of the tools most used in renal conservative therapy but a possible risk connected to LPD is protein-energy wasting. The aim of this study is evaluate the possible correlation between LPD and malnutrition onset. We enrolled 41 CKD patients, stages IIIb/IV according to K-DIGO guidelines, who followed for 6 weeks a diet with controlled protein intake (recommended dietary allowance 0.7 g per kilogram Ideal Body Weight per day of protein). Our patients showed a significant decrease of serum albumin values after 6 weeks of LDP (T2) compared with baseline values (T0) (P=0.039), whereas C-reactive protein increased significantly (T0 versus T2; P=0.131). From body composition analysis, a significant impairment of fat-free mass percentage at the end of the study was demonstrated (T0 versus T2; P=0.0489), probably related to total body water increase. The muscular mass, body cell mass and body cell mass index are significantly decreased after 6 weeks of LDP (T2). The phase angle is significantly reduced at the end of the study compared with basal values (T0 versus T2; P=0.0001, and T1 versus T2; P=0.0015). This study indicated that LPD slows down the progression of kidney disease but worsens patients' nutritional state.

Associations between Physical Fitness, Physical Activity Levels and Fatness in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity among adults with intellectual disability (AID) is significantly higher than in the general population. At present limited research has been done on the relationship between physical fitness (PF), objectively measured physical activity levels (PAL) and different markers of fatness in AID. PURPOSE: To examine associations between PF, PAL and fatness in AID. METHODS: An AID group (54 m/44 f; 44±12 y) were recruited from an Occupational Day Center. BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), fat free mass percentage (FFM%), waist (WC) and hip circumferences (HC) were obtained. VO2 peak was obtained during a metabolic treadmill test. GT3X Actigraph accelerometers were used to obtain total PA (TPA), steps per day (DS), time spent in sedentary (ST), light PA (LPA); moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). The timed up and go test (TUGT) to assess dynamic balance and gait speed was used. Handgrip (HG) and leg strength (LS) were also obtained. RESULTS: VO2 peak correlated with TPA (r=.421), DS (r=.318), VPA (r=.240), MVPA (r=.517), BF% (r=-.496), FFM% (r=.480), WC (r=-.445), HC (r=-.412), TUGT(r=-.363), HG (r=.435) and LS (r=.432). TPA and DS were correlated with HG (r=.348; r=.280) and LS (r=.294; r=.221). VPA was correlated with BF% (r=-.229) and FFM% (r=.218). MVPA was correlated HG (r=.347; r=.268), LS (r=.326) and TUGT (r=-.229). CONCLUSIONS: The present results show that high levels of PA are positively associated with PF. VPA, in particular, is associated with BF% and FFM% in AID. Future PA recommendations for AID should consider a particular emphasis on the amount of VPA when promoting PA. Partially supported by: MEC (Ref: DEP2012-35335) & AGAUR (Ref: 2013FI_B2 00091)Table 1: Physical fitness, physical activity levels and fatness data for AIDNote: values are mean (Standard Deviation)Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index); PA (physical activity); LPA (light physical activity); MPA (moderate physical activity); VPA (vigorous physical activity); MVPA (moderate to vigorous physical activity); HG (hand grip); TUGT(timed up and go test). * Significant correlation with relative VO2 peak (p < .05). ? Significant correlation with Total PA and Steps (p < .05). ‡ Significant correlation with VPA (p < .05). § Significant correlation with MVPA (p < .05).

Association Between MCT1 A1470T Polymorphism and Fat-Free Mass in Well-Trained Young Soccer Players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the MCT1 A1470T polymorphism and fat-free mass in young Italian elite soccer players. Participants were 128 Italian male soccer players. Fat-free mass was estimated for each of the soccer player using age- and gender-specific formulas with plicometry. Genotyping for the MCT1 A1470T polymorphism was performed using polymerase chain reaction. The MCT1 A1470T genotypes were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium distribution. The percentage of fat-free mass was significantly higher in soccer players with the TT genotype and in the T-allele-dominant model group (TT + AT) compared with the soccer players with the AA genotype. The MCT1 T allele is associated with the percentage of fat-free mass in young elite male soccer players. Elucidating the genetic basis of body composition in athletes could potentially be used as an additional tool for strength and conditioning professionals in planning and adjusting training. However, these results are preliminary and need to be replicated in more cohorts.

Is Meeting the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Protein Related to Body Composition among Older Adults?: Results from the Cardiovascular Health of Seniors and Built Environment Study.

Studies suggest protein intake may be associated with lower body weight, but protein has also been associated with preservation of lean body mass. Understanding the role of protein in maintaining health for older adults is important for disease prevention among this population. Cross-sectional study of the relationship of dietary protein on body composition. New York City community centers. 1,011 Black, White, and Latino urban men and women 60-99 years of age. Protein intake was assessed using two interviewer-administered 24-hour recalls, and body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) of fat mass (kg) (FM), fat free mass (kg) (FFM), and impedance resistance (Ohms). Indices of FM and FFM were calculated by dividing BIA measurements by height squared (m2), and percent FFM was calculated by dividing FFM by the sum of FM and FFM. Log linear models adjusting for age (continuous), race/ethnicity, education, physical activity (dichotomized at the median), hypertension, diabetes, and total calories (continuous). Just 33% of women and 50% of men reported meeting the RDA for protein. Both fat free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) were negatively associated with meeting the RDA for protein (Women: FFMI -1.78 95%CI [-2.24, -1.33], FMI -4.12 95% CI [-4.82, -3.42]; Men: FFMI -1.62 95% CI [-2.32, -0.93] FMI -1.80 95% CI [-2.70, -0.89]). After accounting for confounders, women and men consuming at least 0.8 g/kg/day had a 6.2% (95% CI: 5.0%, 7.4%) and a 3.2% (95% CI 1.1%, 5.3%) higher percent fat free mass, respectively. FFM, FFMI, FM, and FMI were inversely related to meeting the RDA for protein. Meeting the RDA for protein of at least 0.8g/kg/day was associated with a higher percentage of fat free mass among older adults. These results suggest meeting the protein recommendations of at least 0.8 g/kg/day may help to promote lower overall body mass, primarily through loss of fat mass rather than lean mass.

The effect of rate of weight loss on long-term weight regain in adults with overweight and obesity.

To investigate the effect of rate of weight loss, with similar total weight loss, on weight regain in individuals with overweight and obesity. Fifty-seven participants (BMI: 28-35 kg/m(2) ) underwent a dietary intervention (DI). They were randomized to a low-calorie diet (LCD; 1250 kcal/day) for 12 weeks (slow weight loss) or a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD; 500 kcal/day) for 5 weeks (rapid weight loss) (weight loss (WL) period) followed by a 4-week weight-stable (WS) period and 9 months follow-up. Body weight and body composition (BodPod) were determined at study start and after each period. Weight change was similar in both groups after WL (LCD: -8.2 kg and VLCD: -9.0 kg, P = 0.24). Weight regain after follow-up was not significantly different between groups (LCD: 4.2 kg and VLCD: 4.5 kg, P = 0.73). Percentage fat-free mass loss (%FFML) was higher in the VLCD-group compared to the LCD-group after DI (8.8% and 1.3%, respectively, P = 0.034) and was associated with weight regain during follow-up in the whole group (r = 0.325, P = 0.018). The present study showed that, with similar total weight loss, rate of weight loss did not affect weight regain. However, %FFML after DI was associated with weight regain.