Fast Method Research Articles

Image-based intrusion detection system for GPS spoofing cyberattacks in unmanned aerial vehicles

The operations of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are susceptible to cybersecurity risks, mainly because of their firm reliance on the Global Positioning System (GPS) and radio frequency (RF) sensors. GPS and RF sensors are vulnerable to potential threats, such as spoofing attacks that can cause the UAVs to behave erratically. Since these threats are widespread and potent, it is imperative to develop effective intrusion detection systems. In this paper, we propose an image-based intrusion detection system for detecting GPS spoofing cyberattacks based on a deep learning methodology. We combine convolutional neural networks with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset features, data augmentation to increase the size and diversity of the training dataset, and transfer learning to improve the proposed model’s performance with limited data to design a fast, accurate, and general method. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution carried out using benchmark datasets. We achieved an accuracy of 100% within a running time of 120.64 s at 0.3529 ms latency and a detection time of 2.035 s in the case of the training dataset. Further, using this trained model, we achieved an accuracy of 99.25% within a detection time of 2.721 s on an unseen dataset that was unrelated to the one used for training the model. In contrast, other models, such as Inception-v3, showed lower accuracy on unseen datasets. However, Inception-v3 performance improved significantly after Bayesian optimization, with the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator reaching 99.06% accuracy. Our results demonstrate that the proposed image-based intrusion detection method outperforms the existing solutions while providing a general model for detecting cyberattacks included in unseen datasets.

Dynamic evaluation of the ecological evolution and quality of arid and semi-arid deserts in the Aibugai River Basin based on an improved remote sensing ecological index

The ecological quality of arid and semi-arid regions (ASRs) is fragile, and the evaluation of dynamic changes in the multi-factor, long-time-series ecological quality of these regions can provide a scientific basis for sustainable regional development. Based on the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and its derivative indices dedicated to monitoring ecological quality in ASRs, this study proposes a new modified RSEI (nmRSEI) suitable for ASRs. We used the nmRSEI to evaluate the dynamic changes in the ecological quality and analyse the factors driving these changes in the Aibugai River Basin in the middle of the Inner Mongolian Plateau in the arid core of Asia from 1986 to 2022. The results led to the following conclusions: (1) the use of the nmRSEI helps solve the problems related to the original greenness index, i.e. normalised difference vegetation index, which was readily affected by the soil background in areas with low vegetation coverage; (2) the new dryness index can meet the evaluation requirements for the surface dryness degree in >98.65% of the study area; (3) the introduced salinity index showed a significant negative correlation with the nmRSEI; (4) the nmRSEI exhibits a gradual downward trend (Slope = −0.00326/10a); and (5) temperature was the main factor controlling the ecological quality during the research period. The nmRSEI provides a fast and effective new method for regularly monitoring ecological quality in ASRs. In addition, driving factor analysis can provide theoretical support for ecological protection in ASRs and the realisation of the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

A novel simplified simulation method for the precooler based on the virtual source term: modeling, validation and application

Precooling technology is one of the promising approaches for expanding the flight envelope of conventional turbine engines and enhancing flight performance at high Mach numbers. Within this domain, a crucial challenge is to rapidly and accurately obtain the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the precooler. Currently, full-size simulation of the precooler is impractical, while simplified and fast simulation methods employed in previous research have exhibited certain deficiencies, including excessive simplification and unconvincing validation. In this study, a novel simplified simulation method for the annular precooler based on the virtual source term model was proposed. This method comprehensively considered the axial and radial non-uniformity of airflow caused by the coupling effect between the precooler and the inlet channel in the actual flow field. Subsequently, systematic validations of the reliability and superiority of this method were conducted, along with its application in the overall performance calculation of the precooled engine. The results demonstrate that the simplified method proposed in this paper showcases higher accuracy than the methods employed in previous research. Compared with the real model, the relative errors of the overall parameters are within ± 1 %, and the relative errors of the distortion indices for total temperature and total pressure are 5.1 % and −1.5 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the number of computational mesh cells is reduced by more than 95 %. Moreover, the first application of the simplified method in the overall performance calculation of the precooled engine reveals that the traditional low-dimensional model underestimates both the total pressure loss of the precooler and the fuel consumption for precooling, resulting in larger calculation deviations in the thrust and equivalence ratio, respectively. The values of thrust calculated with the high-dimensional virtual model show an average decrease of 2.01 % compared to those derived from the low-dimensional model. In addition, a higher Mach number results in lower effectiveness, higher air inlet temperature, and reduced resistance of the precooler to heat exchange imbalance caused by flow non-uniformity. These factors lead to an escalating relative deviation of the equivalence ratio between the two models, reaching 26.45 % at Mach 5.

EfficientQ: An efficient and accurate post-training neural network quantization method for medical image segmentation

Model quantization is a promising technique that can simultaneously compress and accelerate a deep neural network by limiting its computation bit-width, which plays a crucial role in the fast-growing AI industry. Despite model quantization’s success in producing well-performing low-bit models, the quantization process itself can still be expensive, which may involve a long fine-tuning stage on a large, well-annotated training set. To make the quantization process more efficient in terms of both time and data requirements, this paper proposes a fast and accurate post-training quantization method, namely EfficientQ. We develop this new method with a layer-wise optimization strategy and leverage the powerful alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to ensure fast convergence. Furthermore, a weight regularization scheme is incorporated to provide more guidance for the optimization of the discrete weights, and a self-adaptive attention mechanism is proposed to combat the class imbalance problem. Extensive comparison and ablation experiments are conducted on two publicly available medical image segmentation datasets, i.e., LiTS and BraTS2020, and the results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over various existing post-training quantization methods in terms of both accuracy and optimization speed. Remarkably, with EfficientQ, the quantization of a practical 3D UNet only requires less than 5 min on a single GPU and one data sample. The source code is available at https://github.com/rongzhao-zhang/EfficientQ.

FAST AND ECONOMIC METHOD FOR CHLORPROPHAM RESIDUES SCREENING IN POTATO PEEL

Chlorpropham is a selective and systemic herbicide extensively used to control sprouting, a major process affecting the quality of stored potatoes. Main concern about the usage of chlorpropham arises from the fact that chlorpropham degrades to toxic aniline-based metabolites during thermal processing of potatoes. The issue has led to chlorpropham withdrawal from the treatment practices, however, cross contamination from storage facilities requires ongoing monitoring of pesticide residues for a prolonged period. This study offers a fast and economic method suitable for chlorpropham screening in potatoes. The developed method targets the potato peel, simply prepared and analyzed by GC/MS. The method performance and cost-effectiveness were compared to that of the official method for chlorpropham analysis approved by the European Food Safety Authority. The method was used for the targeted analysis of potato samples from southeastern Serbia.

Ultrafast solid-state microwave fabrication of CoFe2O4@carbon black composite with coupling reinforcement effect towards actualizing effective water decontamination

Due to the synergistic redox coupling between the two metals, cobalt ferrite-based materials demonstrate stable degradation properties for organic pollutants by activating peroxomonosulfate (PMS). However, the challenge lies in developing the simplest and fastest methods to construct and modulate cobalt ferrite composites. In this study, CoFe2O4 nanoparticle-integrated carbon black composite catalysts (CoFe2O4-CB-x) were prepared using an environmentally friendly solid-state microwave method. The CoFe2O4-CB-120 catalyst showed excellent efficiency in degrading tetracycline (TC) through PMS activation, achieving a removal rate of nearly 90 % in 30 min with an apparent rate constant of 0.1232 min−1. The catalyst also effectively degraded various organic compounds and real-life wastewater by almost 80 %, promising application potential. Furthermore, CoFe2O4-CB-120 maintained its high activity after five cycles, attributed to its its magnetic properties facilitating good separation and preventing catalyst loss during cycling tests. The degradation mechanism of the CoFe2O4-CB-120/PMS system was thoroughly investigated, identifying key active species such as SO4•−, •OH, and 1O2, with proposed pathways for TC degradation. This study presents an innovative, simple, and efficient strategy for producing spinel cobalt ferrite and carbon composites for PMS activation in organic pollutant degradation.

A new and fast method for diabetes and dyslipidemia diagnosis using FTIR-MIR, spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis: A proof of concept

Diabetes and dyslipidemia are well-established risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which is the primary cause of death both in Brazil and globally. Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-MIR) generates spectral fingerprints of biomolecules, allowing for correlation with metabolic changes, while remaining a rapid, non-invasive, and non-destructive method. The study provided a proof of concept for the effectiveness of FTIR-MIR in screening diabetes, pre-diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and mixed dyslipidemia in blood serum. After acquiring mid-infrared spectra of 60 human serum samples, both unsupervised and supervised analysis models were developed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for pattern recognition and to determine how closely related the samples were based on their spectral profiles. The results obtained by the supervised models showed a clear discriminative ability to distinguish both diabetic and dyslipidemic samples from healthy subjects by multivariate analysis performed on FTIR-MIR spectra. High accuracy rates of more than 90 % were achieved for diabetes and dyslipidemia diagnosis with PLS-DA. Dyslipidemia type discrimination could be attributed mainly to the amide I region [1720-1600 cm−1, (ν(CO)] and altered lipid concentration in the 3000-2800 cm−1 region, whereas the discrimination of diabetes and prediabetes was primarily due to the altered conformational protein in the Amides I [1720-1600 cm−1, ν(CO)] and Amide II [1570-1480 cm−1, δ(NH) + ν(CH)] range.

+Improving the corrosion protection properties of epoxy resin coating by using HKUST-1-BTA@e-Mica two-dimensional nanocomposites

In order to enhance the performance of epoxy coatings to cope with more severe working environments, we develop a convenient energy-saving and fast method to develop an eco-friendly pH-responsive smart coating with long-term corrosion protection. In this paper, HKUST-1 crystals were rapidly synthesised on mica nanosheets (e-Mica) using hydroxyl complex salt (HDS) as an intermediate at room temperature and loaded with the corrosion inhibitor BTA to obtain the composite material HBeM. The use of e-Mica in coatings offers numerous benefits, including extended resistance to corrosive media and the ability to adjust mechanical properties. It is important to note, however, that e-Mica is less compatible with epoxy resin. HKUST-1 can not only be used as a pH-responsive nanocontainer to load a large amount of corrosion inhibitor, but also to regulate the compatibility between mica nanosheets and epoxy resin with a large number of functional groups on HKUST-1. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that HKUST-1-BTA@e-Mica (HBeM) composite enables the coating to provide long-term corrosion protection. The low frequency impedance of the HBeM/EP composite coating, |Z|f=0.01 Hz, was improved by almost three orders of magnitude and remained higher than that of the pure epoxy coating after 30 days of immersion, and the addition of fillers enhances the mechanical properties of the coating. In conclusion, this paper provides a simple, energy-efficient and rapid method for the preparation of smart corrosion-resistant coatings, which has great potential for industrial use.

A fast method of liquid-liquid extraction for simultaneous 210Pb, 210Bi, 210Po isotopes determination in water samples

Currently, rapid, and efficient methods are pivotal in environmental monitoring within nuclear nations and in the effective management of radiation emergencies. For this reason, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted to select a sensitive, rapid, and robust method for determining the natural isotopes of 210Pb, 210Bi, and 210Po in water samples using a single analytical technique. The method is demonstrated using an ultra-low background liquid scintillation spectrometer Wallac 1220 Quantulus. In total, 9 laboratory procedures based on TOPO, TIOA, HDEHP, and scintillation cocktails were compared to determine the optimal method for mutual analysis of three isotopes within the same sequence action. The evaluation was carried out using samples spiked with a prepared SRM 4337 210Pb solution, and it included an assessment of several validation criteria. The recoveries (%) of 210Pb, 210Bi, and 210Po were 57.1%, 99.1% and 78.6% respectively, with the solvent extractor based on 0.20 M TIOA in toluene and using UG AB scintillation cocktail. The minimum detectable activities (MDA) of 210Pb, 210Bi, and 210Po were found to be 17.8, 6.80, and 0.90 [mBq/L] for the measurements using LSC, respectively. However, the least effective was the extraction with HDEHP in toluene/UG XR. The developed procedure is applicable in most laboratory conditions and could be applied to any aqueous samples. This approach gives a new opportunity with fast screening of environmental samples for a radiation risk assessment.

Liquid-phase pulse discharge cracking of n-hexadecane: An efficient method for generating light and valuable fuels

The conversion of low-grade heavy oil into value-added chemicals has garnered significant attention. Plasma is a potentially cleaner, environmentally friendly, and faster method of cracking heavy oil. In this work, ethanol-assisted cracking of hexadecane, a model compound of heavy oil, to produce valuable light fuels such as syngas, C2 hydrocarbons, and gasoline was investigated under ambient conditions using liquid-phase pulsed-discharge plasma. The gas, liquid, and solid products formed by cracking were analyzed in detail. Single discharge energy and discharge time were the key influences on the cracking reaction. The increase in single discharge energy improved gas and light hydrocarbon yields and inhibited the production of heavy materials, with the maximum gas generation flow rate of 96.1 mL/min. Prolonging the discharge time did not significantly affect the light product selectivity (>97 %). The energy consumption of the reaction was also evaluated and showed a low level of energy consumption. At a single discharge energy of 2.28 mJ and a discharge of 15 min, it obtained 129.9 mg of light hydrocarbons, 13.6 % n-hexadecane conversion, 9.2 kWh/kg energy consumption for n-hexadecane conversion, and 4.0 kWh/m3 energy consumption for gas generation, and the mass balance of the product was determined.

A Novel Multiplex LAMP Assay for the Detection of Respiratory Human Adenoviruses.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common pathogens that are associated with a variety of diseases, including respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Without reliable, fast, and cost-effective detection methods for HAdVs, patients may be misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated. To address this problem, we have developed a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of the species Human adenovirus B (HAdV-B), Human adenovirus C (HAdV-C) and Human adenovirus E (HAdV-E) that cause RTIs. This multiplexing approach is based on the melting curve analysis of the amplicons with a specific melting temperature for each HAdV species. Without the need for typing of HAdVs, the LAMP results can be visually detected using colorimetric analysis. The assay reliably detects at least 375 copies of HAdV-B and -C and 750 copies of HAdV-E DNA per reaction in less than 35 min at 60 °C. The designed primers have no in silico cross-reactivity with other human respiratory pathogens. Validation on 331 nasal swab samples taken from patients with RTIs showed a 90-94% agreement rate with our in-house multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Concordance between the quantitative and visual LAMP was 99%. The novel multiplexed LAMP could be an alternative to PCR for diagnostic purposes, saving personnel and equipment time, or could be used for point-of-care testing.

Fast 2D Subpixel Displacement Estimation

Fast and simple methods for motion estimation with subpixel accuracy are of interest in a variety of applications. In this paper, we extend a recently proposed method for quantifying 1D displacements with subpixel accuracy, referred to as the subtraction method (SM) to 2D motion. Simulation and experimental results are presented. The results indicate that any general motion in 2D involving combinations of in-plane motions in x and y can be determined using SM after a 1D calibration. The errors between the actual motion and estimated are examined.

Simultaneous determination of several forms of phosphate in food by ion exchange chromatography

The phosphate group is a group of food additives commonly used for moisturizing, improving the structure, and retaining the color and flavor of products prepared from meat, fish, milk, baked goods, and beverages. A reliable and fast ion exchange chromatography method developed for the simultaneous determination of several forms of phosphate (orthophosphoric acid; pyrophosphate, triphosphate, and hexametaphosphate) in food. Samples were extracted with deionized water at a temperature of 25 ± 5oC for 30 minutes. The extracts were determined by ion exchange chromatography under the conditions: Dionex IonPacTM AS11 column (4 x 250 mm, 9 µm) and Dionex IonPaxTM AG11 column (4 x 50 mm, 9 µm) with the gradient program of KOH concentration from 20 mM to 80 mM. The flow rate is 1 mL/min. The method has good specificity, the calibration curves of the four substances have correlation coefficient values R2 > 0.9999, repeatability and recovery meet the requirements of AOAC. The detection limits (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) of each substance in the phosphate group are 12 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. The method was applied to simultaneously determine several forms of phosphate in 50 food samples: 15/50 samples detected pyrophosphate, 2/50 samples detected triphosphate, 18/50 samples detected hexametaphosphate and 44/50 samples detected ortho-phosphoric acid, 6/50 samples not detected any form of phosphate. The concentration of phosphate group in detected samples varied from 67.9 mg/kg to 2499 mg/kg.

Fabrication of a New Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using CuO/TiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized via an Electrochemical Technique

Various standard methods have previously been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles that produce unhealthy waste. They are also considered unsafe and expensive methods. An alternative technology is needed to synthesize nanoparticles that consume less energy and are more environmentally friendly. In this research, a CuO/TiO2 nanocomposite has been synthesized with a mole ratio of 1.5:1, which produces good energy and no environmental pollution using an easy and fast method (electrochemical). The morphology and structure of the nanocomposite were examined using TEM, FESEM, AFM, and FTIR. The particle size of the CuO/TiO2 nanocomposites was found to range between 10.52 and 88.10 nm, while optical properties were diagnosed using UV-visible spectroscopy since its measurements showed the amount of gap energy (3.08 eV). The structure of the nanocomposite was demonstrated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), where the mixed anatase and rutile phases were observed for TiO2, while the monoclinic (tenorite) phase was observed for CuO. Additionally, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated from CuO/TiO2 nanocomposite, which was synthesized by a new green method, and pigments (methylene blue as a chemical dye and chlorophyll as a natural dye). These DSSCs were characterized by their high ability to absorb ultraviolet energy, where the efficiency of energy conversion ɳ of ITO-CuO/TiO2 was approximately 2.62 and 3.87% with chlorophyll (a natural dye) and methylene blue (a chemical dye), respectively, where ɳ of ITO-CuO/TiO2 with methylene blue is the best.

APPLICATION OF FAST FRAMEWORK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNTAN FMIPA LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM

The laboratory is one of the facilities owned by the FMIPA Laboratory, which is one of the facilities owned by Tanjungpura University to support tridharma activities. There are several problems in laboratory management, namely that management is carried out manually, so it takes a long time to apply for the loan of laboratory equipment and to prepare a free laboratory loan letter. In order to improve services, ensure data security, and accommodate all laboratory data, it is necessary to develop an FMIPA laboratory information system (SILABMIPA). The FAST framework is used in developing SILABMIPA to suit user needs. The analysis and development of SILABMIPA follows the FAST method with the stages Scope Definition, Problem Analysis, Requirements Analysis, Logical Design, Decision Analysis, Physical Design and Integration, Construction and Testing. With the construction of SILABMIPA, it can make it easier for managers to manage laboratories, assist students in applying for and borrowing equipment, as well as making laboratory loan-free certificates. Based on the results of system functional testing against SILABMIPA, it was found that the system operates well in accordance with the user's functional needs, while the results of system interface testing obtained a percentage of 82.60% in the very good category.

Improving Otsu Method Parameters for Accurate and Efficient in LAI Measurement Using Fisheye Lens

The leaf area index (LAI) is an essential indicator for assessing vegetation growth and understanding the dynamics of forest ecosystems and is defined as the ratio of the total leaf surface area in the plant canopy to the corresponding surface area below it. LAI has applications for obtaining information on plant health, carbon cycling, and forest ecosystems. Due to their price and portability, mobile devices are becoming an alternative to measuring LAI. In this research, a new method for estimating LAI using a smart device with a fisheye lens (SFL) is proposed. The traditional Otsu method was enhanced to improve the accuracy and efficiency of foreground segmentation. The experimental samples were located in Gansu Ziwuling National Forest Park in Qingyang. In the accuracy parameter improvement experiment, the variance of the average LAI value obtained by using both zenith angle segmentation and azimuth angle segmentation methods was reduced by 50%. The results show that the segmentation of the front and back scenes of the new Otsu method is more accurate, and the obtained LAI values are more reliable. In the efficiency parameter improvement experiment, the time spent is reduced by 17.85% when the enhanced Otsu method is used to ensure that the data anomaly rate does not exceed 10%, which improves the integration of the algorithm into mobile devices and the efficiency of obtaining LAI. This study provides a fast and effective method for the near-ground measurement of forest vegetation productivity and provides help for the calculation of forest carbon sequestration efficiency, oxygen release rate, and forest water and soil conservation ability.

Fast Cable-Force Measurement for Large-Span Cable-Stayed Bridges Based on the Alignment Recognition Method and Smartphone-Captured Video

The accurate measurement of cable force plays an important role in the structural form, structural behavior, and safety evaluation of large-span cable-stayed bridges. A fast cable-force estimation method is proposed based on the alignment recognition method and smartphone-captured video. This method can realize real-time, non-contact, and non-destructive force measurements. Videos of bridge cables were collected using a portable smartphone, and an alignment recognition method was employed to obtain the lateral displacement along the cable, followed by numerical differentiation of the lateral displacement of the cable to acquire the acceleration time history. Based on the fundamental dynamic equation of beam elements, a unified explicit formula for cable-force calculation considering service characteristics was established in the frequency method. Finally, the method was applied to the cable-force measurement during the operation and maintenance stage of the Gengcun Dou Bridge. The measured cable forces were compared with the values obtained from the on-site monitoring system. The results show that the proposed method can accurately identify the acceleration time history at different positions of the cable, and the corresponding frequency components are essentially consistent. The average relative deviation of the measured cable forces from the reference method is within 3%. The proposed cable-force measurement method is simple as regards equipment, convenient for operation, and high in efficiency, providing a new method for the measurement of cable forces in large-span cable-stayed bridges, which can offer reliable measured cable-force data for structural analysis during bridge operation and the maintenance stage.

A fast three-dimensional measurement method based on color fringe projection and background intensity calibration

A fast three-dimensional measurement method based on color fringe projection and background intensity calibration

A stepwise fast leakage localization method applying the strategy of dynamic area narrowing down for large-scale water distribution network

ABSTRACT Urban water distribution networks (WDNs) are facing serious leakage problems. As cities expand, the leakage localization burden on large WDNs gradually increases. Although methods have been widely researched, there is a lack of studies and successful applications for large-scale WDNs. To deal with this, a stepwise fast leakage localization Method, SFLLM, utilizing the `dynamic area narrowing down (DAND)' strategy and coupled leakage features (CLF) is proposed. The SFLLM includes a fast-and-dynamic stage using the DAND strategy to reduce the potential leakage area and an accurate localization stage. Only partial representative candidate locations are required to simulate leakages by DAND, and meantime CLF is used to analyze the leakage similarities so that the localization accuracy and efficiency can be improved. SFLLM was tested on a benchmark WDN, saving more than 88% of simulation by DAND strategy and achieving localization in 11 seconds. The results also proved the enhanced performance of CLF in ensuring the stability of the accuracy against various types of uncertainties that may occur in real WDNs. Moreover, three real burst leaks in an actual large-scale WDN were localized within 205 m in about 22 minutes by SFLLM, showing the method's reliable applicability in guiding field leak exploration.

Fast and Sensitive Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation for Determination of Capmatinib in Human Plasma Using HPLC-MS/MS

The term “anticancer drugs” evokes memories of a time when the development of medications in that category was still necessary. Capmatinib, for example, is a kinase inhibitor that targets the C-Met receptor tyrosine kinase in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, which involves tissue repair and organ regeneration.1 Thus, utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) in human plasma in accordance with United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) bioanalytical technique validation criteria, a quick, simple, specific, dependable, and sensitive approach was created using deucravacitinib as an internal standard. Capmatinib and the internal standard were separated using liquid-liquid extraction. The extracted sample run through a chromatographic system with an ACE-C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 5 μm); the mobile phase consisted of methanol and 2 mM ammonium formate in an 80:20 ratio at a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min. The system operates for three minutes in multiple reaction monitoring mode at the ABSCIEX API 4000 mass spectrometer using electron spray ionization. For capmatinib, the ion transitions are 413.10 to 382.10 and 426.30 to 358.20 for deucravacitinib, with a concentration range of 5.00 to 4000 ng/mL, the accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, and selectivity were validated and found to be within the acceptability limits.