Fasting Plasma Glucose Values Research Articles

Finnish diabetes risk score outperformed triglyceride-glucose index in diabetes risk prediction.

Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index is a surrogate marker of insulin resistance. This study compared the performance of TyG index and the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) in diabetes risk prediction. This cross-sectional study involved 122 young adults (aged 15-35 years) in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were done following standard protocols. Diabetes risk scoring was done using the FINDRISC questionnaire. TyG index was calculated logarithmically. Discrimination between TyG index and FINDRISC was done by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. High risk participants had significantly (p < 0.001) higher mean values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) relative to the lower risk categories. Participants in TyG index Quartile 4 had significantly higher mean values of triglyceride (p < 0.001) and fasting plasma glucose (p < 0.05). BMI and triglyceride had the most significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation with FINDRISC and TyG index, respectively. A moderately elevated to high risk (FINDRISC ≥ 12) of developing diabetes was found in 14.8% of the participants; with a female preponderance (20.6%) relative to males (7.4%). More than half of the participants (52.5%) had slightly elevated risk and differences in diabetes risk susceptibility were significant (p < 0.001) across gender. FINDRISC had an AUC value of 0.826 while TyG index had an AUC value of 0.628 for diabetes risk prediction. FINDRISC had a better performance than TyG index in the prediction of diabetes risk in this population. The use of other TyG-related parameters rather than TyG index is recommended in future studies. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01252-y.

Investigation the impact of liraglutide on the thyroid function tests

Aim: Liraglutide is a once-daily glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP‑1 RA) which is an incretin hormone secreted from intestinal L cells in response to nutritional intake and stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, decreases hepatic glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, provides a feeling of satiety and is the first GLP‑1 RA to be indicated for weight loss treatment for obesity. The impact of liraglutide on thyroid function tests is unknown and to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on this regard. Our aim is to compare thyroid function tests, other biochemical and hemogram parameters before and 6 months after liraglutide treatment.&#x0D; Material and Methods: The patients, 18-65 years old, who used liraglutide for at least 6 months due to obesity treatment between January 2021 and January 2023 in Burdur State Hospital were included.&#x0D; Results: There were 51 patients (39 female, 12 male) using liraglutide without thyroid disease during the study period. Twelve patients discontinued liraglutide use before the 6th month of treatment was completed. Weight, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were significantly lower at the 6th month of treatment. Free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) values were similar. and there was no difference other biochemical and hemogram parameters between before and 6 months after treatment&#x0D; Conclusion: We found a significant decrease in TSH values and improvement in metabolic parameters, but no change in thyroid hormone levels.

Prevalence of abnormal glucose values and gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Xi’an from 2015 to 2021

BackgroundPregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) often have an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of GDM in Xi’an from 2015 to 2021 since the implementation of China’s “Two-Child policy” and to provide a clinical basis for the management of GDM.MethodsWe analyzed the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results of 152,836 pregnant women who underwent routine prenatal examination at the Northwest Women and Children’s Hospital from 2015 to 2021. Additionally, we analyzed the GDM prevalence and characteristics.ResultsThe prevalence of GDM in the Xi’an urban area was 24.66% and exhibited an increasing trend annually (χ2 for trend = 43.922, p < 0.001) and with age (χ2 for trend = 2527.000, p < 0.001). Consistent with this, the proportion of pregnant women aged 18–25 and 26–30 years decreased significantly with the annual growth (χ2 for trend = 183.279, p < 0.001 and χ2 for trend = 33.192, p < 0.001, respectively). The proportion of pregnant women aged 31–35 and 36–42 years increased gradually annually (χ2 for trend = 134.436, p < 0.001and χ2 for trend = 44.403, p < 0.001, respectively). Of the pregnant women diagnosed with GDM, 71.15% (65.05–74.95%) had abnormal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values. The highest percentage of patients had a single abnormal OGTT value (68.31%; 65.77–70.61%), followed by two (20.52%; 18.79–22.55%) and three (11.17%; 10.11–11.85%) abnormal values (FPG and 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose (PG).ConclusionThe prevalence of GDM among pregnant women in Xi’an region was high, and it had a increasing trend over the period from 2015 to 2021. Notably, the proportion of elder pregnant women, aged 31–42 years, presented a significant rise after the implementation of the universal two-child policy. On the basis of the high incidence of GDM among elder pregnant women and the high rate of abnormal OGTT values (numbe ≥ 2) in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM, the management of GDM should be intensified, and relevant departments should pay more attention to pregnant women of advanced age.

Characteristics of glucose variability in different types of diabetes mellitus in young patients

Introduction. Rare types of diabetes mellitus including MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young) are quite complicated to verification and differential diagnosis. That is often leads to diagnostic delays, medical errors in choosing treatment tactics. This kind of event could aggravate the course of the disease and must be prevented.Aim. Evaluation the characteristics of glucose variability (GV) in different types of diabetes mellitus (DM) in young people using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems is necessary to understand the diagnostic value of the method.Materials and methods. We studied 72 patients with clinical signs of MODY who underwent a molecular genetics study to verify the type of DM. According to the results of the study, patients were divided into 3 groups: with genetically confirmed MODY2 (n = 31), MODY3 (n = 16); comparison group consists of the patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 25). All patients at the second stage underwent CGM for 14 days. At the third stage, the obtained patterns of glycemia were presented in the form of GV indices using the GLINVA program, and an in-depth analysis of glucose variability was performed.Results. Some features in the characteristics of the glycemic profile in young people with monogenic forms of DM were noticed. It was determined that in MODY2 the level of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (p = 0.004) and HbA1c (p = 0.010) was significantly lower than in MODY3, and low GV was determined during the day, which probably causes a lower incidence of diabetic complications than other types of diabetes. In individuals with MODY3, higher FPG and HbA1c values were found, in contrast to MODY2 and type 2 diabetes. MODY3 profile is characterized with significantly higher GV and longer time spent above the target ranges (compared to type 2 diabetes).Conclusions. The approach to evaluate the glycemic profile used in the study is modern and affordable. It could become a tool for determining criteria for diagnosing the type of diabetes in patients with clinical manifestations of MODY.

618-P: Association of Intuitive Eating Patterns and Metabolic Control in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes

Aim: Evaluate the possible association between intuitive eating (IE) patterns and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: Cross-sectionally, outpatients with T2DM attended in University Hospital (Brazil) were submitted to clinical, laboratory, and lifestyle evaluation. IE was assessed by Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2). Metabolic control evaluated were BMI, HbA1c, LDL and triglycerides targets according to ADA recommendations. Eating patterns were identified by cluster analysis and patients characteristics were compared by appropriate tests. P&amp;lt;0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant. Study approved Hospital's Ethics Committee (2020-0654). Results: A total of 267 patients were evaluated: 62.2% female, 60 (53-65) years old, BMI=31.9±5.4kg/m², diabetes duration=16±9 years, HbA1c=8.5±1.5%, and median IES-2 total score was 58 (50-67)%. Three IE patterns were identified: Pattern 1=patients with higher intuitive eating; Pattern 2=non emotional-oriented coping; Pattern 3=patients with lower intuitive eating. Pattern 3 patients were younger, included a higher proportion of women, with obesity, psychotropic drugs use, and higher HbA1c values than those in Pattern 1, but not than Pattern 2. Pattern 1 patients presented a lower BMI, fasting plasma glucose and serum triglycerides values as compared to the other groups (P&amp;lt;0.05 for all analyses). Logistic regression models confirmed the association of Pattern 3 with higher obesity prevalence (OR=2.21; 95%CI=1.04-4.70) and triglycerides values out of target (OR=3.32; 95%CI=1.53-7.71) as compared to Pattern 1, after adjusting for confounders. No associations were observed between HbA1c out of target and lower intuitive eating. Conclusion: In this sample of outpatients with T2DM, eating less intuitively was associated with higher obesity prevalence and triglycerides values out of target as compared to eating more intuitively. Disclosure J.Almeida: None. O.G.Koller: None. V.M.Menezes: None. A.Busanello: None. Funding CAPES (001); FIPE/HCPA (2020-0654)

Serum adiponectin profile in obese Bangladeshi children attending an obesity clinic

Background and objective: Childhood obesity plays major role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Serum adiponectin has been found to be associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors. The study investigated the serum adiponectin levels and its relationship with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in Bangladeshi obese children. Material and methods: Overweight or obese children, between 6-18 years of age, attending the obesity clinic of the Department of Endocrinology, BSMMU were enrolled. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were measured and blood samples were taken for estimation of glucose, insulin, lipid profile and adiponectin. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), serum insulin and lipid profile were estimated by automated analyzer. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting insulin and fasting plasma glucose values. Serum adiponectin (total) was measured by ELISA method using DRG ELISA kit, Germany. Results:A total of 78 overweight or obese children of 6-18-year of age were enrolled. The mean (±SD) age of the study population was 12.22 ± 2.56 years and the mean BMI was 28.79 ± 4.54 kg/m2. Mean (±SD) serum adiponectin was 36.93 ± 17.85 µg/ml in 78 overweight/obese children. One way ANOVA showed no significant (P= 0.582) difference of adiponectin levels among children with overweight and different grades of obesity. There was no significant correlation between adiponectin and measures of generalized (r=0.035, p=0.763) or central (r=0.098, p=0.392) obesity. Also, no significant correlation was found between serum adiponectin level and any of cardiovascular risk factors of obesity or metabolic health. Conclusion: The study showed high serum adiponectin level in obese Bangladeshi children. Also, no association was found between serum adiponectin levels with grades of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors among obese children of Bangladesh. IMC J Med Sci. 2023; 17(2):009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.17.019 *Correspondence: Palash Chandra Sutradhar, Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College Mitford Hospital, Kotwali, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Email: palashdmc@gmail.com

Does fasting plasma glucose values 5.1-5.6 mmol/l in the first trimester of gestation a matter?

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of treatment on pregnancy outcomes among women who had fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 5.1-5.6 mmol/l in the first trimester of pregnancy. We performed a secondary-analysis of a randomized community non-inferiority trial of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening. All pregnant women with FPG values range 5.1-5.6 mmol/l in the first trimester of gestation were included in the present study (n=3297) and classified to either the (i) intervention group who received treatment for GDM along with usual prenatal care (n=1,198), (ii) control group who received usual-prenatal-care (n=2,099). Macrosomia/large for gestational age (LGA) and primary cesarean-section (C-S) were considered as primary-outcomes. A modified-Poisson-regression for binary outcome data with a log link function and robust error variance was used to RR (95%CI) for the associations between GDM status and incidence of pregnancy outcomes. The mean maternal age and BMI of pregnant women in both study groups were similar. There were no statistically significant differences in the adjusted risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including macrosomia, primary C-S, preterm birth, hyperbilirubinemia, preeclampsia, NICU-admission, birth trauma, and LBW both groups. It is found that treating women with first-trimester FPG values of 5.1-5.6 mmol/l could not improve adverse pregnancy outcomes including macrosomia, Primary C-S, Preterm birth, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, preeclampsia, NICU admission, Birth trauma and LBW. Therefore, extrapolating the FPG cut-off point of the second trimester to the first -which has been proposed by the IADPSG, might therefore not be appropriate. https://www.irct.ir/trial/518, identifier IRCT138707081281N1.

Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels as Risk Factors for the Development of Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Hypertension (HTN) is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Identifying new risk factors for hypertension is crucial. This study aims to determine the predictive value of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the development of hypertension. In this study, we examined 16,026 individuals without diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors who were underwent annual screening at the People's Hospital of Yuxi, Yunnan, China from 2013 to 2016. The participants were divided into two groups: normoglycemic and prediabetic. Normoglycemia was defined as having an HbA1c level of less than 5.7% and an FPG level of less than 5.6 mmol/ L. Prediabetes was defined according to the ADA criteria, which includes having an HbA1c level between 5.7% and 6.5%, or an impaired fasting glucose level between 5.6 mmol/L and 7.0 mmol/L. The participants were further divided into four subgroups based on their FPG and HbA1c levels: normoglycemia, impaired HbA1c only, FPG only, and both parameters impaired. The cohort study was conducted on 16,026 participants from Yunnan, China, consisting of 60.6% males and 39.4% females, with a mean age of 44.6 ± 12.5 years. The study revealed that prediabetes was independently associated with an increased risk for HTN (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41~1.67, P < 0.001). The analysis of different subgroups of HbA1c and FPG showed that FPG was a better predictor of HTN than HbA1c, regardless of the group. FPG and HbA1c were significantly associated with the future development of HTN in individuals with prediabetes.

Pregnancy outcomes and neonatal thyroid function in women with thyroid cancer: a retrospective study

BackgroundEvidence regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with thyroid cancer has been conflicting, and the effect of thyroid dysfunction caused by thyroid hormone suppression therapy in terms of neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether thyroid cancer was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and had an adverse effect on neonatal thyroid function.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 212 singleton pregnancies with thyroid cancer and 35,641 controls without thyroid cancer. Data on maternal pregnancy outcomes and neonatal outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThe median TSH level in the thyroid cancer group was significantly lower than that in the control group (0.87 µIU/mL vs. 1.17 µIU/mL; P < 0.001), while the FT4 level was higher than that in the control group (17.16 pmol/L vs. 16.33 pmol/L; P < 0.001). The percentage of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) positive in the thyroid cancer group was significantly higher than that in the control group (25.0% vs. 11.8%; P < 0.001). Pregnancies with thyroid cancer had a higher risk of late miscarriage (OR 7.166, 95% CI: 1.521, 33.775, P = 0.013), after adjusting maternal TPOAb positive, there was no statistical significance (OR 3.480, 95% CI: 0.423, 28.614, P = 0.246). Pregnancies with thyroid cancer had higher gestational weight gain (GWG) (14.0 kg vs. 13.0 kg, P < 0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (20.8% vs. 17.4%, P = 0.194), the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour value in the thyroid cancer group were higher than those in the control group (P = 0.020 and 0.004, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in TSH between the thyroid cancer group and the control group, regardless of full-term newborns or preterm newborns.ConclusionsThyroid cancer might not have substantial adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes except for excessive GWG. No adverse effect on neonatal TSH was found, but the effect on long-term thyroid function and neuropsychological function in offspring need further study.Trial registrationBeijing Birth Cohort Study (ChiCTR220058395).

Prevention of metabolic syndrome implies prevention of severe and multivessel coronary artery disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background and Purpose Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is the result of metabolic, clinical, and hemodynamic disturbances caused by a group of cardiometabolic risk factors. The particular components of the syndrome are each individually also a predisposing factor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The purpose of our study is to demonstrate the direct correlation of MS with the angiographic severity of CAD so that by affecting by prevention of one axis of this equation, a favorable effect is automatically achieved on its outcome as well. Methods We have studied 151 patients, 124 males - 27 females of mean age 63.56 ± 11.28 years, who were hospitalized for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and underwent coronary angiography. MS definition is according to the criteria set by the respective scientific companies. Thus, patients were classified into Group A with MS (46 patients - 35 males, 11 females - mean age 62.07 ± 11.35 years) and Group B without MS (105 patients - 89 males, 16 females – a mean age 65.06 ± 12.54 years). The correlation between MS, and the severity of CAD, has been estimated using the SYNTAX Score. Results Group A patients had a higher incidence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) than Group B patients, namely 32 patients (69.56%) versus 28 patients (26.67%), (p = 0.002), a higher incidence of multivessel disease, 20 patients (43.48%) versus 16 patients (16.8%), (p = 0.02), reduced Ejection Fraction (42.4% ± 9.6% vs. 53.5% ± 6.54% - p = 0.01) and higher SYNTAX Score (19.52 ± 7, 68 vs. 9.64 ± 5.32 - p = 0.01). In Group A with MS, lipid levels disorders were also observed (Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL - p = 0.01), higher values of fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c but also of mean platelet volume (MPV), which is considered a significant prognostic factor in patients with CAD (11.91 ± 1.93 femtolitres vs. 9.84 ± 1.06 femtolitres). Conclusions MS is associated with more severe clinically and angiographically CAD. Prevention and regulation of MS factors are significant for the avoidance of the occurrence of severe coronary syndrome.

Prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with adrenal incidentalomas: a study of 709 cases.

To evaluate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentalomas (NFAI) or adrenal incidentalomas (AI) with autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS). In this single-center retrospective study, all patients with adrenal incidentalomas ≥1 cm and ACS or NFAI studied between 2013 and 2020 were included. ACS was defined by a post-dexamethasone suppression test (DST) serum cortisol concentration ≥1.8 μg/dl, in the absence of signs of hypercortisolism, and NFAI was defined as a DST < 1.8 μg/dl without biochemical evidence of hypersecretion of other hormones. Inclusion criteria were met by 231 patients with ACS and 478 with NFAI. At diagnosis, type 2 diabetes was present in 24.3% of patients. No differences were found in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (27.7 vs. 22.6%, P = 0.137) between patients with ACS and NFAI. However, fasting plasma glucose values and glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in patients with ACS than with NFAI (112 ± 35.6 vs. 105 ± 29 mg/dl, P = 0.004; and 6.5 ± 1.4 vs. 6.1 ± 0.9%, P = 0.005, respectively). Furthermore, patients with type 2 diabetes had higher urinary free cortisol (P = 0.039) and late-night salivary cortisol levels (P = 0.010) than those without type 2 diabetes. After a median follow-up of 28 months, no differences were found in the incidence of type 2 diabetes between the groups (HR 1.17, 95% 0.52-2.64). Type 2 diabetes was present in one fourth of our cohort. We found no differences in its prevalence or incidence between the groups. However, glycemic control might be worse among diabetic patients with ACS. Higher concentrations of urinary and salivary cortisol were found in patients with than without type 2 diabetes.

Preliminary observations on the administration of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist on body weight and select carbohydrate endpoints in persons with spinal cord injury: A controlled case series

Context/Objective To describe the effect of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, to reduce body weight and improve glycemic control in overweight or obese individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Open-label, randomized drug intervention case series. Setting This study was performed at James J. Peters VA Medical Center (JJP VAMC) and Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation (KIR). Participants Five individuals with chronic SCI meeting criteria for obesity and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. Intervention Administration of semaglutide (subcutaneously once per week) versus no treatment (control) for 26 weeks. Outcome Measures Change in total body weight (TBW), fat tissue mass (FTM), total body fat percent (TBF%), and visceral adipose tissue volume (VATvol) was determined at baseline and after 26 weeks using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration and serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) values were obtained at the same two time points. Results In 3 participants, after 26 weeks of semaglutide administration, TBW, FTM, TBF%, and VATvol decreased, on average, by 6, 4.4 kg, 1.7%, and 674 cm3, respectively. In addition, values for FPG and HbA1c decreased by 17 mg/dl and 0.2%, respectively. After 26 weeks of observation in the 2 control participants, TBW, FTM, TBF% and VATvol increased on average by 3.3 , 4.5 kg, 2.5%, and 991 cm3, respectively. The average values for FPG and HbA1c also increased by 11 mg/dl and 0.3%, respectively. Conclusions Administration of semaglutide for 26 weeks resulted in favorable changes in body composition and glycemic control, suggesting a reduced risk for the development of cardiometabolic disease in obese individuals with SCI. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03292315.

Co-exposure of organophosphorus pesticides is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population

ObjectiveThe epidemiological evidence of human exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes (PDM) is scarce. We aimed to examine the association of T2DM/PDM risk with single OPP exposure and multi-OPP co-exposure. MethodsPlasma levels of ten OPPs were measured using the gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) among 2734 subjects from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. We used generalized linear regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) or β with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and constructed quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to investigate the association of OPPs mixture with the risk of T2DM and PDM. ResultsHigh detection rates ranged from 76.35% (isazophos) to 99.17% (malathion and methidathion) for all OPPs. Several plasma OPPs concentrations were in positive correlation with T2DM and PDM. Additionally, positive associations of several OPPs with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were observed. In the quantile g-computation, we identified significantly positive associations between OPPs mixtures and T2DM as well as PDM, and fenthion had the greatest contribution for T2DM, followed by fenitrothion and cadusafos. As for PDM, the increased risk was largely explained by cadusafos, fenthion, and malathion. Furthermore, BKMR models suggested that co-exposure to OPPs was linked to an increased risk of T2DM and PDM. ConclusionOur findings suggested that the individual and mixture of OPPs exposure were associated with an increased risk of T2DM and PDM, implying that OPPs might act an important role in the development of T2DM.

Abstract #1402867: Association of Corneal Sensitivity with Indian Diabetes Risk Score in Asian Indians The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (Cures)

The association of the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) with markers of atherosclerotic changes has been reported by us earlier. Loss of corneal sensation has been reported in people with diabetes and its association with carotid intimal thickness (a marker, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease) has been documented earlier. This paper deals with the relationship between loss of corneal sensitivity and IDRS. Subjects without known diabetes (n=1,388) were selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, a population-based study on a representative population (aged ≥20 years) of Chennai, the largest city in Southern India. Serum lipids were measured in an overnight fasting sample along with other biochemical parameters. Corneal sensitivity was measured using a Cochet Bonnet aesthesiometer (C-BA (model II; Luneau Ophthalmlogie, Chartres, France) and graded as normal (60 mm), moderately reduced (55 mm) and significantly reduced (≤50 mm). The MDRF-IDRS is a simple risk score to aid in the detection of undiagnosed diabetes in the community, which uses four simple parameters, viz., age, waist circumference, family history of diabetes and physical activity. Subjects with MDRF-IDRS value of <30 were categorized as low risk, those between 30 and 50 as moderate risk and those with ≥60 as high risk for diabetes. Individuals with high IDRS had significantly high values of fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HbA1c compared to those with moderate and low risk IDRS (p value of <0.001). When categorised based on IDRS, the individuals with high risk for diabetes (score of ≥60) had significantly reduced (≤50 mm) corneal sensitivity in 7.2 % % compared to 1.2% among those with moderate risk IDRS group and none in the low risk IDRS group. Same trend was observed with moderately reduced corneal sensitivity, from 1.9 % vs 10% vs 19.6 % in low, moderate and high risk IDRS group (p value of <0.001). This study shows that simple tool IDRS can be used to screen for those with reduced corneal sensation.

The Impact of Partial Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic on Metabolic Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of lockdown due to COVID-19 on the metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional study (Ecological trend study) was conducted based on the medical records of patients with type 2 diabetes between September 20, 2019 and September 20, 2020. The metabolic control changes were evaluated as differences of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), creatinine (Cr), fasting triglyceride (FTG) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) values during pre-lockdown and lockdown periods. The stratified analysis based on age (due to partial closure measures applied over the age of 65) and gender was also performed. Results: There are statistically significant increases between FPG levels and FTG levels in the “during lockdown” group compared to the “pre-lockdown” group (p=0.036 and p=0.013 respectively) while the differences between HbA1c, LDL, cholesterol and creatinine levels are not significant. In subgroup analysis, increases in FPG and FTG levels remained in both &amp;lt;65 years and male groups, but no significant difference in any parameter was found in both ≥65 years and female groups. Conclusion: COVID-19 partial lockdown period negatively impacts metabolic control in people with T2DM according to our study results. Although FPG significantly increased, this increase was not found in HbA1c levels. The worsening was more pronounced in the males and patients &amp;lt;65 years than in females and patients ≥ 65 years possibly because of major changes in lifestyle due to partial lockdown measures conducted in Turkey.

Risk of Prediabetes and Diabetes in Oral Lichen Planus: A Case-Control Study according to Current Diagnostic Criteria.

To estimate the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP). Prospective cohort, including consecutive patients diagnosed clinically and histologically with OLP from 2018 to 2022. Patients and controls were matched by age and gender. Fasting plasma glucose value collection from all patients. Multivariate regression analysis evaluated the relationship between prediabetes and diabetes variables according to current diagnostic criteria. The sample comprised 275 patients (207 women; 75.3%), mean age 59.60 ± 12.18 years for both groups. Prediabetes was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 100-125 mg/dL), in 21.45% of OLP patients (59/275) and 14.55% (40/275) of control patients (p = 0.035). Patients with the atrophic-erosive form exhibited stronger association with taking oral antidiabetics (p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis showed that being over >60 years and having a cutaneous location was associated with ≥3 sites (OR 1.81 and OR 2.43). ADA prediabetes and oral antidiabetics drugs increased the probability of OLP (OR 1.60 (1.04-2.51), p = 0.03 and OR 2.20 (1.18-4.69), p = 0.017) after adjustment for sex and age. Because glycemia 100-125 mg/dL was associated with OLP, testing serum fasting plasma glucose seems reasonable in order to prevent development of diabetes and deal with possible complications until new studies are complete.

Differences in gut microbiota and its metabolic function among different fasting plasma glucose groups in Mongolian population of China

BackgroundMany studies reported the association between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), but it is still unclear which bacterial genus plays a key role and how the metabolic function of gut microbiota changes in the occurrence and development of T2D. Besides, there is a high diabetic prevalence in Mongolian population, which may be partly affected by their high calorie diet. This study identified the main bacterial genus influencing T2D in Mongolian population, and analyzed the changes of metabolic function of gut microbiome. The association between dietary factors and the relative abundance of main bacterial genus and its metabolic function was also studied.MethodsDietary surveys and gut microbiota test were performed on 24 Mongolian volunteers that were divided into T2D (6 cases), PRET2D (6 cases) and Control group (12 cases) according to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values. The relative abundance and metabolic function of gut microbiome from their fecal samples were measured by metagenomic analysis. Statistic method was used to evaluate the association between dietary factors and the relative abundance of the main bacterial genus or its metabolic function.ResultsThis study found that the Clostridium genus may be one of the key bacterial genera affecting the process of T2D. First, the relative abundance of Clostridium genus was significantly different among the three groups. Second, there was a higher relative abundance of metabolic enzymes of gut bacteria in PRET2D and T2D group than that in Control group. Third, a strong correlation between Clostridium genus and many metabolic enzymes was uncovered, many of which may be produced by the Clostridium. Last, carotene intake daily was negatively correlated with the Clostridium but positively correlated with tagaturonate reductase catalyzing interconversions of pentose and glucuronate.ConclusionsThe gut Clostridium genus may play an important role in the development of T2D and it could be a potential biomarker for T2D in Mongolian population. Meanwhile, the metabolic function of gut bacteria has changed during the early stage of T2D and the changes in carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid or energy metabolism of Clostridium genus may play a critical role. In addition, the carotene intake may affect reproduction and metabolic function of Clostridium genus.

What a Lower Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose in Smokers

Background: There may be a significant relationship between smoking and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the human body. Method: Consecutive daily smokers at least for a period of six months and age and sex-matched non-smokers were included into the study. Cases with regular alcohol consumption (one drink a day) and patients with inflammatory, infectious, or devastating disorders including eating disorders, malignancies, acute or chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyper- or hypothyroidism, or heart failure were excluded from the study. Results: The study included 150 smokers (99 males) and 162 non-smokers. The mean age of smokers was 45.9 years, and 66.0% of them were male. Although the mean body weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and hematocrit values were similar in both groups, FPG value was lower in the smokers (101.9 versus 111.9 mg/dL, p&lt;0.01), significantly. Similarly, high density lipoproteins (HDL) value was lower in the smokers (41.1 versus 44.0 mg/dL, p&lt;0.05), again. On the other hand, triglycerides (163.3 versus 151.8 mg/dL, p&lt;0.05), low density lipoproteins (LDL) (126.1 versus 117.4 mg/dL, p&lt;0.05), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (10.8 versus 9.4 mm/h, p&lt;0.05), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (2.5 versus 2.1 mg/L, p&lt;0.05) values were all higher in the smokers, significantly. Conclusion: Smoking causes a low-grade systemic inflammation on vascular endothelium terminating with an accelerated atherosclerosis-induced end-organ insufficiencies all over the body. FPG and HDL may be negative whereas triglycerides, LDL, ESR, and CRP positive acute phase reactants indicating the inflammatory effects of smoking in the human body.

Type 2 Diabetes: Also a “Clock Matter”?

We investigated whether chronotype is associated with glycemic control, antidiabetic treatment, and risk of developing complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The diabetologists filled out an online questionnaire on the Google Form platform to collect the following parameters of subjects with T2DM: body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes history, antidiabetic treatment, diabetic complications, and chronotype categories. We enrolled 106 subjects with T2DM (M/F: 58/48; age: 63.3 ± 10.4 years; BMI: 28.8 ± 4.9 kg/m2). Thirty-five point eight% of the subjects showed a morning chronotype (MC), 47.2% an intermediate chronotype (IC), and 17% an evening chronotype (EC). EC subjects reported significantly higher HbA1c (p < 0.001) and FPG (p = 0.004) values, and higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications (CVC) (p = 0.028) and of subjects taking basal (p < 0.001) and rapid insulin (p = 0.01) compared to MC subjects. EC subjects reported significantly higher HbA1c (p < 0.001) and FPG (p = 0.015) than IC subjects. An inverse association was found between chronotype score, HbA1c (r = -0.459; p < 0.001), and FPG (r = -0.269; p = 0.05), remaining significant also after adjustment for BMI, age, and disease duration. EC is associated with higher prevalence of CVC and poorer glycemic control independently of BMI and disease duration in subjects with T2DM.

Investigation of the Effectiveness of the ADA Prediabetes Risk Test in Identifying Prediabetic Turkish Patients and Determination of the Frequency of Retinopathy in Prediabetic Patients

Aim: In this study, the Turkish version of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) prediabetes risk test and the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were administered to patients to determine the rate of prediabetic patients in our geographical region and investigate its consistency with the ADA risk test. In addition, the presence of retinopathy in prediabetic patients was examined.&#x0D; Material and Method: &#x0D; The study included a total of 342 patients with a fasting plasma glucose value of 100-125 mg/dl. The 75-g OGTT test was performed on the patients. The ADA prediabetes risk test was also administered, and the scores were noted. The OGTT and risk test results were compared. According to the ADA prediabetes risk test, the patients were classified into those at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and those diagnosed with prediabetes. In the evaluation of retinopathy, visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurement, and anterior segment and fundus examinations were performed in each patient. The data of the patients were compared with statistical analysis methods.&#x0D; Results: When the OGTT results of the patients with negative ADA prediabetes risk test scores were compared, the sensitivity was determined as 54% and the specificity as 63% (p0.05). There was no retinopathy finding in the eye examination of 262 of the 342 patients included in the study (p&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: In this study, we found that a positive ADA prediabetes risk score was effective in predicting prediabetes, but it was not sufficient. However, prediabetes diagnosed according to OGTT was found to be higher in the patients with negative test scores. Therefore, the prediabetes risk test was not effective in predicting prediabetes among the patients with negative scores.