Fast Adsorption Research Articles

A 3D Phosphorescent Supramolecular Organic Framework in Aqueous Solution

AbstractSupramolecular organic framework (SOF) has recently garnered significant research interest in the field of luminescent materials. However, SOF with room‐temperature phosphorescence emission in solution is very rare due to the quenching of dissolved oxygen and free molecular motions, which would lead to nonradiative deactivation of triplet exciton in liquid state. In this work, a 3D cationic phosphorescent SOF is synthesized through host‐guest interaction between CB[8] and a tetrahedral monomer TBBP, which can rapidly adsorb anionic guests in solution. When anionic dyes are introduced, triplet to singlet Förster resonance energy transfer (TS‐FRET) in solution can be achieved, and delayed fluorescence with large Stokes shift can be realized. Additionally, when anionic drugs are introduced, the phosphorescence of TBBP‐CB[8] can be quenched due to charge transfer, enabling the detection of drugs through phosphorescence signals. Taking advantage of the fast adsorption property of 3D SOF, an INHIBIT logic gate with three inputs and two outputs is constructed. These findings provide a novel method to prepare phosphorescent functional materials and a new pathway to construct TS‐FRET system in solution.

Adsorption of Safranine-T dye using a waste-based zeolite: Optimization, kinetic and isothermal study

The global issue of water resource pollution due to wastewater containing dyes is a significant environmental concern. The proper treatment of these harmful wastewaters is a great challenge due to their characteristic structural complexity and low biodegradability. The present work reports the application of a Linde Type-A (LTA) zeolite synthesized from a hazardous aluminum waste as an adsorbent to remediate Safranine-T dye from aqueous solutions. The optimal experimental conditions (agitation rate and zeolite dosage of 147 rpm and 21.5 g/L, respectively) were determined through a central composite rotational design (CCRD), and enabled a removal efficiency of 98.12 % of the textile dye. The model that showed the best fit to the experimental data and better explained the adsorption mechanism, according to the isothermal studies, was the Sips model. The kinetics followed the pseudo-first order model and revealed that Safranine-T dye removal was achieved in a contact time of just one minute. The waste-based LTA zeolite exhibited highly promising adsorbent properties with an efficient and extremely fast adsorption capacity. Its use as a treatment agent for dye-contaminated wastewater can significantly contribute to sustainability and the circular economy.

Temperature-sensitive amidoxime-based hydrogels for fast and efficient adsorption of uranium ions

A thermosensitive amidoxime-based hydrogel named PAOU was prepared from polyamidoxime through ion-imprinted polymerization, with UO22+ as the template ions and N-isopropylacrylamide as the monomer. The PAOU was characterized by DSC, FTIR, SEM/EDS, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. PAOU expressed phase transition at 29.76 °C (exothermic peak) and 39.64 °C (endothermic peak), respectively, and still maintained good reversible thermosensitivity after five cycles of heating and cooling. The maximum adsorption capacity of PAOU (dry weight 10 mg) was 856.47 mg/g after adsorption for 50 min at 50 °C, pH 4.5, 80 mL 0.5 mg/mL UO22+ solution. The quasi-second-order kinetic equation and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model were both followed by the adsorption of UO22+ by PAOU. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process of PAOU was endothermic (ΔHθ= 27.04 kJ/mol) and spontaneous (ΔGθ= −19.17 kJ/mol). After five cycles of adsorption–desorption experiments on PAOU under optimal adsorption conditions, the adsorption capacity of PAOU was 704.32 mg/g, being 82.23 % of the first adsorption capacity. The adsorption selectivity coefficients of PAOU in seven kinds of mixed metal ion solutions were 1.61 ∼ 42.04. It outperformed its non-imprinted equivalent in terms of adsorption selectivity. The adsorbent also showed good uranium adsorption ability in natural seawater.

Effect of montmorillonite modified straw biochar on transfer behavior of lead and copper in the historical mining areas of dry-hot valleys

Due to the rapid development of human beings, heavy metals are occurred in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Panxi Plateau, the special dry and hot climate areas. Pb and Cu can be quickly transferred through water-plant-animal, further harm to human health by food chain. Therefore, the study of heavy metal treatment is imminent. In this study, Biochar-montmorillonite composites were prepared by co-pyrolysis and characterized, and their ability to remove lead and copper from water-soil process were tracked. And their effectiveness in remediating soil contaminated by lead and copper was documented. The composite material has the rich pore structure, large specific surface area (81.5 m2/g) and a variety of surface functional groups such as C–C, CO, ester-metal and metal-oxygen bonds. Pb and Cu can be effectively adsorbed and fixed to the level of no harm to human health. The adsorption reaction of lead and copper on the Biochar-montmorillonite composites is more suitable to be described by Langmuir adsorption and pseudo-second-order kinetics models. The saturation adsorption capacity of the composite for Pb was measured as 212.5 mg/g. For Cu, it was 136.5 mg/g. The data were fitted by a two-compartment first-order kinetic model. ffast for Pb and Cu is estimated to be 0.81 and 0.78, respective. Fast adsorption is dominant and belongs to typical chemical adsorption, which is consistent with the second-order kinetic results. With 5 % of the composite, approximately 80 % of exchangeable heavy metals in those soils collected from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Panxi Plateau were reduced. The biochar-montmorillonite composites made Pb and Cu change to stable residual state, up to 35 %. Besides, it effectively restored the activity of urease and sucrase in soils. Results indicated that biochar-montmorillonite composites can be effectively used as an environment-friendly adsorbent or passivator to purify heavy metals in soils.

Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Alkali-Activated Zeolite Foams.

Elevated concentrations of heavy metals in natural waters can cause significant ecological problems. It is therefore essential to ensure their removal from any water discharged into the environment immediately, especially in case of an accident, where there is a risk of releasing large quantities or high concentrations. The aim of this paper is to test a newly developed adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions-in particular, it is very fast adsorption, and thus efficiency, during clean-ups. The alkali-activated foamed zeolite adsorbent was laboratory-prepared and -tested in both batch and flow-through arrangements on single and multi-component solutions and compared with natural zeolite. The experimental setup for batch adsorption consisted of a set of samples and solutions containing iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc and nickel. The samples were put on a horizontal shaker with a 500 mg adsorbent loading in a 50 mL solution. The column adsorption experimental setup consisted of a glass column with an inside diameter of 15 mm and a bed length of 165 mm. A measured amount of each adsorbent was added to the column to achieve a filter fixed-bed height of 160 mm. The high efficiency of the tested adsorbent on various heavy metals was confirmed. The adsorbent has a high potential for use in decontamination processes, water protection and landscape revitalization. Due to its rapid precipitation and subsequent fixation of metal cations in the form of insoluble oxide or hydroxide, it can be used as an emergency adsorbent, the great advantage of which is its low production cost and natural origin.

Dual-functional metal-organic frameworks-based hydrogel micromotor for uranium detection and removal

Self-propelled micro/nanomotors have attracted great attention for environmental remediation, however, their use for radioactive waste detection and removal has not been addressed. Engineered micromotors that are able to combine fast detection and highly adsorptive capability are promising tools for radioactive waste management but remain challenging. Herein, we design self-propelled micromotors based on zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)-hydrogel composites via inverse emulsion polymerization and show their potential for efficient uranium detection and removal. The incorporation of magnetic ferroferric oxide nanoparticles enables the magnetic recycling and actuation of the single micromotors as well as formation of swarms of worm-like or tank-treading structure. Benefited from the enhanced motion, the micromotors show fast and high-capacity uranium adsorption (747.3 mg g−1), as well as fast uranium detection based on fluorescence quenching. DFT calculation confirms the strong binding between carboxyl groups and uranyl ions. The combination of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) with ZIF-8 greatly enhances the fluorescence of the micromotor, facilitating the high-resolution fluorescence detection. A low detection limit of 250 ppb is reached by the micromotors. Such self-propelled micromotors provide a new strategy for the design of smart materials in remediation of radioactive wastewater.

Adsorption performance and mechanism of TiO2/PVDF-based lithium-ion imprinted membrane in leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries

Efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is particularly important for the sustainable development of energy metal resources. A lithium ion-imprinted membranes (LIIMs) was synthesized by environmentally friendly hydrolysis polymerization. Its adsorption performance and mechanism in a simulated spent LIBs leaching solution was investigated. The Li+ adsorption of the LIIMs conformed to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and occurred with a fast adsorption rate. The activation energy was associated with chemical adsorption. Thermodynamic results confirmed that Li+ adsorption was exhibited by the LIIMs as spontaneous exothermic behavior. The LIIMs showed a satisfactory affinity for lithium in simulated leaching solution (SLS), and the selective separation factors of Li+ for Fe2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, K+, and Na+ were 10.93, 19.30, 22.66, 23.49, 26.14, 27.57 and 39.00, respectively. The selective adsorption mechanism of LIIMs mainly occurred through coordination between Li+ and the oxygen on the crown ether at the surface active adsorption sites. The results proved that the LIIMs as a highly selective green adsorbent material has a broad application prospect in the recycling of spent LIBs. Importantly, the elucidation of the adsorption performance and the revelation of the adsorption mechanism provide the theoretical support for the future commercialization of LIIMs.

Multifunctional HKUST-1-3D-printed device for the simultaneous extraction of hydrocarbons and dyes from water

Herein, we report a MOF polymer coating and in-situ growth mixed strategy to fabricate a multifunctional floating 3D printed device for simultaneous hydrocarbon and dye removal. Due to the superhydrophobic properties (water contact angle = 151o) of the upper part of the device, it was applied for the removal of oil from water, obtaining excellent separation efficiency (from 90 to 98.6 %) for n-hexane, decane, dodecane and hexadecane. In addition, this part of the device showed excellent reusability, maintaining its separation efficiency of hexane/water above 95 % with a relative standard deviation of 1.0 % after 25 consecutive extraction cycles. The lower part of the multifunctional device, coated with HKUST-1 synthesized by in-situ growth, was tested for methylene blue dye removal, demonstrating fast kinetics adsorption (percentage of removal higher than 90 % in 2 h) due to the combination of electrostatic and π-π interactions between HKUST-1 and the dye. Furthermore, this 3D support showed high versatility, exceeding a 92 % extraction capacity for various dyes (malachite green, crystal violet and methyl violet), with the advantage of being easily regenerated several times by a simple regrowth procedure. Finally, the complete 3D-modified device was tested for the simultaneous extraction of hydrocarbons and dyes from real groundwater sample with excellent results.

Insight into the synergism of residual carbon and slag particles in coal gasification fine slag on porous composites preparation for CO2 capture

Coal gasification fine slag (FS), as a by-product of coal gasification process, contains residual carbon (RC) and slag particles (SP). The two components can be used as raw materials to prepare porous materials. Whereas, during simultaneous utilization of RC and SP, their synergistic mechanism remains unclear. The research on the mechanism is beneficial for synthesis of the high performance CO2 adsorbent. Herein, FS was treated by chemical activation followed by hydrothermal treatment to prepare porous composite material (FS-25-HA-HT) which had high surface area of 2194 m2/g and pore volume of 2.095 cm3/g. After chemical activation, the SP could be completely dissolved in alkali solution within around 20 min. The adsorption of porous carbon in alkali solution and strong electrostatic attraction from oxygen groups with the Si, Al-containing groups led to the increase of the concentration of Si (9825 ppm) and Al (2986 ppm) in subnatant during hydrothermal treatment. Thus, the aluminosilicate could deposit on the surface of porous carbon and pile up to form new crystal layer, which could increase the surface area and the CO2 adsorption capacity. The adsorbent met both high uptake (5.32 mmol/g at 0 °C) and fast adsorption kinetics (adsorption equilibrium time of 3 min.). The clarification of synergism during simultaneous utilization of RC and SP offers new routes to prepare high performance adsorbent.

Heavy metal adsorption from phosphoric acid 29% P2O5 with Amberlite IRC200 Na resin

ABSTRACT Phosphoric acid plays a major role in our day-to-day life since it is used among other applications to produce fertilizers. Nevertheless, its production from phosphate rock often involves the presence of heavy metals. This study investigates the adsorption of cadmium, zinc, nickel, chromium, arsenic, and vanadium from phosphoric acid on a strongly acidic cation exchange resin, Amberlite IRC200 Na. Amberlite IRC200 Na is an easily regenerated resin with a high selectivity toward divalent cations (Cd, Zn, and Ni) removing 94% of them, while the formation of anionic or neutral complexes with phosphoric acid hinders the adsorption of Cr (70%), As and V (below 20%) on the resin. To model the resin adsorption in a continuous flow, the kinetics and isotherm have been studied. The fast adsorption of metals follows a pseudo-second order kinetic, where the rate is equivalent to the square of the number of remaining adsorption sites. The adsorption isotherm follows a Langmuir equilibrium model, which indicates that the ion exchange can be approximated to a homogeneous adsorption. The kinetic and isotherm results show that the resin is not selective between divalent ions.

Capture Fluorocarbon and Chlorofluorocarbon from Air Using DUT-67 for Safety and Semi-Quantitative Analysis.

Fluoro- and chlorofluorocabons (FC/CFCs) are important refrigerants, solvents, and fluoropolymers in industry while being toxic and carrying high global warming potential. Detection and reclamation of FC/CFCs based on adsorption technology with highly selective adsorbents is important to labor safety and environmental protection. Herein, the study reports an integrated method to combine capture, separation, enrichment, and analysis of representative FC/CFCs (chlorodifluoromethane(R22) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)) by using the highly stable and porous Zr-MOF, DUT-67. Gas adsorption and breakthrough experiments demonstrate that DUT-67 has high R22/R134a uptake (124/116 cm3 g-1) and excellent R22/R134a/CO2 separation performance (IAST selectivities of R22/CO2 and R134a/CO2 ranging from 51.4 to 33.3, and 31.1 to 25.8), even in rather low concentration and humid conditions. A semi-quantitative analysis protocol is set up to analyze the low concentrations of R22/R134a based on the high selective R22/R134a adsorption ability, fast adsorption kinetics, water-resistant utility, facile regeneration, and excellent recyclability of DUT-67. In situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction, theoretical calculations, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra have been employed to understand the adsorption mechanism. This work may provide a potential adsorbent for purge and trap technique under room temperature, thus promoting the application of MOFs for VOCs sampling and quantitative analysis.

Baking-inspired pore regulation strategy towards a hierarchically porous carbon for ultra-high efficiency cationic/anionic dyes adsorption

Converting waste resource into porous carbon toward contaminant capturing is a crucial strategy for realizing “treating waste with waste”. Inspired by bread baking process, the soybean meal activated carbon (SAC) with multimodal pore structures was developed via thermally remodeling the pores of waste soybean meal. The obtained SAC-3-800 has ultra-high specific surface area (3536.952 m2/g), as well as a hierarchically porous structure. SAC-3-800 exhibits extremely high adsorption capacity for methylene blue (MB) (3015.59 mg/g), methyl orange (MO) (6486.30 mg/g), and mixed dyes (8475.09 mg/g). The hierarchically porous structure enabled fast adsorption kinetics of SAC-3-800 for MB and MO (∼30 min). Additionally, SAC-3-800 shows excellent dynamic adsorption and regeneration performance, exhibiting great potential for industrial applications. This work showcases a feasible method for synthesizing hierarchically porous carbon with outstanding adsorption performance that can simultaneously achieve efficient treatment of dye-wastewater and value-added utilization of waste resources.

Hydrothermal synthesis of LDO/vinasse biochar composites with ultra-high specific surface areas for phosphate remediation and fertilizer utilization

In this work, CaMgAl-layered double oxide/biochar (LDO@BC) composites were elaborated by hydrothermal coprecipitation and calcination for the efficient recovery of phosphate as well as the further application of the reclaimed composites as fertilizers. On the one hand, the appropriate selection of biochar derived from vinasses as the substrates could solve the limitations of LDO like low specific surface areas as well as poor dispersion. The obtained composites possess the ultrahigh specific surface area as high as 508.97 m2/g. Therefore, a maximum adsorption capacity of 153.64 mg/g is achieved. In addition, our composites are with fast adsorption rates that nearly 100 % phosphate could be removed within 60 s at a trace concentration owing to the large specific surface areas. On the other hand, the recovered adsorbents could be used as fertilizers because of the high contents of P, Ca and Mg elements. The phosphate-adsorbed LDO@BC (P-LDO@BC) demonstrated a positive fertilization effect, significantly accelerating plant growth with length increment by 0.75 times and mass increment by 2.09 times compared with the control groups. Thus, this work not only provides a new approach for waste vinasse utilization, but also presents a promising adsorbing material for phosphate recovery and reuse.

Precise recognition and efficient recovery of Pd(II) from high-level liquid waste by a novel aminothiazole-functionalized silica-based adsorbent

Efficient recognition, separation and recovery of palladium from high-level liquid waste (HLLW) not only helps the safe, green and environmentally friendly disposal of nuclear waste, but also is an essential important supplement to overcome the growing shortage of natural palladium resources. Herein, a novel silica-based functional adsorbent named 2AT-SiAaC was prepared by a two-step method, i.e., grafting of 2-aminothiazole (2AT) via the amidated reaction after in-situ polymerization of acrylic monomers on porous silica. SEM, EDS, TG-DSC, BET and PXRD all proved the successful preparation of 2AT-SiAaC, and it exhibited ultrahigh adsorption selectivity for Pd(II) (Kd (distribution coefficient) ≥ 10,344.2 mL/g, SFPd/M (separation factor) ≥ 613.7), fast adsorption kinetics with short equilibrium time (t ≤ 1 h) and good adsorption capacity (Q ≥ 62.1 mg Pd/g). The dynamic column experiments shows that 2AT-SiAaC achieved efficiently separation of Pd(II) from simulated HLLW, and the enrichment coefficients (C/C0) of Pd(II) was as high as about 14 with the recovery rate nearly 99.9% and basically kept the same performance in three adsorption-desorption column cycle experiments. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed by FT-IR, XPS and DFT calculations, and the ultrahigh selectivity of 2AT-SiAaC was attributed to the preferred affinity of the soft N-donor atoms in 2AT for Pd(II). NO3− ions participated in the adsorption reaction to keep charge balance, and the frontier orbital electron density distribution diagram shows the charge transfer in the process of material preparation and adsorption. To sum up, 2AT-SiAaC adsorbent provided a new insight for precise recognition and efficient separation of Pd(II) from HLLW.

New design to enhance phosphonate selective removal from water by MOF confined in hyper-cross-linked resin

Although polymeric anion exchange resins can remove phosphonates, they lack selectivity for target phosphonates and are susceptible to interference by anions and other substances. Here, we developed a novel strategy via confining MIL-101(Fe)-NH2 inside commercial resins IRA-900 for high-efficient and precise phosphonate removal, accompanying with the improvement of the stability and recovery of MIL-101(Fe)-NH2. The obtained nanocomposite MIL-101(Fe)-NH2@IRA-900 (MFNI) exhibited significantly enhanced phosphonate removal in the presence of competing anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3− and CO32−) and natural organic matter (humic acid) at high concentrations (2–4 times of phosphonate concentration). Moreover, MFNI displayed the highest phosphonate adsorption capacity (12.9 mg P/g) and the fastest adsorption kinetics (120 min) than hydrated ferric oxides modified IRA-900 (HFOI) (6.7 mg P/g, 180 min), MIL-101(Fe)-NH2 (7.6 mg P/g, 240 min) and IRA-900 (5.6 mg P/g, 360 min). Such higher adsorption affinity and anti-interference ability came from the synergistic effect of the host IRA-900 (hydrogen-bond interaction and electrostatic attraction) and the embedded MIL-101(Fe)-NH2 (ligand exchange). The depleted MFNI could be regenerated with a binary NaOH-NaCl solution and reused without significant loss of capacity. Column adsorption runs by using MFNI indicated the fresh MFNI could achieve 100 % removal of PPOA in 10.5 h continuously feeding, which offered the possibility of achieving potential large-scale applications. In general, a new MOF-confined design approach was practiced to achieve selective elimination of phosphates and to improve the stability and recovery of MOF.

Phosphonate functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica for rare earth element recovery from citrate assisted solid waste extracts

The growing high demand of rare earth elements (REEs) has prompted extensive research on REE recovery from waste streams. This study reports the synthesis and evaluation of phosphonate-functionalized magnetic mesoporous silica (MMS-PP) for REE recovery from the acidic extracts of solid wastes. MMS-PP was synthesized using surfactant template and post-synthesis methods, and tested using simulated and real extraction solutions from citrate-assisted REE extracts from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash. The organic-inorganic hybrid MMS-PP was evaluated for La recovery from 50 mM simulated citrate extract, with the adsorption capacity of 13.5 mg/g compared to ∼2.5 mg/g for non-functionalized MMS. The MMS-PP material exhibited fast adsorption within 10 min, good La selectivity against competing Na+ and Ca2+, moderate selectivity against Al3+ and Fe3+, high recyclability over multiple adsorption-desorption cycles, and equivalent efficiency for La, Ce, Nd, and Y recovery. The MMS-PP material also demonstrated 70–95% REE recovery from real citrate extracts of MSWI ash, and the spent MMS-PP material can be regenerated and reused for multiple cycles. Functionalized mesoporous materials in combination with organic-ligand assisted extraction can potentially provide a green, effective, and tunable solid-liquid separation platform for REE recovery from complex solid waste streams.

Preparation of flower-like molecularly imprinted polymers based on metal coordination for selective extraction of hemoglobin

In this study, we present a facile strategy to prepare flower-like molecularly imprinted polymer (CuS/MIPs) for highly specific separation of hemoglobin (Hb) under neutral conditions. Cu2+ were first grafted on the surface of polydopamine-modified flower-like hollow CuS. Then, template proteins were immobilized on the Cu2+-modified CuS through coordination interaction. Subsequently, an imprinted layer was formed using acrylamide (AM) and 4-styrene sulfonic acid sodium salt (SSS) as functional monomers. After the template removal process, the cavities that can specific bind Hb were obtained. The effects of metal ions, functional monomers, pH on the adsorption capacity of the CuS/MIPs were investigated. Benefiting from the combination of multiple binding and imprinting effects, the CuS/MIPs not only exhibited large adsorption capacity (182.74 mg/g) and fast adsorption kinetics (60 min) toward template protein, but also showed satisfactory reusability and selectivity. Meanwhile, the CuS/MIPs could selectively capture Hb from bovine serum sample, demonstrating that the CuS/MIPs will be an auspicious candidate for protein separation.

Molecular Structure and Conformation of Biodegradable Water-Soluble Polymers Control Adsorption and Transport in Model Soil Mineral Systems.

Water-soluble polymers (WSPs) are used in diverse applications, including agricultural formulations, that can result in the release of WSPs to soils. WSP biodegradability in soils is desirable to prevent long-term accumulation and potential associated adverse effects. In this work, we assessed adsorption of five candidate biodegradable WSPs with varying chemistry, charge, and polarity characteristics (i.e., dextran, diethylaminoethyl dextran, carboxymethyl dextran, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and poly-l-lysine) and of one nonbiodegradable WSP (poly(acrylic acid)) to sand and iron oxide-coated sand particles that represent important soil minerals. Combined adsorption studies using solution-depletion measurements, direct surface adsorption techniques, and column transport experiments over varying solution pH and ionic strengths revealed electrostatics dominating interactions of charged WSPs with the sorbents as well as WSP conformations and packing densities in the adsorbed states. Hydrogen bonding controls adsorption of noncharged WSPs. Under transport in columns, WSP adsorption exhibited fast and slow kinetic adsorption regimes with time scales of minutes to hours. Slow adsorption kinetics in soil may lead to enhanced transport but also shorter lifetimes of biodegradable WSPs, assuming more rapid biodegradation when dissolved than adsorbed. This work establishes a basis for understanding the coupled adsorption and biodegradation dynamics of biodegradable WSPs in agricultural soils.

Fast adsorption and kinetic separation of benzene and cyclohexane/cyclohexene in a microporous metal azolate framework

A new microporous metal azolate framework was constructed for ultrafast adsorptive separation of C6H6/C6H12 and C6H6/C6H10. Its adsorptive kinetics was found to be controlled by samples of different particle sizes, leading to interesting adsorption behaviours.

Xerogel of fast kinetics and high adsorption capacity for cationic dye removal

Xerogel of fast kinetics and high adsorption capacity for cationic dye removal