Farming Technologies Research Articles

Incomplete milking before drying off does not impair the udder health of cows infected with minor pathogens.

When implementing the transition from regular milk production to the dry period, drying off is mostly conducted simply by abrupt cessation of milking. Efforts to reduce milk synthesis before cessation of milking aim to reduce stress in cows as well as to lower the risk of mastitis. A previous study demonstrated that incomplete milking during the last ten days of lactation gradually reduced the milk yield of healthy, high-yielding cows. However, a reduction period of ten days might be too long for cows with lower yields. Therefore, a follow-up study was conducted on an organic dairy research farm with a lower average milk yield. We investigated whether automated incomplete milking can reduce milk synthesis within one week without impairing the health status of udder quarters infected with minor pathogens. Before drying off, 15 German-Holstein cows with 58 lactating quarters, 21 of which were infected with minor pathogens (coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Corynebacterium bovis), were milked twice daily using the software module AutoDry (GEA Farm Technologies) with the 5%-step-down-per-day-program. The level of udder emptying was gradually reduced over 8-10 milkings beginning at a mean milk yield of 17.2 ± 4.4 kg d-1. During the last three milkings before drying off, milking clusters were automatically removed when a milk flow rate of 0.3 kg min-1 was reached. Quarter fore-milk samples were collected at two time points (14 d before and at the date of the last milking, ie drying off) and were analysed for mastitis pathogens and somatic cell count. The gradual reduced emptying of the udder induced a clear decline in milk yield by 0.8 ± 0.3 kg d-1. Within the reduction period, the somatic cell count of quarter foremilk did not change regardless of the infection status. Furthermore, no cow suffered from clinical mastitis. Thus, a reduction in milk synthesis could be achieved within less than one week before drying off without any impairment in udder health of cows, even when infected with minor mastitis pathogens.

SMART AND INTELLIGENT PRODUCTION STRATEGY FOR THE FLOWER MARKET USING DATA MINING KNOWLEDGE-BASED DECISION

The agriculture industry has been an enormous economic pillar in the production and consumption market value chain. The agriculture industry resets flower production factors with the agricultural technology revolution. The fastest technology provides innovative and intelligent decision-making strategies in seasonal cut flowers to increase production. This study briefs out existing farming practices, chain activity and farming technology’s significant impacts on the agriculture field and garden industry. Authors try to investigate cut flower production status and analyze production values to design innovative and intelligent strategies, especially for seasonal flower production. The study employs a flower dataset; hence, it applies floral parameter inputs and data mining association rules to create an output of the flower production category, which fits appropriately to evaluate flower market production value in a particular season. The article's result reveals that the proposed flower production strategy provides efficient and intelligent guidelines to increase flower production according to market demand. This study suggests an intelligent and friendly production strategy for gardeners that indicates the flower market gets continuous and quality production to meet consumers’ immediate market demand.

Small-Scale Farming: A Review of Challenges and Potential Opportunities Offered by Technological Advancements

Smallholder farmers play an important role in ensuring world food security. In addition to food security, small-scale farming also provides numerous other direct and indirect environmental, social, cultural, and economic benefits by improving crop diversification, job security, and self-sufficiency. However, small-scale agriculture faces several challenges which are further exacerbated by climate change, population increase, water scarcity, and soil degradation. Agriculture has seen a lot of technological advancements in the last few decades. However, access to these advancements has not always been economically viable for small or medium farm operations. This article aimed to review the major barriers to small-scale farming and to review the status and potential opportunities offered by advanced technologies that can benefit small-scale holders. Based on the review, we found that economics, marketing, climate change, lack of awareness, educational resources, infrastructure, information, and technology are the major challenges to small-scale farming. Technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the IoT (internet of things), irrigation automation, and the use of smartphones are already becoming mainstream in small-scale farming and other technologies like robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), yield monitoring, and food traceability have potential opportunities to solve the challenges that hamper the success of small-scale growers.

A random walk for agricultural total factor productivity

AbstractGrowth in agricultural total factor productivity (TFP), which explains most of the long‐term growth in U.S. agricultural output, may be slowing. The Economic Research Service (ERS) of the USDA is confident that current levels of below‐average growth will eventually regain the long‐term trend line. Others disagree, arguing instead that due to declining public expenditures on agricultural research, TFP growth experienced a downward and seemingly permanent structural shift about 30 years ago. In this paper, I argue that neither perspective is accurate since agricultural TFP is best modeled as a random walk with drift and thus not governed by a deterministic trend line. When I use a first difference model to accommodate the unit root, I do not find a structural break in the rate of drift. However, I acknowledge that this finding may not be general because I show that my test for a structural break has low power. To add theoretical relevance, I develop a simple model of stochastic innovation and farm technology adoption, and then use simulation results from my model to explain why a random walk for agricultural TFP is a theoretically sound proposition.

Effect of Improved Farm Technologies Adoption on Productivity among Staple Crop Farmers of Nigeria Agricultural Transformation Agenda

Effect of Improved Farm Technologies Adoption on Productivity among Staple Crop Farmers of Nigeria Agricultural Transformation Agenda

A Framework for Transparency in Precision Livestock Farming.

As precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies emerge, it is important to consider their social and ethical dimensions. Reviews of PLF have highlighted the importance of considering ethical issues related to privacy, security, and welfare. However, little attention has been paid to ethical issues related to transparency regarding these technologies. This paper proposes a framework for developing responsible transparency in the context of PLF. It examines the kinds of information that could be ethically important to disclose about these technologies, the different audiences that might care about this information, the challenges involved in achieving transparency for these audiences, and some promising strategies for addressing these challenges. For example, with respect to the information to be disclosed, efforts to foster transparency could focus on: (1) information about the goals and priorities of those developing PLF systems; (2) details about how the systems operate; (3) information about implicit values that could be embedded in the systems; and/or (4) characteristics of the machine learning algorithms often incorporated into these systems. In many cases, this information is likely to be difficult to obtain or communicate meaningfully to relevant audiences (e.g., farmers, consumers, industry, and/or regulators). Some of the potential steps for addressing these challenges include fostering collaborations between the developers and users of PLF systems, developing techniques for identifying and disclosing important forms of information, and pursuing forms of PLF that can be responsibly employed with less transparency. Given the complexity of transparency and its ethical and practical importance, a framework for developing and evaluating transparency will be an important element of ongoing PLF research.

11 Evaluation and Application of Technology in Swine Production Systems

Abstract The rapid development of smart farming technology is improving our real-time and continuous monitoring of animal health status, improvement of animal well-being, and monitoring of growth and performance to maximize revenue capture. Significant innovations are emerging to solve complex tasks in swine barns and to augment the capacity of farmers. Special attention has been given to computer vision technologies because of the low cost of cameras and the advancements in edge computing systems that automatically extract, analyze, and understand complex problems from a single image or a sequence of images. In swine production systems, computer vision technologies have been applied to monitor animal behavior, counting of pigs, estimation of pig body weight, monitoring of feed bin levels, among others. As farmers adopt new technologies, we propose that field evaluation of smart farming tools must include a scientific assessment of accuracy and reliability. Internal validation of the technology PigVision, a smart camera system that estimates the body weight of pigs, used a total of 32 smart cameras installed in a research-commercial finish barn (100 pens, capacity for 2,400 pigs) in Iowa. Estimation of body weights by cameras were compared with pen weights using a built-in pen scale every 2 months for more than 2 years. The initial results of the accuracy of cameras were < 90%. After adjustments on the algorithms related to height of the ceiling and lighting conditions, the accuracy improved to > 96%. The average accuracy during 2022 was 96.7%. Field validation of cameras overtime allowed to assess the reliability of the system by measuring the uptime of cameras. We defined uptime of cameras as the percentage of daily body weight estimations reported to end users relative to the number of cameras placed in the barn. During the first cycle of production (April to July 2020), the uptime averaged 97.2%. The uptime decreased to 85.6% in the next cycle (August to December 2020). Improvements in the hardware, internet reliability and periodicity in lense cleaning resulted in uptimes to > 98.5% during the last 2 cycles tested (February to October 2022). As accuracy and reliability of smart cameras meet expectations, we envision that these can be used to monitor and predict changes in the growth of pigs, early detection of health challenges and support marketing strategies. We anticipate that technology smartness for continuous monitoring of animal growth and health will drive a major shift from our conventional methods of production to more advanced and efficient systems. We expect that the implementation of computer vision technologies in swine barns will accelerate as they continue to prove accuracy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

A contextual ICT model to explain adoption of mobile applications in developing countries: A case study of Tunisia.

In Tunisia, agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than 75% of small and subsistence farmers with minimal use of technology. The use of information and communication technology (ICT),such as mobile applications, represents a pertinent opportunity for these smallholders to access agricultural innovation and market information and improve their farming technologies and farm management. Thus, ICT can act as a replacement to foster access to innovation for this category of farmers. Unfortunately, the underuse of mobile applications has contributed to low and slow adoption of agricultural innovation and consequently the benefits of this technology have not been attained. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the adoption of Short Message Service (SMS) through a contextual ICT model for livestock, olive crop, and beekeeping. Data were collected from 200 small-scale beekeepers, 225 olive growers, and 140 livestock breeders selected in Jendouba, Kairouan, and Zaghouan in Tunisia. The objective of this paper is to examine the factors that influence mobile applications using the partial least squares structural equation modelling technique, for livestock, olive crop, and beekeeping agricultural activities. The results showed that the final ICT-induced structural models were highly predictive of the use of SMS and its increased adoption. Factors affecting the use of SMS differed according to the farming system. The major perceived factor affecting the use of SMS was 'observability' for livestock farmers, 'compatibility' for olive growers, and 'information quality' for beekeepers. Understanding these factors by taking into account the specificity of the agricultural activity leads to a better understanding of the adoption of ICT tools by smallholder farmers in Tunisia.

Nutritional Value of Soybean under Outdoor Hydroponics and Soil Conditions of the Ararat Valley

Background: Population growth increases the demand for food all over the world. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, by 2050 the world population will reach 9.1 billion people, for whom food production is expected to increase by 25-70 %. That will lead to an increase in the demand for alternative farming technologies allowing us to ensure higher yields in less time. One such alternative and highly profitable plant growing technology is soilless culture or hydroponics. Climate change, improved technological capabilities, and need to increase self-sufficiency are good reasons for the introduction of soybean in Armenia.Soy, as one of the richest and cheapest sources of protein, plays an important role in the diet of people in many countries. The seed of soybeans contains 17 % oil and about 50 % protein. Because soybeans contain no starch, they are a good source of protein for diabetics.Objective: To establish the possibility and efficiency of soybean cultivation in Ararat Valley by traditional agricultural method and by the regulated hydroponic system and to investigate the nutritional value of soybean seeds.Results: The cultivation method had some influence on soybean yield and on the biosynthesis of several nutritional components. Thus, soilless culture conditions contributed to the increase in soybean yield: the weight of seeds obtained from one plant was 38.7 g while in the soil it was only 19.9 g. Soil plants were distinguished by the maximum accumulation of fat (28.9 %), while hydroponic ones by the maximum content of protein (31.5 %) and sugar (6.3 %).Conclusion: The obtained results established the effectiveness of soybean cultivation in Armenia. The regulated hydroponic method ensures obtaining about 11.6 tons ha-1 of soybean seeds, 3.7 tons ha-1 of protein and 2.6 tons ha-1 of fat. The work was supported by the Science Committee of the Republic of Armenia, in the frames of the research project N 21T-4B167.Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, proteins, fats, sugars

Advancements in combining electronic animal identification and augmented reality technologies in digital livestock farming

Modern livestock farm technologies allow operators to have access to a multitude of data thanks to the high number of mobile and fixed sensors available on both the livestock farming machinery and the animals. These data can be consulted via PC, tablet, and smartphone, which must be handheld by the operators, leading to an increase in the time needed for on-field activities. In this scenario, the use of augmented reality smart glasses could allow the visualization of data directly in the field, providing for a hands-free environment for the operator to work. Nevertheless, to visualize specific animal information, a connection between the augmented reality smart glasses and electronic animal identification is needed. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop and test a wearable framework, called SmartGlove that is able to link RFID animal tags and augmented reality smart glasses via a Bluetooth connection, allowing the visualization of specific animal data directly in the field. Moreover, another objective of the study was to compare different levels of augmented reality technologies (assisted reality vs. mixed reality) to assess the most suitable solution for livestock management scenarios. For this reason, the developed framework and the related augmented reality smart glasses applications were tested in the laboratory and in the field. Furthermore, the stakeholders’ point of view was analyzed using two standard questionnaires, the NASA-Task Load Index and the IBM-Post Study System Usability Questionnaire. The outcomes of the laboratory tests underlined promising results regarding the operating performances of the developed framework, showing no significant differences if compared to a commercial RFID reader. During the on-field trial, all the tested systems were capable of performing the task in a short time frame. Furthermore, the operators underlined the advantages of using the SmartGlove system coupled with the augmented reality smart glasses for the direct on-field visualization of animal data.

Constraints Perceived by Farmers in Fish Farming: A Review Analysis

The adoption of scientific fish farming faces multiple constraints encompassing economic, infrastructural, technological, marketing, societal, and extension-related challenges. Economically, the substantial upfront investment required for infrastructure and operational costs deters potential fish farmers, especially small-scale operators. Inadequate access to financing further exacerbates this issue. Insufficient infrastructure, including poor transportation networks and processing facilities, hampers the efficient distribution and marketing of fish products. Limited access to scientific farming technology and disease management techniques hinders the adoption of advanced practices, while price fluctuations and a lack of organised markets pose marketing-related challenges. Cultural norms and societal dynamics can influence fish farming practices, sometimes hindering the adoption of sustainable farming. To overcome these constraints, collaborative efforts among the government departments, institutes, banks, NGOs etc. are essential. Strategies include providing financial support mechanisms, infrastructure development, dissemination of latest technical known how and training, establishing market chain, and respecting local social norms. Addressing these issues collectively could unlock the full potential of fish farming, promoting food security, livelihood enhancement and sustainable development.

SIDERATION — A FACTOR OF THE FORMATION OF THE MAIN INDICATORS OF THE SOIL IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

The article proves the relevance of using sideral crops in organic farming technologies. The results of scientific research on the use of sideration as an ecologically safe factor in the formation of the main indicators and properties of the soil are analyzed. It is noted that nowadays the cultivation of sideral crops is one of the main alternatives for replacing chemically synthesized fertilizers. Examples of the use of siderates as environmentally safe types of fertilizers that contribute to the restoration of soil fertility and the increase in the yield of agricultural crops are given. It was noted that side crops under organic land use are an effective and productive component of the technology of growing agricultural crops, contribute to improving the structure and quality of the soil, providing mineral nutrition and creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of plants, which affects the increase in yield with the complete rejection of chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. It is noted that when using sideration in organic technologies for growing agricultural crops, it is necessary to make a reasonable selection of sideration crops with a high adaptive potential, taking into account their biological characteristics. The selection of siderates must be carried out taking into account the soil and climatic zone of cultivation, moisture availability and temperature regime of the soil, biological features of growing siderate cultures and the agronomic value of their introduction, features of the effect of siderate on the structure of the soil, its density and porosity, providing the soil with organic matter (humus) and nutritional mineral elements, as well as the yield and quality of agricultural products.

Digital transformation of the agricultural sector: prospects, challenges and solutions

The digital transformation of the agricultural sector has received considerable attention due to its potential to increase efficiency and productivity. This paper reviews recent research and publications to identify key themes and gaps in the digitalisation of agriculture. The analysis shows that while some studies highlight the potential benefits of digital agriculture, others emphasise the limitations and challenges associated with its implementation. The case of Ukraine fits into the ‘light digitalisation’ scenario, where agriculture digitalisation is at a basic level, data control is limited, and digital literacy and technology adoption varies among different agricultural stakeholders.To promote the digitalisation process, data exchange between stakeholders such as farmers, government, traders, producers, consumers and AgriTech should be improved. Digital platforms, e-governance, agricultural extension, access to financial services and information exchange are very important for digital transformation. The author explores digital interactions between farmers and agri-tech companies, food traders/producers and consumers, highlighting the elements and benefits of such interactions.The role of the government in creating a reliable digitalisation system and facilitating cooperation between stakeholders is discussed. It proposes the implementation of solutions such as farm management systems, data collection tools, decision support systems and data-driven farming technologies. These solutions facilitate data analysis, informed decision-making and optimisation of farm operations.Challenges and limitations associated with the digital transformation of the agricultural sector are limited financial resources, regulatory constraints, resistance to change, and privacy concerns. Further research is needed to explore data quality standards, data ownership and privacy rules, skills development, modelling systems and digital platforms.
 JEL classification: H83, O38, Q10, Q18

Adoption of smart farming technologies in field operations: A systematic review and future research agenda

The agriculture sector, worldwide, faces grand challenges that significantly threaten food security and environmental sustainability. Smart farming technologies (SFTs) have emerged as a promising solution to mitigate these challenges and achieve the balance between productivity increment and environment safety, yet their adoption rate remains relatively low and fragmented. Extant literature, consequently, has extensively investigated and discussed the factors that affect the adoption of SFTs. Although some prior reviews have attempted to assemble previous discourse concerning the adoption of SFTs, they fell short in offering a comprehensive, structural, and focal overview. Hence, this paper reviews the literature around the adoption of SFTs with a specific focus on software and/or hardware technologies that are usually utilized to manage in-field agricultural activities. Using a framework-based systematic review, the paper synthesizes findings from 182 empirical studies to provide an in-depth and retrospective overview of the main theories, characteristics, contexts, and methods. The paper also demonstrates a state-of-the-art integrative framework of the main drivers of and barriers to the adoption of SFTs. Finally, the paper suggests future pathways for prospective scholars to advance our knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon of SFTs adoption.

Organic management of tuberous intercrops for resilience, higher yield and profit from coconut plantations: Insights from validation experiments in Kerala, India

Fifteen on-farm experiments were conducted in tropical tuber crops intercropped in coconut gardens in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, Kerala, during 2018-2021 for validation of organic production technologies. The validation experiments were performed under the aegis of the ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, in a project funded by the Coconut Development Board, Kochi, Kerala. Three treatments viz., T1: organic farming technology (OF), T2: POP recommendation (POP) and T3: farmer's practice (FP) were evaluated in cassava, elephant foot yam and greater yam intercropped with coconut. System productivity and profitability were worked out for the different treatments based on yield and income from coconut and tuber crops in the respective treatments. Pooled analysis indicated that the coconut yield under intercropping with tuber crops in organic mode was high by 7-13% in comparison to monocrop of coconut maintained by the farmers. Tuber yield under organic management was superior over POP by 14% and FP by 27%. On an average, the net income from coconut-tuber crop intercropping system under organic management was ₹ 2,36,133 ha-1, whereas it was ₹ 1,56,904 ha-1 in POP and ₹ 1,32,706 ha-1 in FP and significantly outperformed sole coconut (₹ 7,764 ha-1). Thus, the results indicated that organic management of coconut-tuber crop system offered resilience with higher system productivity and profitability.

Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Remote Determination of the Brewster Angle When Measuring Physicochemical Parameters of Soil

In precision farming technology, the moisture of the soil, its granulometric composition, specific conductivity and a number of other physical and chemical parameters are determined using remote radar sensing. The most important parameters are those measured in the area of the plant root system located well below the “air-surface” boundary. In order to create conditions for the penetration of electromagnetic waves through the “air-surface” interface with a minimum reflection coefficient, the irradiation of the Earth’s surface is carried out obliquely with an angle of incidence close to the Brewster angle. The reflection coefficient, and, consequently, the Brewster angle, depend on the complex dielectric permittivity of the surface soil layer and are not known a priori. To determine the Brewster angle, the usual method is to search for the minimum amplitude of the vertically polarized signal reflected from the surface. Another approach is when the first derivative of the dependence of the modulus of the complex amplitude of a vertically polarized interference wave, taken with respect to the angle of incidence, is set equal to zero. In turn, in real dielectrics such as agricultural soils, the amplitude of the vertically polarized signal reflected from the surface is directly proportional to the reflection coefficient and does not have a pronounced minimum, which reduces the accuracy of the measurements. Based on the solution of the Helmholtz wave equation for a three-layered structure of the propagation medium (air, upper fertile soil layer, soil layer below the groundwater level), a model of the process of forming an interference wave under oblique irradiation of a planar layered dielectric with losses has been developed. Using the developed model, factors influencing the accuracy of determining the Brewster angle have been identified. For the first time, it is proposed to use the phase shift between the oscillations of the interference waves with vertical and horizontal polarization to measure the Brewster angle. A comparative assessment of the accuracy of determining the Brewster angle using known amplitude methods and the proposed phase method has been carried out. The adequacy of the method was experimentally confirmed. Recommendations have been developed for the practical application of the phase method of finding the Brewster angle for assessing the dielectric permittivity of soil and its moisture content.

Pelatihan Smart Farming Berbasis IoT Kepada Kelompok Tani Jamur Tiramu Dalam Peningkatan Ekonomi Di Kabupaten Kampar

Purpose - This community service activity aims to socialize Smart Farming as a new concept in agriculture by integrating technology as an innovation. Smart Farming makes it easy for farmers to increase the quality and quantity of agricultural products through technology. The technology used in this activity is IoT (Internet of Things), a mushroom media sprayer that can be controlled automatically and adjusted to the required temperature. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used in this community service activity is mentoring and outreach. This activity is a training that concerns two activity themes, namely mentoring the installation of IoT on mushroom media and socializing the business management of oyster mushroom products. Assistance activities will be carried out by technology experts who will guide partners in assembling IoT circuits. In comparison, the socialization that will be carried out will involve resource persons who are experts in agribusiness and will provide debriefing on the management of oyster mushroom input supplies. Findings – Community service activities for Tiramu oyster mushroom partners that are carried out obtain the results of activities that bring significant benefits to partners. The benefit obtained from this activity is an automatic sprayer technology that can be adjusted to the room temperature conditions of the oyster mushroom required by the oyster mushroom. Partners' skills and knowledge also increase with socialization activities that equip partners with knowledge in improving the quality and quantity of oyster mushroom products produced. From some of the things mentioned above, community service activities with results in a series of IoT and partner skills can be said to have enormous benefits for Tiramu oyster mushroom partners. Originality/value – The implications of community service activities produce smart farming technology tools and the ability of Tiramu oyster mushroom partners to improve product quality and quantity.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Estimation for Cattle: Assessing the Potential Role of Real-Time Feed Intake Monitoring

This study investigated the impact of feeding systems on the determination of enteric methane (CH4) emissions factor in cattle. Real-time feed intake data, a crucial CH4 conversion rate (Ym value) parameter, were obtained using a roughage intake control (RIC) unit within a smart farm system. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2), from Holstein steers were monitored using a GreenFeed (GF) 344 unit. The results revealed satisfactory body weight (383 ± 57.19 kg) and daily weight gain (2.00 ± 0.83 kg), which are crucial factors. CO2 production exhibited positive correlations with the initial body weight (r = 0.72, p = 0.027), feed intake (r = 0.71, p = 0.029), and feed conversion ratio (r = 0.69, p = 0.036). Five different emission factors (EFs), EFA (New Equation 10.21A) and Equation 10.21 (EFB, EFC, EFD, and EFE), were used for GHG calculations following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 approach. The estimated CH4 EFs using these equations were 69.91, 69.91, 91.79, 67.26, and 42.60 kg CH4/head/year. These findings highlight the potential for further exploration and adoption of smart farming technology, which has the potential to enhance prediction accuracy and reduce the uncertainty in Ym values tailored to specific countries or regions.

Acceptance of Green Technology-Based Service: Consumers’ Risk-Taking Behavior in the Context of Indoor Smart Farm Restaurants

Smart farm technology contributes to sustainable environmental protection, and so it is important to investigate consumer behavior in this regard. Therefore, this paper constructs a theoretical model focusing on the consumers of indoor smart farm restaurants. The theoretical framework integrates the theory of planned behavior and the perceived risk theory. The constructed framework is deepened by testing the moderating role of novelty seeking in the effects of perceived risks on attitudes. The results revealed that (1) psychological and quality risks negatively affect attitude, (2) subjective norm positively affects attitude, (3) attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively affect behavioral intentions, and (4) the moderating impact of novelty seeking was discovered in the relationship between psychological risk and attitude. This is the first investigation of the perceived risks of indoor smart farm restaurants, and this study empirically proved the moderating role of novelty seeking in the risk-taking behavior context. This study consequently contributes to advancing state-of-the-art methods and presents practical marketing recommendations.

Sustainable Soil Utilization and Agriculture Production: Recommendations towards Achieving Sustainability

In particular, the nutrient cycle, soil erosion, carbon sequestration, and many different ecological systems are all impacted by current agriculture tactics. Sustainable development's negative environmental and ecological effects can be reduced through organic farming. Utilizing more organic materials in cultivation practices might decrease environmental damage by preserving the natural cycles of the environment's vegetation during the restoration process. Organic farming can also raise food quality. Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones, and feed additives for farm animals may also be substantially avoided in organic farming. To minimize the constraints and difficult circumstances of natural farming, a combination of organic farming and new technology is of utmost importance. Innovative techniques and cutting-edge ideas are bringing farming systems closer to sustainability while also improving rural productivity and the quality of life for many farmers in a way that is good for the environment. Not only does soil provide food and nutritional support, but it also has many environmental benefits to give. Although it takes centuries to form one millimeter of soil, soil is regarded as a non-renewable resource. The phrase "Soil health" is one of the most frequently used one in agriculture. Agriculture can only continue to be sustainable if the soil is healthy. Numerous issues have put "soil health" in danger, including declining soil fertility, a lack of natural carbon and biodiversity in the soil, salinization, acidification, pollution, and soil erosion and degradation. As stated by FAO, "Soil management is sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."