Farm Feed Research Articles

Analysis of the Cost of Maintaining Broiler Chickens with Herbal Feed

The development of the broiler farming industry is currently facing many challenges such as high feed prices, management, and livestock diseases. Colibacillosis is a disease that is often found in the field so that it has an impact on the farmer's economy. Colibacillosis can cause growth disturbances, decrease in production, increase in the number of rejected chickens, decrease in carcass and egg quality, as well as chick quality (DOC) (Tabbu, 2000). The anticipatory measure is the administration of antibiotics, however their use has recently begun to be reduced due to the impact on chicken carcasses. This study aims to analyze the costs incurred for maintaining the health of livestock fed herbal feed and the cost efficiency used in raising broilers with herbal feed compared to conventional methods. The results showed that the application of herbal feed in broiler farms was efficient in saving maintenance costs

Effects of corn replacement by sorghum in broiler chickens diets on performance, blood chemistry, and meat quality

The influence of feeding a new hybrid of sorghum (ES Shamal, orange variety) in broiler chickens on growth, health, meat, and litter quality was evaluated from 1–42 d. A total of 360-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks (40.1 ± 2.3 g) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental diets: 100% corn-based diet (S0), partial replacement of corn with 50% sorghum (S50), total replacement of corn with sorghum (S100). All diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with similar content of total lysine, total sulphur amino acids, calcium, and available phosphorous. The results indicated that partial or total replacement of corn by sorghum is suitable for broiler chicken diets with no adverse effects on growth, and slaughter performance, as well as litter quality over the whole trial period. Moreover, the substitution of corn with sorghum, reduced (p = .007) abdominal fat associated with an increase in breast and thigh meat colour (L* values; p < .001). Also, a significant (p = .002) decrease in plasma triglyceride was found in broilers fed sorghum-based diets. Except for collagen and hardness in the breast and thigh, and gumminess only in the thigh muscle, there were no differences in fundamental physicochemical (pH, protein, fat, moisture) or textural attributes of meat due to dietary treatment. However, sorghum alters the intestinal microflora, resulting in a lower count of E. coli in the caeca. It can thus, be concluded that sorghum (ES Shamal, orange variety) can be included in broiler feeds from hatching to day 42, without any adverse effects on the broiler’s performance. HIGHLIGHTS Climate changes become a threat to the livestock sector and finding novel nutritional solutions for feeding farm animals became a priority. New sorghum varieties are valuable in terms of drought-resistant plants. Replacement of corn with sorghum in broiler diets maintains growth performances and carcase characteristics.

Management practices of dairy animals in Tarai region of Uttarakhand

The existing dairy farm housing, milking, feeding and calf management practices in Tarai region of Uttarakhand along with performance traits were studied. Total 30 households with 596 livestock were considered for this work. Agriculture is the mainstay in the locale with animal husbandry as subsidiary occupation. Dairy animals mainly comprise 76% crossbreds and 21% Murrah buffaloes. Farms with 43% concrete, 30% bricks on edge and 10% kuchha flooring were recorded. Only 37% herds had 24 hour access to drinking water, 43% farmers fed commercial concentrate preparations, Stripping was practiced by 70% at the end of milking, 93% herdsman bred their cows within 12-18 hour of estrus with 3-5 months service period, and 60% dairymen consulted a veterinarian for services. Least squares mean (LSM) and standard error for Age at first calving (AFC), Calving Interval (CI), Dry Period (DP), Number of service per conception (NS/C), Milk yield per day (MY/D) and Lactation length (LL) were 427.31±5.80 days, 706.74±6.23 days, 378.76±1.48 days, 95.17±2.06 days, 1.32±0.03, 8.98±0.11 litre/day/animal, 315.14±1.65 days, respectively in cattle and 708.06±6.05 days, 948.62±10.09 days, 384.82±2.65 days, 139.08±6.07 days, 1.31±0.03, 9.54±0.15 litre/day/animal and 311.80±2.7 days, respectively in buffaloes. Effect of location on MY/D, LL and CI; of parity on CI and DP; and of AFC on DP was significant in cattle. In buffaloes, CI was significantly affected by location; MY/D, DP and LL by parity; and CI and NS/C by AFC. The results revealed a requisite to focus on stress management, calf care and sick animal management to improve animal performance.

Feeding Practices of Dairy Owners in Semi-arid Region of Algeria

Background: This work aims to analyze and evaluate the feeding systems of dairy farms in order to provide a diagnosis of the constraints and potentialities of current food practices under Algerian production conditions, particularly in the semi-arid region of Sétif. Methods: The survey was carried out between 2021-2022 on 147 farms in the different agro-ecological zones of the semi-arid region of Sétif. The data were collected through personal interviews using the structured schedule. A survey was conducted to acquire information on farm structure and feeding practices. Result: Depending on the practice of grazing, two types of farms have been established: the zero-grazing system in 7.48% of farms, based on dry fodder supplemented by a large quantity of concentrated feed at 15 kg/cow/day on average, while the semi-grazing system was used in 91.40% of farms with an average of 10.2 kg/cow/day of concentrated feed distributed. The study of the current situation of dairy cow feeding systems shows that pasture, cereal straw, commercial concentrate and wheat bran were the most used feeds in the semi-arid region of Sétif. This finding requires the adoption of an adequate and precise rationing strategy to ensure good profitability of dairy farming.

Occupational exposure to veterinary antibiotics: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in humans after dermal, inhalation and oral uptake – A clinical study

Occupational exposure to veterinary antibiotics in hen houses at poultry feeding farms was demonstrated by biomonitoring campaigns in the past. The objective of this study was to investigate pharmacokinetics of three uptake routes: dermal, oral and inhaled. In an open-label cross-over study, six healthy volunteers were exposed to single occupational relevant doses of enrofloxacin. Plasma and urine samples were analysed for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling based on bioanalysis data showed underestimation for the elimination rate in comparison to experimental data pointing towards a lack of sufficient ADME information and limitations of available physico-chemical properties of the parent drug. The data obtained in this study indicate that oral uptake with its various sources, e.g. airborne enrofloxacin, direct hand-mouth contact, is the major source for occupational exposure to enrofloxacin in hen houses. Dermal exposure was considered negligible.

Overview of ecology and automation status of pig breeding

The mass production of pigs will affect the ecological environment around the pig farm. It requires hard work and a lot of manpower and material resources. This paper investigates the ecological environment status of pig manure cleaning and treatment, antibiotic and nitrogen and phosphorus treatment in manure, and gas pollution treatment in pig farms. The development of pig house environmental monitoring and pig farm feeding automation is reviewed. It is pointed out that the research on the cleaning and disposal methods of pig excretion pollutants, the integration of these methods, and the automation and intelligence of pig breeding will become the main research trend of pig breeding.

Enzymes and their application in the diets of pigs

Complete and nutritionally balanced feed is an essential factor in increasing the productivity of farm animals at the current stage of animal husbandry development. Feed must satisfy the animals' need for nutrients and biologically active substances (BAS) because the lack of certain nutrients leads to increased feed consumption per production unit and failure to achieve the planned productivity. Adding exogenous enzymes to pig diets is an alternative solution to increase nutritional energy and fiber digestibility to improve pig production at low production costs and reduce environmental impact through reduced nitrogen and phosphorus emission. Feeding enzymes as part of enzyme preparations in the formula of compound feed improves its assimilation. As a result, enzymes positively affect the productive characteristics of farm animals and poultry. Enzyme preparations are used to increase the efficiency of feed nutrients in animal husbandry. They supplement the body's enzymes and significantly accelerate the breakdown of feed nutrients, increasing the completeness of the assimilation of feed components. Moreover, enzyme substances positively affect the health of animals, reducing the risk of disease and strengthening their immunity. Unlike hormones and biostimulants, enzymes do not affect the body of animals and birds. However, they directly affect feed components in the gastrointestinal tract, where they accumulate in poultry and livestock products. Including enzyme preparations in the composition of the compound, feed helps reduce the effect of substances that interfere with the assimilation of nutrients. Today, modern fodder enzyme preparations help realize animals' genetic potential by supplementing the enzyme activity of their enzymes of animals and poultry in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, animals and poultry receive additional nutrients, so the livestock becomes more uniform in terms of live weight and productivity. Thus, when used and added to feed farm animals and poultry, enzymes have no disadvantages. They increase the digestibility and assimilation of feed nutrients, eliminate or reduce the negative impact of anti-nutrients, and contribute to the replenishment of digestive enzymes in young animals and poultry. Future studies should focus on the interaction between production steps, diet composition, enzyme origin, and the number of added enzymes.

Growth Performance of On-Farm Male Fattening Bali Cattle Fed with Fodder Obtained from Dry Land Farming Diversification in West Timor

This study aims to determine the effect of feeding fodder obtained from diversified dry land farming on daily weight gain, chest girth, shoulder height, and body length of male fattening Bali cattle. This study used a double Latin square design (LSD) with 4 treatments, namely T0 = local feed of farmers in Timor (farmer model). T1 = Diversified farm feed (T1 + mulato grass), T2 = T1 + legume Clitoria tarnatea, T3 = T2 + horticulture by-product using 4 periods as replicates. The livestock observed were eight male Bali cattle aged eight months to one year and weighed 97-121 kg (average 108.5 kg). The results showed that the feeding fodder obtained from the diversified farming had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on daily body weight gain but not significant (P&gt;0.05) on the linear body size measurements (chest girth, shoulder height, and body length). Considering the economical and convenient features, T2 feed treatment provided a greater contribution of 21.74% compared to control.

Technical Efficiency of Small-Scale Pig Farming in Indonesia

Live pigs are still the mainstay of livestock sub-sector exports inIndonesia. Although pig farming in Indonesia has competitivenessin the international market, its productivity shows a decliningcondition. The purpose of this research is to measure the level oftechnical efficiency of small-scale pig breeding and fatteningbusinesses. The data used come from the results of the FarmHousehold Survey conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics(BPS). The survey was conducted in 20 provinces in Indonesia,with a sample size of 6,681 small-scale or household-scale pigfarming. The research used the Stochastic Production Frontier(SPF) model to measure the level of technical efficiency of pigfarming and used the maximum likelihood method to estimate it. The results showed that the level of technical efficiency of pigfarming is relatively low. The average technical efficiency level offattening pig farming is higher than that of the breeding. Thefactors of farming experience, market orientation, and feed typecombination have a positive influence in improving efficiency. Public policies that improve pig farmers' access to farm inputs andmarkets are expected to significantly improve the productivity ofsmall-scale pig farming.

Antioxidant system of the body of young Ukrainian beef cattle under the action of microelements

Active forms of oxygen are formed in the course of the organism's vital activity in biochemical reactions. These forms, when the pro/antioxidant balance is disturbed, trigger a cascade of lipid peroxidation, which can be the cause of the development of various pathological conditions. To prevent the negative influence of lipid peroxidation products in the body, a powerful antioxidant system is activated. This system consists of an enzymatic and a non-enzymatic link. An important aspect of the normal functioning of this system is the provision of the body with important trace elements. A number of minerals are included in the active center of antioxidant enzymes or have an effect on the reactions of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Research was conducted on fattening bulls of the Ukrainian meat breed. During the monitoring of microelements in feed, it was found that the vast majority of farm feed was deficient in copper, selenium and manganese and for this reason the animals consumed an insufficient amount of these minerals. These data were confirmed by the low content of these trace elements in blood serum. The addition of inorganic salts of microelements to the basic diet led to an increase in the concentration of copper, manganese and selenium in the blood serum by 20.5%, 37.3% and 23.9%. The study of the content of lipid peroxidation products showed that during the 30 days of the experiment, the level of lipid hydroperoxide increased by 25.5%, diene conjugates by 22.8%, and malonic dialdehyde by 22.0%. This indicates that against the background of increased age-related metabolism in the body of young animals, the oxidation-reduction reactions that are a predictor of the start of peroxidation processes increase. It was also noted that with a deficiency of certain trace elements, the activity of both the enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the antioxidant system was reduced. Thus, in 30 days, the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased by 9.4%, 15.3%, and 13.0%, respectively. During this time, the content of tocopherol and ceruloplasmin decreased by 16.8% and 9.8%. Additives also had a positive effect on the activity of the antioxidant system by increasing its components. Additives of trace elements had different effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The greatest effect on the level of catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed when copper salts were added, when the increase of these enzymes was noted by 1.11 and 1.23 times, respectively. Accordingly, the level of glutathione peroxidase was the highest in animals that received additional selenium – 1.21 times. The addition of copper also had the greatest biological effect on the important non-enzymatic component of antioxidant protection – ceruloplasmin. Its level increased by 1.24 times under the action of copper sulfate. The level of tocopherol was higher under the action of manganese, when its concentration was 1.11 times higher than the control. Against this background, there was a decrease in the products of lipid peroxidation: lipid hydroperoxides – 1.19 times under the action of selenium; diene conjugates – by 1.22 times and malonіс dialdehyde – by 1.11 times under the influence of copper and manganese compounds, respectively.

Study of acute and chronic toxicity of feed additive based on vermiculture

The paper presents the results of study of the toxicity of a feed additive, which includes Leuzea safflower (Rhaponticum carthamoides) and protein obtained from vermiculture. The acute toxicity of the feed additive was studied in 31 SD white rats. It has been established that the acute oral toxicity of the feed additive is above 2500 mg/kg, which makes it possible to classify the feed additive as hazard class 3 and classify it as “moderately hazardous” according to GOST 12.1.007-76. The chronic toxicity of the feed additive was studied in 22 SD white rats. The feed additive was administered orally at a dose of 120 and 1200 mg/kg for 30 days. Long-term effects were assessed 14 days after the last introduction of the feed additive. To assess the toxic effects, the effect of the additive on the general condition of the animals, food and water intake was evaluated, blood and urine were analyzed. Complete blood count was carried out by standard methods with the determination of the following parameters: hematocrit, hemoglobin level, the number of erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, eosinophils, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. The study of biochemical parameters of blood was carried out using standard kits for biochemical analysis. The following indicators were determined: ALT, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine and urea. The urinalysis included the determination of the following indicators: density, leukocytes, nitrites, pH, erythrocytes, protein, glucose, ascorbic acid, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin. There was no statistically significant difference in blood and urine parameters between the animals of the control and experimental groups. A pathohistological examination of the stomach, liver, kidneys and heart was carried out, which showed the absence of a toxic effect of the feed additive. Local irritant action was studied in pathomorphological studies. It has been established that the feed additive does not have an irritating effect at the injection site. Thus, the feed additive can be used in feeding farm animals and birds at the recommended dose.

Productivity gains, evolution of productive performances, and profitability of organic ruminant farms: farm size and feed self-sufficiency matter

We analyzed the productive and economic performances of a constant sample of 58 organic ruminant farms between 2014 and 2018, in a mountain grassland area (French Massif Central). Over this 5-year period, these farms expanded without increasing their labor productivity or animal density per hectare of forage area. While animal productivity has been maintained, we observed a decrease in feed self-sufficiency, and thus, an increase in feed purchases. Over the period, the volume of inputs used has increased more rapidly than agricultural production, resulting in a decline in the productivity surplus (PS) at a rate of −2.6%/year. As the prices of products and inputs were relatively stable, this decrease in PS was financed at 41% by an increase in public aid (drought aid, agri-environmental climate measures) and at 49% by a decrease in profitability for the farmer (the farm income per farmer fell by 40%). A binary choice estimation model, i.e., which variables determine the positive or negative sign of the PS, showed that farm size was a negative determinant of the PS, as was system specialization, while feed self-sufficiency was a positive determinant. More statistically robust references on price indices of organic farming (OF) products and inputs, as well as long-term follow-ups of OF farms, are needed to validate these original results, which were based on a small sample size and a short period of time.

Transmission Scenarios of Listeria monocytogenes on Small Ruminant On-Farm Dairies.

Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe foodborne infections in humans and invasive diseases in different animal species, especially in small ruminants. Infection of sheep and goats can occur via contaminated feed or through the teat canal. Both infection pathways result in direct (e.g., raw milk from an infected udder or fresh cheese produced from such milk) or indirect exposure of consumers. The majority of dairy farmers produces a high-risk product, namely fresh cheese made from raw ewe's and goat's milk. This, and the fact that L. monocytogenes has an extraordinary viability, poses a significant challenge to on-farm dairies. Yet, surprisingly, almost no scientific studies have been conducted dealing with the hygiene and food safety aspects of directly marketed dairy products. L. monocytogenes prevalence studies on small ruminant on-farm dairies are especially limited. Therefore, it was our aim to focus on three main transmission scenarios of this important major foodborne pathogen: (i) the impact of caprine and ovine listerial mastitis; (ii) the significance of clinical listeriosis and outbreak scenarios; and (iii) the impact of farm management and feeding practices.

Small universal unit for preparing, transporting and distributing liquid feed in small pig farms

The article focuses on the advantage of liquid mixed feeds in the use of mixed feeds for small farms and farms. The analysis of the scientific research works devoted to the problems of transportation and distribution of liquid mixed feed using pipelines showed that the physical and mechanical and rheological properties of such feeds have not been fully studied, and special feed pumps designed for the transfer of liquid mixed feeds with high viscosity have not been created. The article describes the structure and principle of operation of the small-sized liquid mixed feed preparation, transfer and distribution unit created by the authors. All equipment included in the unit has been modernized considering the peculiarities of small farms. Based on the results of the study, the necessary conclusions were drawn.

Feeding Management Practices in Dairy Farms of Herat Province, Afghanistan

Background: Animals require carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals for optimal health, growth, and reproduction. Insufficient nutrient intake can lead to decreased productivity, deficiency diseases, impaired growth, weight loss, reduced milk production, and affected calf production. Insufficient minerals cause issues like infertility, poor bone growth, and hair/wool loss. Nutritional balance is crucial for animal health and productivity. The research purpose is to assess dairy farming practices and animal management, identifying challenges faced by dairy farmers in selected districts of Herat Province. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in Herat Province's five districts, reliable information gathered from 100 randomly selected dairy owners through a systematic questionnaire. Prior to the interviews, the clarity of the questionnaires was ensured, and the respondents were briefed on the study's objective. Finding: Out of 100 dairy farms studied, only 8% used balanced ration, while the remaining 92% were unaware of it. In spring, green fodder was ranked 1st, followed by straw treet (local ration), plain straw and oil cake ranked 2nd, 3rd and 4th positions, respectively. In summer, green fodder remained 1st, followed by straw treet, plain straw, and hay. In fall, straw treet was ranked 1st, followed by hay, plain straw, and oil cakes. In winter, hay took 1st place, followed by straw treet, plain straw, and oil cakes (2nd, 3rd and 4th), respectively. Conclusion: Balanced feed was used by only 8% of farmers. Majority of them feed thrice daily and 74% of dairy owners did not feed concentrate. All dairy owners use straw treet to feed their animals, and most of them use straw treet twice daily. During spring and summer season, largest volume of animal feed in most farms comes from green fodder, straw treet, and hay, and it is different in the fall and winter season (more dried forage, straw treet, oil cakes, etc).

The use of a pulse-expansion module to increase the efficiency of natural feeding of fish by flying insects on artificial ponds

The article deals with the problems of providing feed in artificial ponds and fish farms, increasing the proportion of live feed in the fish diet due to flying insects of the base of internal artificial reservoirs. A review of equipment for feeding fish with flying mosquitoes and insects, in which different color stimuli, a fan and PWM are used to attract them, is carried out. The use of this electrical equipment leads to an increase in the productivity of artificial ponds and a reduction in the cost of artificial fish feed. UV LED strip. Thanks to RGB LEDs, the regulation of the chromaticity of their radiation is possible in a wide range by changing the currents passing through R-, G-, B-crystals by specialized PWM drivers of LEDs. The ambient air temperature is controlled by a digital temperature sensor.

Formation of exterior features in technological conditions of traditional keeping and feeding of Chinese Holstein cows

By importing superior breeds, strengthening the breeding foundation, and showcasing the breeding and productivity potential, it is crucial to expand the output of animal products. Strengthening the foundation for cattle breeding and boosting cow output are crucial now in Uzbekistan. In the article, the appearance, development of characteristics, productivity and biological characteristics of Chinese Holstein cows in traditional technological storage and feeding conditions were studied. Farm storage methods, feeding types and standards, and Chinese Holstein cows were taken as an experimental object. Experiments were conducted on bulls with genotypes characteristic of different bull systems and cows of II-genetic-ecological generation. he feeding of Chinese Holstein cows during lactation consisted of 57.1-57.5% juicy feeds, 32.4% concentrate feeds, and 10.1-10.4% coarse feeds, which positively impacted their productivity. The importation of improved breeds to new habitats involves adaptation to varying natural-climatic, storage, and feeding conditions, which ultimately reveals their potential for productivity and breeding.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL SUPPORT’S ALGORITHM AT MANAGE DECISIONS MAKING IN THE FEEDING PROCESS BASED ON A MACHINE VISION SYSTEM’S ON A FARM

Analysis of information obtained from open sources has shown that feed’s abnormal overspending is up to 10% and occurs in 5% of cases. It also means that the farm loses the same share of milk yield, and with it profit. This problem solution can be achieved in various ways due diversity of both hardware (vision system) and software (methods and algorithms). It is possible cows’ feed on dairy farms malnutrition reducing with the help of software and hardware complex (PAC) being developed. This PAC will determine the remaining feed volume on the feed table’s distribution by the 3D vision system of obtaining data use analyzing. Based on this analysis, the PAC will draw conclusions and make recommendations to the farm workers, thereby feedback for the farm feeding system providing. To do this, it is necessary a vision system to choose, an algorithm for obtaining a point cloud to implement an algorithm for finding reference points and gluing images into one, so as an device algorithm for orientation in space to select and implement, an algorithm for calculating feed volume and hardware to develop and laboratorial and operational tests to conduct, as well as a database for development of recommendations to create. Two vision systems are considered for use - a stereo system and a ToF camera, and an algorithm finding for reference points based on 3D data is described.

Aflatoxins in Feed: Types, Metabolism, Health Consequences in Swine and Mitigation Strategies.

Feeding farm animals with aflatoxin-contaminated feed can cause various severe toxic effects, leading to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and increased mortality, weight loss, poor performance and reduced reproductive capability. Following ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in animals. Swine metabolism is not effective in detoxifying and excreting aflatoxins, meaning the risk of aflatoxicosis is increased. Thus, it is of great importance to elucidate the metabolism and all metabolic pathways associated with this mycotoxin. The damage induced by AFB1 in cells and tissues consists of inhibition of cell proliferation, carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, mutagenicity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, leading to pathological lesions in the liver, spleen, lymph node, kidney, uterus, heart, and lungs of swine. At present, it is a challenging task and of serious concern to completely remove aflatoxins and their metabolites from feedstuff; thus, the aim of this study was a literature review on the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on swine metabolism, as well as alternatives that contribute to the detoxification or amelioration of aflatoxin-induced effects in farm animal feed.

First Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 in Fur Animals in Hebei, China

A novel circovirus called porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) was recently detected in pigs suffering from severe clinical diseases in Hunan province, China. There are few reports on the origin and evolution of PCV4, although some researchers have conducted epidemiological investigations of PCV4 and found that PCV4 is widespread in pigs. Based on the previous study, we detected PCV2 in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs with reproductive failure. To explore whether the PCV4 genome also exists in fur animals, we detected 137 cases admitted from fur animal farms in Hebei China between 2015 and 2020, which were characterized by inappetence, lethargy, depression, abortion, and sterility. The overall infection rate of PCV4 was 23.36% (32/137), including 20.37% (22/108) for raccoon dogs, 18.75% (3/16) for foxes, and 53.85% (7/13) for minks. Finally, five raccoon dog-origin PCV4 strains and one fox-origin PCV4 strain were sequenced in our study, whose nucleotide identities with other representative PCV4 strains varied from 96.5% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of PCV4 strains indicated a close relationship with those of PCV4 strains identified from pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect PCV4 in fur animals. Interestingly, we also identified PCV4 in a mixed farm (feeding pigs and raccoon dogs at the same time). In summary, our findings extend the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV4 and provide new evidence for its cross-species transmission.