Fasting Serum Insulin Levels Research Articles

Association of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in papulosquamous diseases

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance (IR) and papulosquamous diseases with shared pathophysiology leads to conglomeration of risk factors of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) causing high mortality worldwide. The objective is to study the association of MetS and IR in papulosquamous diseases. Methods: It is a hospital-based case-control study conducted on 200 age-sex matched cases and controls with consent. Subjects were administered a pre-validated questionnaire, diagnosis of papulosquamous diseases was based on clinical examination and skin biopsy. MetS was diagnosed based on national cholesterol education program's- adult treatment plan iii with Asian modification for abdominal circumference criteria. Fasting serum insulin levels (FI) was used as a surrogate marker of IR. Results: Mean serum HDL- C level was low and statistically significant (p=0.017). Mean fasting plasma glucose level was significantly higher in patients (p=0.008). Mean FI level was significant between cases and controls (p=0.013). IR was found in 76% of cases which was significantly higher than in controls (p<0.05). IR was highest in psoriasis 29% followed by LP 22%, PRP 19%, and LS 6% which was statistically significant (p<0.05). MetS was mostly found in psoriasis (17%), LP (9%) and least in PRP, LS. Conclusions: This study intends clinicians to do periodic MetS and IR evaluation in papulosquamous diseases. Thus, subclinical cases of non-communicable diseases can be detected and potential co-morbidities can be prevented.

Do Serum Adiponectin Levels Correlate with the Severity of Acne

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common disorder of pilosebaceous units affecting adolescents and young adults. The various causes include diet, stress, seborrhea, and premenstrual flare. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare lipid profile, insulin, and adiponectin levels in acne and controls. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients of acne from the age group of 12 to 25 years and 20 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were included in the study. Results: Patients with acne showed significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), higher levels (although not statistically significant) of triglyceride, and very LDL and significantly lower levels of high-density lipoprotein as compared to controls. Furthermore, individuals with acne had significantly lower levels of serum adiponectin and significantly higher mean levels of fasting serum insulin as compared to controls. Conclusion: Derangements in serum lipid profile, serum insulin, and serum adiponectin levels can predispose to acne in adolescent individuals. Thus, dietary and lifestyle modifications should be recommended in such patients.

The clinical implications of fasting serum insulin levels in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional survey.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical implications of fasting serum insulin (FINS) levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes who were receiving insulin therapy. A total of 1,553 subjects with type 2 diabetes [774 subjects who had never received insulin treatment (N-INS) and 779 subjects who were receiving insulin therapy (constant insulin treatment, C-INS)] admitted to the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Peking University People's Hospital were enrolled in this study. Their FINS levels were measured and those with hyperinsulinemia were identified. The underlying mechanisms of hyperinsulinemia were revealed by measuring insulin antibodies (IAs) and analyzing changes in FINS levels before and after polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In addition, the clinical characteristics of patients with different types of hyperinsulinemia were compared. Higher FINS levels and a higher incidence (43.8%, 341/779) of hyperinsulinemia (FINS >15μIU/mL) were observed in subjects with C-INS than in subjects with N-INS. Among subjects with C-INS and hyperinsulinemia, 66.9% (228/341) were IAs positive, and the incidence of IAs was found to be positively associated with FINS level. By performing PEG precipitation, we found that all subjects without IAs (i.e., those with real hyperinsulinemia) and 31.1% of subjects (71/228) with IAs (i.e., those with both real and IAs-related hyperinsulinemia) still had hyperinsulinemia after PEG precipitation, whereas FINS levels in the other 68.9% of subjects (157/228) with IAs were normal (IAs-related hyperinsulinemia) after PEG precipitation. Comparisons between the groups showed that subjects with real hyperinsulinemia showed more obvious insulin resistance characteristics, including higher lipid levels, BMIs, and homoeostasis model assessment2-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) index, and were more likely to have hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndromes (p<0.05). However, the risk of hypoglycemia and glucose variability increased significantly in subjects with IAs compared with those without IAs. A cutoff of FINS to serum C-peptide ratio (≥9.3μIU/ng) could be used to screen IAs in clinical practice with 83.3% sensitivity and 70% specificity. It is necessary to measure FINS in subjects with C-INS to distinguish between types of hyperinsulinemia, which should help to tailor treatment regimens.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice through gut microbiota modulation

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), caused by increased hepatic fat accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, is one of the most common complications of diabetes. The hypoglycemic effect of foxtail millet supplementation has been studied previously. However, the influence of foxtail millet on diabetes-induced NAFLD remains unknown. The present study investigated the role of heat-treated foxtail millet (HFM) in alleviating NAFLD-related phenotypic indicators and altering gut composition in diabetic mice. Our disease model was established using a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin before HFM supplementation. In diseased mice, the consumption of HFM reduced hepatic total cholesterol by 21.13%, triglyceride by 18.59%, malondialdehyde by 42.64%, and increased superoxide dismutase by 14.98% in the liver, respectively. Also, fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels significantly decreased by 30.11% and 30.09%, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that HFM alleviated NAFLD-related gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Specifically, HFM treatment regulated gut microbiota composition, enriched probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Allobaculum), reduced harmful bacteria (Peptococcus, Oscillibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella), and elevated short-chain fatty acid concentrations. These findings demonstrated that the beneficial effects of HFM on NAFLD may be associated with changes in gut microbiota composition.

Deletion of endothelial leptin receptors in mice promotes diet-induced obesity

Obesity promotes endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells not only respond, but possibly actively promote the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Our aim was to characterize the role of endothelial leptin receptors (LepR) for endothelial and whole body metabolism and diet-induced obesity. Mice with tamoxifen-inducible, Tie2.Cre-ERT2-mediated deletion of LepR in endothelial cells (End.LepR knockout, KO) were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. Body weight gain, serum leptin levels, visceral adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation were more pronounced in obese End.LepR-KO mice, whereas fasting serum glucose and insulin levels or the extent of hepatic steatosis did not differ. Reduced brain endothelial transcytosis of exogenous leptin, increased food intake and total energy balance were observed in End.LepR-KO mice and accompanied by brain perivascular macrophage accumulation, whereas physical activity, energy expenditure and respiratory exchange rates did not differ. Metabolic flux analysis revealed no changes in the bioenergetic profile of endothelial cells from brain or visceral adipose tissue, but higher glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration rates in those isolated from lungs. Our findings support a role for endothelial LepRs in the transport of leptin into the brain and neuronal control of food intake, and also suggest organ-specific changes in endothelial cell, but not whole-body metabolism.

Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Decoction improves insulin sensitivity by regulating intestinal flora in rats with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Purpose: To study the effect of Ganjiang Huangqin Huanglian Renshen Decoction (GHHRD) on intestinal microflora and insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. &#x0D; Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ) injection was used to establish a rat model of T2DM. The T2DM rats were divided into 5 groups: control, T2DM, T2DM + low-dose traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), T2DM + high-dose TCM, and T2DM + metformin groups. Total DNA kit was used for extraction of total DNA from fecal microorganisms from the T2DM model rats. High-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to identify the intestinal flora of T2DM model rats. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting serum insulin (FINS) levels were determined by a biochemical analyzer. &#x0D; Results: The 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed that after GHHRD treatment, the levels of Ruminococcus, Prevotellaceae, Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroidota in the intestinal tract of T2DM model rats exhibited significant changes. Furthermore, GHHRD decreased the Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index and IR in T2DM model rats. &#x0D; Conclusion: GHHRD mitigates IR in T2DM model rats through alterations in the intestinal flora of the rats. This provides a theoretical basis for the potential use of GHHRD in the clinical management of T2DM.

Vitamin K2 supplementation improves impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity for type 2 diabetes through gut microbiome and fecal metabolites

BackgroundThere is insufficient evidence for the ability of vitamin K2 to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus symptoms by regulating gut microbial composition. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the key role of the gut microbiota in the improvement of impaired glycemic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity by vitamin K2 intervention.MethodsWe first performed a 6-month RCT on 60 T2DM participants with or without MK-7 (a natural form of vitamin K2) intervention. In addition, we conducted a transplantation of the MK-7-regulated microbiota in diet-induced obesity mice for 4 weeks. 16S rRNA sequencing, fecal metabolomics, and transcriptomics in both study phases were used to clarify the potential mechanism.ResultsAfter MK-7 intervention, we observed notable 13.4%, 28.3%, and 7.4% reductions in fasting serum glucose (P = 0.048), insulin (P = 0.005), and HbA1c levels (P = 0.019) in type 2 diabetes participants and significant glucose tolerance improvement in diet-induced obesity mice (P = 0.005). Moreover, increased concentrations of secondary bile acids (lithocholic and taurodeoxycholic acid) and short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid) were found in human and mouse feces accompanied by an increased abundance of the genera that are responsible for the biosynthesis of these metabolites. Finally, we found that 4 weeks of fecal microbiota transplantation significantly improved glucose tolerance in diet-induced obesity mice by activating colon bile acid receptors, improving host immune-inflammatory responses, and increasing circulating GLP-1 concentrations.ConclusionsOur gut-derived findings provide evidence for a regulatory role of vitamin K2 on glycemic homeostasis, which may further facilitate the clinical implementation of vitamin K2 intervention for diabetes management.Trial registrationThe study was registered at https://www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1800019663).

Possible mitigating effect of adropin on lung injury in diabetic rats: Targeting the role of Rho A/Rho-associated kinase pathway.

This study evaluated possible mitigating effect of adropin on lung injury in diabetic rats, targeting role of Rho A/Rho-associated kinase pathway. Rats were allocated into four groups: control, adropin, diabetic, and diabetic+adropin groups. At the termination of the experiment, serum fasting glucose, insulin and adropin levels and insulin resistance were calculated. Wet/dry ratio, histopathological, immunohistochemical analyses, and relative real time gene expression of lung tissue was determined. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, malondialdehyde, 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, Bcl-2, BAX, myeloperoxidase, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and transforming growth factor-β were determined in lung tissue. Adropin treatment in diabetic rats notably attenuated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Also, it mitigated diabetic lung injury via suppressing effect on Rho A/ROCK pathway, apoptosis, inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, and fibrosis of lung tissue. Adropin can be considered as a promising therapeutic agent for treating diabetic lung injury.

Serum Levels of Activin A: Predictor of Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis in Prediabetics.

Pathological effects of dysglycemia and insulin resistance on atherosclerosis and cardiac remodeling starts as early as in the prediabetic state before the onset of overt diabetes. Activin A is a molecule with multiple functions, including an important part in glucose homeostatic mechanisms as well as inflammatory processes and is therefore being researched as a useful novel biomarker for prompt recognition of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in prediabetic individuals, thereby helping in disease prognostication and early institution of therapeutic measuresObjective: The study aimed to measure serum levels of activin A in prediabetic patients and evaluate them in comparison to normoglycemic controls. The association of activin A with carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), and homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was also studiedMaterials and methods: A total of 60 prediabetic cases and 60 normoglycemic control subjects [matched as per age, gender, and body mass index (BMI)] were recruited. Measurement of serum glucose levels (fasting and postprandial) and fasting insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were done in all the subjects. The values of HOMA-IR were computed using established formulae. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used for the evaluation of serum levels of activin A in both groups. Parameters for the two groups were compared. In the cases, CIMT (using B-mode ultrasound) and LVDD (using two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography) were measured and correlated with activin A levelsResults: Serum fasting insulin (mIU/L) was considerably higher in cases than in the controls (p &lt; 0.001). HOMA-IR median [interquartile range (IQR)] was 4 (3.25-4.93) in some cases, and that in the control group was 1.2 (0.88-1.5) (p &lt; 0.001). Serum activin A levels in the cases group had a median (IQR) of 263.55 (227.1-279.5) ng/mL, which was substantially greater as compared to the control group 159.9 (150.7-178.7) ng/mL (p &lt; 0.001). A significant positive association of serum activin A levels with HOMA-IR (ρ = 0.75, p &lt; 0.001) and CIMT (ρ = 0.50, p &lt; 0.001) was found. In LVDD grade I and II groups, the serum levels of activin A were 257.86 (219.3-271.2) ng/mL and 269 (244.19-291.5) ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.12)Conclusion: A substantial proportion of morbidity and mortality related to dysglycemic states can be attributed to cardiovascular complications. Elevated levels of activin A in prediabetes can act as an indicator of subclinical CVD leading to early diagnosis and intervention.

Aromatase Enzyme Activity and Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the prediabetes conditions in which high blood sugar levels and body weight increase during pregnancy. The underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms of GDM are poorly defined. Introduction: Aromatase enzyme activity is responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens and has a share in the regulation of body fat distribution and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), which plays a critical role in cholesterol transport, acid homeostasis, and steroidogenesis in GDM patients. This study aims to determine the levels of aromatase enzyme and LRH-1 in GDM patients and to investigate the relationship between the levels of aromatase enzyme and LRH-1 and the levels of insulin, HbA 1c and total cholesterol. Method: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over eleven months (September 2020 to July 2021). The study population was selected at Harran University Teaching and Research Hospital. The study included 32 GDM patients and 32 healthy pregnants. The automated assay measured serum fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels (AVIDA 1800 Chemistry System; Siemens). Aromatase enzyme activity and LRH-1 levels were determined by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Result: Aromatase activity decreased in GDM patients while LRH1 increased. Significant differences in means levels of fasting blood glucose (p=0.11), insulin (p= 0.001) and HbA1c (p= 0.001) between the patients and control groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of aromatase and insulin (r=-370, p =0.037). In addition, a positive significant correlation coefficient (r=0.645, p=0.001) was found between HbA1c and total cholesterol among the patients' group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that there is a negative relationship between aromatase activity and insulin levels. Aromatase and LRH 1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM, and the use of LRH-1 agonists in treating the disease may be considered an alternative treatment in the future. However, additional studies are required to reveal the possible functions of these two proteins in GDM with their mechanisms.

Clinical and Metabolic Characteristics in Hidradenitis Suppurativa - An Indian Perspective.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent follicular disorder affecting apocrine gland bearing areas such as axillae, inframammary area and groin. Significant association of HS with metabolic derangements such as hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia has been found. There is dearth of literature on epidemiological and metabolic profile of HS in Indian subjects. The aim of this study is to assess abnormalities in the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and lipid profile in patients with HS. To assess the frequency of abnormal levels of fasting blood sugar, serum insulin and lipid profile in patients with HS. Secondary objectives: To assess the frequency of hypertension, raised basal metabolic index, polycystic ovarian syndrome, follicular disorder, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and c-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with HS and to assess the severity of of clinical presentation HS using Hurley staging system. This is a retrospective record based study. Records of clinically diagnosed patients of HS, aged > 18 years fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analysed. Total 30 patients were recruited with 1:1 male to female ratio. Five (16.67%) cases fulfilled NCEP ATP III criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Statistically significant association was observed between severity of HS, in younger age group (<20 years), moderate to severe BMI, fasting serum insulin, fasting total cholesterol and raised ESR. This is retrospective, hospital record based study with small sample size. Holistic management of HS should be individualized according to need of patient and it should be combined approach including dermatologist, plastic surgeon, psychiatrist and dietician. We recommend an initial screening for derangements in metabolic profile in these patients for more effective management and preventing long term cardiovascular complications.

Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats with CD36 mutation: a precise nutrition strategy.

Previous studies have found that eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phospholipids (EPA-PLs) alleviated glucose and lipid metabolism, which was accompanied by an increase of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36). However, the effects of EPA-PLs on glucose and lipid metabolism in the case of CD36 mutation are unclear. Thus, spontaneously hypertensive rats/NCrl (SHR) were used as a CD36 mutation model to determine the effects of dietary 2% EPA-PLs for 4 weeks on glucose and lipid metabolism. The results showed that the intervention of EPA-PLs significantly alleviated the abnormal increase of serum free fatty acid levels and glycerol levels in SHRs. Moreover, the administration of EPA-PLs decreased the triglyceride levels and cholesterol levels by 31.1% and 37.9%, respectively, in the liver. Dietary EPA-PLs had no effect on epididymal fat weight, but EPA-PLs inhibited adipocyte hypertrophy in SHRs. Further mechanistic research found that EPA-PL pretreatment significantly reduced triacylglycerol catabolism and increased fatty acid β-oxidation. Additionally, the administration of EPA-PLs decreased the area under the curve of the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and fasting serum insulin levels by activating the IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Furthermore, EPA-PL pretreatment significantly increased the CD36 gene expression in the liver tissues, adipose tissues and muscle tissues even in the case of CD36 mutation. These results indicated that EPA-PLs alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism in the case of CD36 mutation, which provides a precise nutrition strategy for people with CD36 mutation.

Study of Association of Serum Prolactin Levels with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

Prolactin (PRL) regulates glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The study aimed to evaluate the role of PRL in glucose homeostasis and its association with insulin resistance in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). This cross-sectional, observational study included 100 patients (25-60 years) with T2DM. Primary information including demographics, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical measures (complete blood count, glucose parameters, liver and kidney function test, lipid profile, thyroid function test, serum fasting insulin levels, serum PRL levels) was collected. A total of 100 patients, 50 men and 50 women (25 premenopausal and 25 postmenopausal), were enrolled in this study. The correlation between serum cholesterol and PRL was found to be statistically non-significant (P = 0.129) in men and significant (P = 0.041) in women. There was an inverse relationship between fasting plasma glucose and serum PRL levels in both men (r = -0.88; P < 0.0001) and women patients (r = -0.768; P < 0.0001). Negative correlation between postprandial plasma glucose and PRL was found to be statistically significant (r = -0.398; P = 0.048) in postmenopausal women. The comparison in both men and women indicated an inverse correlation between serum PRL and glycated haemoglobin levels. There was a significant negative correlation between homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and PRL levels in both men (r = -0.362; P = 0.039) and women patients (r = -0.362; P = 0.003). Homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β), which directly correlates with residual pancreatic beta cell function, was positively correlated with prolactin levels, irrespective of gender and menopausal status of female subjects. Serum PRL levels correlate with improved glycaemic control.

Association of metabolic status with serum orexin levels in young females

Background: Metabolic syndrome has always been linked with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle due to induction of metabolic derangements. Orexin A and B are recently discovered hypothalamic neuropeptides. Orexin A regulates appetite, food intake, and energy expenditure. Aims and Objectives: Metabolic fuel detectors regulate energy balance at peripheral and central levels. The aim of this study is to assess association of serum orexin levels with metabolic risk markers in women of reproductive age group (RAG). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the campus of King George Medical University (KGMU), Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, INDIA. One hundred and fifty apparently healthy women of RAG, that is, 20–40 years of age were randomly selected. Fasting serum orexin and serum insulin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure were estimated in women. Results: The results show that serum orexin levels have significant positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, weight, BMI, and waist circumference along with a weak negative correlation with serum insulin level. Conclusion: In the present study, serum orexin levels significantly correlate with weight, BMI, fasting blood glucose, and weak negative correlation with serum insulin levels. Serum orexin levels did not correlate with the lipid profile of women of RAG.

Heat-treated foxtail millet protein delayed the development of pre-diabetes to diabetes in mice by altering gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles.

Millet protein has gained much attention for its beneficial effects in mitigating metabolic diseases. However, most individuals pass through a prediabetic phase before developing full-blown diabetes, and whether millet protein has hypoglycemic effects on prediabetic mice remains unclear. In the present study, heat-treated foxtail millet protein (HMP) supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, alleviated insulin resistance, and improved impaired glucose tolerance in prediabetic mice. In addition, HMP altered the intestinal flora composition, as evidenced by the reduction in the abundance of Dubosiella and Marvinbryantia and the increase in the content of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae. Moreover, HMP supplementation dramatically regulated the levels of serum metabolites (i.e., LysoPCs, 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, and sphingosine) and related metabolic pathways, such as sphingolipid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. In conclusion, the improvement of gut microbiota and serum metabolic profiles was related to the hypoglycemic potential of HMP in prediabetes.

Evaluating the Body Mass Index, Blood Glucose, and Serum Insulin in Adolescent Acne

Background: Acne is one of the most common skin diseases affecting the pilosebaceous unit that is seen in adolescents mainly. The pathogenesis is multifactorial. High glycemic food, milk and dairy products, and sedentary lifestyle lead to high body mass index (BMI) and high serum insulin levels. These ultimately converge on mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation, leading to acne genesis. There are few studies correlating the acne with BMI, serum insulin, and fasting blood glucose. Aim: To evaluate the BMI, fasting blood glucose, and serum insulin levels of adolescent acne vulgaris patients and compare it with controls. Materials and Methods: One hundred cases of acne vulgaris and age- and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Their BMI was calculated and fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were measured. Results: Mean BMI, fasting blood glucose, and serum insulin were higher among cases than controls. All the outcomes were statistically significant. Conclusion: Dermatologists should also focus on improving the dietary and lifestyle in their acne patients, rather than just treating the disease per se.

Evaluation of relationship between endometrial polyp and insulin resistance: A case-control study

Objectives: Recently insulin resistance (IR) has increasingly attracted attention for its role in promoting endometrial proliferation. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between endometrial polyps (EP) and IR, and the risk factors. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis was carried out among patients who underwent hysteroscopy in gynecology and obstetrics department of Macau Kiangwu Hospital during October 2021 and December 2022. According to the pathological results of endometrium, subjects were divided into EP group and control group (normal endometrium). The clinical data and insulin resistance related indicators were compared. Results: 134 patients with EP and 98 control patients were included in this study. When compared with control patients, the percentage of irregular menstruation or amenorrhea was higher, the waist circumference was wider, the serum fasting insulin (FIN) level and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) were higher in EP patients, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Logistic multiple regression analysis showed that FIN, HOMA-IR, abdominal obesity and irregular menstrual cycle were risk factors for endometrial polyps. Conclusions: Patients with EP own some characteristics of IR, and IR may be related to the occurrence and development of EP, which should attract enough attention from patients. Lifestyle adjusting, paying attention to menstruation, and adding insulin sensitizer when necessary are recommended.

Magnesium-Rich Indonesian Brown Rice ‘Sintanur’ Improves Insulin Sensitivity in High Fat High Fructose Diet-Induced Obesity Sprague Dawley Rats

This study aimed to analyze the effect of 'Sintanur' brown rice on Lee's index, fasting blood glucose levels, and HOMA-IR administered to male Sprague Dawley rats. This research was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test-only control group design. The subjects were thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats divided into five groups. Group 1 consisted of the negative control with a standard diet. Group 2 consisted of the positive control with HFFD-induced obesity for 20 weeks, while groups 3, 4, and 5 were the treatment groups with HFFD-induced obesity for 12 weeks, which were intervened with different dosages of brown rice diet from week 13 to week 20. At week 21, the rats were sacrificed. Fasting blood glucose levels were tested using a glucometer. Fasting serum insulin levels were tested using ELISA. HOMA-IR was calculated using fasting glucose and insulin levels. Serum magnesium levels were tested using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. A non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis was used to analyze differences in mean dietary intake, Lee index, fasting blood glucose, and HOMA-IR. As a result, there were significant differences between groups (p&lt;0.05). Spearman correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the Lee index, fasting blood glucose levels, and HOMA-IR with serum magnesium levels. As a result, there were negative correlations between parameters (r=-0.299; r=-0.393; r=-0.257). Group 5 had the best results in lowering insulin resistance. In conclusion, consuming local 'Sintanur' brown rice decreased the Lee index, fasting blood glucose levels, and HOMA-IR by increasing serum magnesium levels in obese rats. High magnesium intake reduces insulin resistance by correcting the disruption of glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways.

EFFECTS OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTED YOGURT ON NEONATAL STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED TYPE-2 DIABETIC RATS

Probiotics can be considered as biological agents that modify the intestinal microbiota as well as show several health benefits. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of probiotics in neonatal STZ-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Following the biochemical analysis of probiotic bacteria, yogurt was prepared using cow milk and used to feed the experimental rats. Probiotic yogurt was supplemented to three rat groups, each with six rats, and the doses were 2 g in PYT1, 4 g in PYT2 and 6 g in PYT3 for 21 days. Fasting serum glucose, serum insulin, lipid profiles and liver glycogen levels were measured to investigate the probiotic effects on type 2 diabetic rats. It was observed that fasting serum glucose levels were significantly lower in case of PYT3 group (p&lt;0.05) whereas a significant (p&lt;0.05) upsurge of serum insulin levels was detected in PYT2 rat group. A significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in LDL level in PYT2 group and significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased level of HDL was detected in PYT1 and PYT2 rat groups. However, there were no significant differences regarding triglyceride as well as total cholesterol levels among three probiotic yogurt supplemented rat groups. Hepatic glycogen content was 34.5%, 30.9% and 39.1% among the probiotic yogurt feed groups viz. PYT1, PYT2 and PYT3, respectively. Findings of this research suggest that application of probiotic yogurt can help to manage type-2 diabetes. Further study on clinical trial would be worthy to investigate for probiotic-based product improvement for treatment of type-2 diabetic patients.

Saudi Traditional Fermented Goat Milk Protects against Experimental Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Potentials

This study examined the effect of fermented goat milk (oggtt) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats induced by chronic high-fat diet (HFD) treatments. Both control-fed and HFD-fed adult male rats received the same vehicle or treatment with two doses of freshly collected oggtt (2 mL or 5 mL) for 12 weeks (n = 8/group). The treatment of the control and HFD-fed rats with oggtt in both doses significantly reduced weight gain, but fasting serum glucose and insulin levels as well as HOMA-IR levels were lowered only in the HFD-fed rats. Treatment improved HFD-induced glucose and insulin homeostasis impairment as measured by the oral glucose tolerance test. Both doses of oggtt reduced serum levels of liver function markers and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and in-terlukin-6 (IL-6) in HFD-fed rats. In addition, the oggtt doses reduced serum and hepatic levels of triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol (CHOL) as well as serum levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in these rats. These biochemical endpoints were reflected by the improvement in liver histology and reduction in the number of fatty vacuolated and pyknotic cells. In both the control and HFD-fed rats, oggtt at both doses stimulated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). All these effects were more profound with the highest dose of oggtt. In conclusion, the finding of this study strongly supports the use of oggtt as a functional food to treat NAFLD, as it has shown hypoglycaemic and antioxidant properties.