Farmers In Rural Areas Research Articles

Composting municipal solid waste for agriculture in Northern Ghana: Rural farmers’ willingness to pay for compost quality and access attributes

Abstract While farmers in rural areas of northern Ghana find it difficult to obtain sufficient organic soil amendments to keep their soil healthy, there is not enough demand for city compost factories attempting to clean cities of organic solid waste to sustain the composting rate at waste-clearing levels. In this study, 398 farmers in rural communities were surveyed in order to estimate the willingness-to-pay for different quality and access attributes of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and examine how demand for it can be boosted among such farmers. Several specifications of the generalized multinomial logit (G-MNL) model, using farmers’ choice data, revealed that the compost quality and market access attributes surveyed in the study significantly affect farmers’ decision to buy MSW compost. The results also showed that preferences for the attributes vary widely among the farmers, mainly due to some unobserved personal factors. On average, the empirical estimates indicate that for a 50 kg compost bag, farmers are willing to pay GHS 9.43 for brand/label, GHS 5.76 for pelletized compost, GHS 4.49 for delivery in the community, and GHS 2.49 for sales when they have their cash windfall. Farmers face an average disutility of at least GHS 33.36 for deciding not to buy compost, regardless of its attributes, indicating that besides the attributes captured by the study, other factors important to farmers influence their purchase decisions. Significantly discounted prices together with improved compost quality increase the probability of compost purchase. Thus, overall the findings highlight the need to subsidize MSW compost by more than 50 per cent, to sell it in pelletized form and branded/labelled packages while making it accessible to rural farmers during their cash windfall.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kotoran Sapi Sebagai Bahan Utama Pembuatan Pupuk Organik untuk Mengurangi Penggunaan Pupuk Kimia di Desa Tebing Tinggi Pangkatan

The population of cattle in the village of cliffs of high rank has enormous potential. This capacity is very good if used in the manufacture of organic fertilizer because in general cow dung waste has not been processed and utilized properly by the people of the village of cliffs of high rank. Agricultural activities of the high-ranking cliff village community which continuously result in the use of chemical fertilizers continue to increase, thus the use of organic fertilizers is an alternative in reducing community dependence in using chemical fertilizers in agriculture. The objectives of this community service are, 1) to carry out socialization and training to the community, 2) to understand more about the manufacturing procedure, the tools used, the materials used, how to use them on plants, and the benefits of manure. cows as an environmentally friendly organic fertilizer. The results of this dedication show that the manufacture of organic fertilizer requires the addition of materials, namely sawdust, rice water, coconut water, and brown sugar solution with the aim of increasing the nutrients of organic fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizers on agricultural land can reduce the manufacture of chemical fertilizers, but can improve the nutrients in the soil. Abundant cow dung is a great result for fixing nutrients in soils that are already highly dependent on chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the manufacture of organic fertilizers needs to be continuously disseminated to the community, especially farmers in rural areas who lack information and technology. This is possible through activities, knowledge and training. This service program is carried out using two methods, namely: face-to-face socialization, the practice of making organic fertilizers.

Internet of Things (IoT) Device Management in Rural Areas to Support Precision Agriculture

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have an important role in supporting precision agriculture systems, namely acting as the first layer consisting of several nodes in a limited network group as a producer of land, environmental and plant parameter data that will be processed at the next level. This node is an embedded system consisting of sensors, microcontrollers, power supplies and wireless communication media. The challenge that arises is when the number of new nodes that will be connected to the concentrator in a limited network group is quite large and is still done manually by the user, so that it has the potential to cause complexity and errors in configuration. The purpose of this research is to design a self-registration scheme from each new node to the concentrator in a restricted network group automatically. The method used by new nodes for self-registration is to read the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) value from the concentrator, then exchange metadata according to the OCF (Open Connectivity Foundation) standard. The concentrator will refer to the maximum number of nodes allowed to join the group and check the metadata of the new node. If the registration process is successful, the new node will gain access rights to communicate with the concentrator and its closest neighbours in the network group. This mechanism will help farmers in rural areas to be able to configure Internet of Things (IoT) devices easily and provide benefits in supporting precision agriculture.

About State Support of Traditional Forms of Farming in Rural Areas

The authors ask questions: is it necessary to maintain traditional values in modern conditions? In particular, is it necessary to maintain family values, in conditions when the emancipation of women, modern technologies allow a man and a woman to be independent of each other not only economically, but even in such a process as the birth of children. Is it necessary to support traditional forms of management, including family work, peasant (farmer) farms, whereas it is obvious that currently agricultural industrial complexes have a significant competitive advantage over small businesses, labor productivity at large enterprises is higher than in small family business structures. Lawyers are removed from these problems or are removed themselves, reserving only the right to formalize the decisions made by politicians and economists, whereas human rights, both economic and social, national security and the life of future generations directly depend on the solution of these issues. In addition, the law has a set of legal means to ensure the implementation of the policy chosen by the state, including various ways of state support for priority social institutions and necessary types of economic activities for the sustainable development of the state and society, for those purposes that are recognized as socially useful. The authors come to the conclusion that state support of traditional values, traditional family, traditional forms of management should be carried out, offer options for presenting state support, its addressees and goals. However, the state's interference in the way of a particular family, household, family business should be strictly limited.

Techno‐economic evaluation of a process for the transformation of VitAto sweet potato into value‐added products

AbstractVitAto is a popular orange sweet potato (SP) variety in Malaysia that is easy to grow, produces a large yield, and contains more nutritional components. VitAto flour is a significant ingredient in a variety of food compositions; nevertheless, establishing a cost‐effective process design is critical. Five potential process scenarios were built using the SuperPro Designer simulator, with a VitAto plant capacity of 4,000 kg/h and additional income from byproducts such as VitAto juice and VitAto protein. Purchasing cost (PC), capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), and net present value (NPV) were used to compare the suggested projects in order to find the most efficient and profitable ones. The alternate procedure for producing VitAto juice yields a higher NPV (US$ 13,830,000–US$ 13,867,000/year). According to the data, VitAto juice is the most profitable product, accounting for 52–60% of overall project revenue. As a result, implementing a process with water recycling and byproducts revenue can be a more profitable and long‐term project that will benefit Malaysia's low‐ and middle‐income rural areas.Practical ApplicationsViTAto's current applicability is primarily for traditional meals. It has been recognized that it has a lot of potential in the cookie and baking industries. The VitAto must be turned into flour after harvesting to enable for longer storage. Designing a modernized VitAto flour processing facility with a wastewater treatment facility (process water recycling) is costly and keeping the flour price low is difficult. Therefore, comparing different process design configurations and conducting a techno‐economical study is critical. It is thought that incorporating byproducts into the production process can boost project revenue. As a result, it would benefit farmers in rural areas where VitAto could be marketed at a competitive price. The manufacturing process also produces compostable biomass, which farmers can use in their planted fields. This mutually beneficial relationship between farmers and millers is critical for enhancing their quality of life while also benefiting the environment.

Pelatihan Teknik Pembuatan Pakan Sapi Bali di Kelompok Peternak Patut Patuh Patju Kelurahan Ampenan Selatan Kecamatan Ampenan Kota Mataram

As an effort to improve the knowledge and skills of farmers in rural areas, service activities have been carried out with the topic "Training on Bali Cattle Feed Making Techniques in the Patut Patuh Patju Farmer Group, South Ampenan Village, Ampenan Sub-district, Mataram City". This service activity was held on the grounds that farmers in Ampenan Selatan Village often have difficulty meeting the needs of their livestock for forage, especially during the dry season, so this sometimes has an unwanted negative impact such as the occurrence of cases of death and disease in livestock as a result of declining livestock conditions. This is due to the ignorance of the farmers in an effort to overcome the shortage of forage during the dry season. This community service activity will be carried out with three methods, namely the lecture, written and demonstration methods. With the lecture method delivered on the understanding and explanation of silage and Ammoniation Fermentation (Amofer). Through the written method, it was delivered by giving a brochure containing how to make silage and make Amofer rice straw. Meanwhile, with the demonstration method, the farmers immediately practiced the preservation and processing method with Silage and Amofer technology. Based on the results of monitoring during the activity, the results of the questions and answers and the enthusiasm of the participants, it was seen that the farmers had just realized the importance of the role of nutrition for livestock, were willing to apply feed preservation and processing technology, and it could also be seen that they had no difficulty in adopting the material provided. So overall this activity can be said to be quite successful. Recognizing the limitations of breeders in terms of conservation and feed processing which is an alternative for providing feed in the dry season, the service team suggests that this kind of activity should be continued so that the expected livestock production can be achieved.

POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS: CASE STUDY OF RURAL RICE FARMING COMMUNITIES

This study aims to reveal the actual role of rural cooperative institutions in reducing poverty through improving the performance of farming communities, especially rice farmers in rural areas. This study is a case study conducted in Sri Kuncoro Village, Pondok Kelapa District, Bengkulu Tengah Regency (as the selected research sample location). Data were collected through the interview, observation, focus group discussion, and documentation methods. Sampling was done by the purposive sampling method. The data collected were analyzed by qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative methods. The results showed that through quantitative analysis it was found that the depth (P1) and severity (P2) indexes of poverty in rural rice farming communities were P1 = 0.023 and P2 = 0.004 (both in the low category). Through qualitative analysis, it is revealed that the role of cooperative institutions in rural areas is still low, which has implications for weak efforts to reduce poverty in rice farming communities (as evidenced by the decrease in the depth and severity indexes of poverty which has not reached the expected level).

Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Microgrid for Rural Agricultural Area in Southern Philippines

Microgrids, or distributed systems of local energy generation, transmission, and demand, are now technologically and operationally capable of providing power to communities, especially in rural and peri-urban regions of developing nations. The reliability of the system, the cost of power generation, and the operating environmental impact are the major issues when designing and evaluating the performance of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy microgrid (HREM). This paper presents an integrated method for optimal sizing and operation of an HREM for rural agricultural communities in the Southern Philippines composed of run-of-the-river hydropower, photovoltaics (PV), diesel generator, and a battery energy storage system (BESS) using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) and a proposed multi-case power management strategy. The three conflicting objective functions that were simultaneously minimized were: loss of power supply probability (LPSP), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, subject to several constraints. The optimization generated 200 non-dominated or Pareto optimal alternative solutions, 4 of which were selected as solutions of interest. Based on the results, the optimal sizes of the main components for the reliable operation of the system are 100 panels with a rating of 0.25 kW for PV, 100 kWh for BESS, and 13 kW for the diesel generator, with corresponding LCOE, LPSP, and GHG emission values of 0.1795 USD/kWh, 0.05%, and 7874 kg, respectively, for 1 year. The effectiveness of the proposed HREM design was also analyzed, and the study yielded plenty of useful findings that could aid the electrification of the area.

Access to Veterinary Drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa: Roadblocks and Current Solutions.

BackgroundAccess to veterinary drugs for livestock has become a major issue over the last decade. Analysis has tended to focus on the demand for these products, while studies looking at the drivers behind their use generally focus on farmer behavior and interactions between veterinarians and farmers. However, the use of drugs also depends on structural factors that determine the functioning of the drug supply chain and farmers' access to the drugs. This article presents an overview of the factors that limit access to veterinary drugs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well as the international policy tools and arrangements that claim to improve it.MethodsWe have conducted a scoping review of the scientific and grey literature as well as the publicly-available data from both the animal health industry and international organizations. We aimed to gather information on the veterinary drugs market in SSA as well as on the international norms, recommendations, guidelines, and initiatives that impact SSA farmers' access to these drugs.FindingsWe highlight numerous barriers to veterinary drug access in SSA. The SSA market is highly dependent on imports, yet the region attracts little attention from the international companies capable of exporting to it. It suffers from a high level of fragmentation and weak distribution infrastructures and services, and is driven by the multiplication of private non-professional actors playing a growing role in the veterinary drug supply chain. The distribution system is increasingly dualized, with on the one hand the public sector (supported by development organizations) supplying small scale farmers in rural areas, but with limited and irregular means; and on the other side a private sector largely unregulated which supplies commercial and industrial farming systems. Different innovations have been developed at the international and regional levels to try to reduce barriers, such as homogenizing national legislations, donations, and vaccine banks. Alongside decades-old inter-state cooperation, many new forms of public-private partnerships and other hybrid forums continue to emerge, signaling the private sector's increasing influence in global governance.ConclusionsPolicies on animal health would be bolstered by a better understanding of the drivers behind and the components of access to veterinary drugs in different regional and national contexts. Inequalities in drug access need to be addressed and a market-driven approach adopted in order to strengthen our understanding of what determines veterinary drug use at the farm level. Policies should balance the interests of the various stakeholders, being careful not to reinforce bias toward certain diseases deemed “interesting” and neglect others that could prove to be highly important for veterinary public health.

Socio-Ecological Effects on the Patterns of Non-native Plant Distributions on Hainan Island

Non-native plants spread to recipient areas via natural or human-mediated modes of dispersal, and, if the non-native species are invasive, introduction potentially causes impacts on native plants and local ecosystems as well as economic losses. Therefore, we studied the diversity and distributional patterns of non-native plant species diversity in the tropical island province of Hainan, China and its relationships with environmental and socioeconomic factors by generating a checklist of species and subsequently performing an analysis of phylogenetic diversity. To generate the checklist, we began with the available, relevant literature representing 19 administrative units of Hainan and determined the casual, naturalized, or invasive status of each species by conducting field surveys within 14 administrative units. We found that non-native plants of Hainan comprise 77 casual species, 42 naturalized species, and 63 invasive species. Moreover, we found that non-native plant species had diverse origins from North and South America, Africa, and Asia and that the most common species across administrative areas belong to the plant families Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Moreover, the numbers of non-native species distributed in the areas of Hainan bording the coast arer greater than those within interior areas of the province. Among the coastal areas, Haikou has the highest species richness and, simultaneously, the highest values for significantly, positively correlated predictor variables, population and GDP (R2 = 0.60, P < 0.01; R2 = 0.64, P < 0.01, respectively). In contrast, the landlocked administrative units of Tunchang and Ding’an have the smallest number of non-native species, while their populations are less than a quarter of that of Haikou and their GDP less than one tenth. Among natural environmental variables, we determined that the number of non-native species had the strongest correlation with the minimum temperature in the coldest month, which predicts a smaller number of non-native species. Additionally, non-native species are primarily distributed in urban and rural built-up areas and agricultural areas; areas that are dominated by human activities. Overall, our study provides a working checklist of the non-native plants of Hainan as well as a theoretical framework and reference for the control of invasive plants of the province.

Asymmetric price effects on food demand of rural households: Panel evidence from China

This study aims at detecting asymmetric price effects on food demand for rural households and compares different specifications for including reference prices in demand models. Different from the standard demand model, asymmetric price effects on food demand imply that households react stronger to price increases than price decreases as compared with the reference price. This study tests for asymmetric price effects on food demand separately for pure consumers and farmers in rural areas for the first time. Using three waves of a rural household panel survey in six poor counties of China, this study shows asymmetric price effects on demand for rice and potatoes for pure consumers, and for pork for farmers. Comparisons of different methods of specifying the reference price in demand models show that the model adding price increase and price decrease terms to the standard demand model has a coherent foundation in demand theory and incorporates both acquisition and transaction utility. Although this model had a slightly better fit to the data than the segmented price model—separating people facing price decreases from people facing price increases—it hardly showed evidence of asymmetric price effects. Asymmetric price effects were mostly found to be significant in the segmented price model. Taking into account asymmetric price effects in food demand analysis uncovers the complexity of the mechanism of price effects on demand under different price change directions and may be helpful in estimating less biased price elasticities. Possible causes of mixed asymmetric price effects for different food items and different types of households are discussed.

Socio-economic Analysis among the Farmers Engaged in Sericulture Practices in Jorhat District of Assam, India

Sericulture is profitable and a labour intensive industry with very low input that gives employment generations and regular income to the farmers. Socio-economic factors play an important role in determining the knowledge and adoption levels of sericulture practices for production of eri, muga and mulberry Silk. An investigation has been conducted to know the socio-economic condition of seri farmers in Jorhat and Majuli (undivided) district of Assam. The study revealed that majority of the sericulture farmers of the study are belonged to middle age group (60.00%), high school passed (34.17%), other backward class (OBC) caste (30.84%), small size family (60.83%) and exclusively of farming category (45.83%) as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents are marginal farmers (61.67%) having operational land holding of below 1 hector, annual income (37.50%) were in the range of Rs.35001 to Rs.75000/-. About 50% of the respondents involved in eri culture, muga culture (25%) and in mulberry culture. (25%), have medium level of source of extension contact (67.50%), medium level of risk bearing ability (78.33%) and medium level of decision making ability (79.17%) and 42.50 % of the farmers got training exposure to sericulture practices. The study indicates that Sericulture can come out as the most vital opening, in generating income among the farmers in rural areas. Most of the farmers involved in sericultural activities have minimum educational qualification, so government and state sericulture department can organize effective training and development activities along with the line departments to uplift socio-economic status of the seri farmers in rural areas.

Constraints to Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture in Rural Farming Areas in Oyo State, Nigeria

This study examined the major barriers to women empowerment in agriculture in rural farming areas in Oyo State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 100 women farmers and primary data was collected with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data and the findings are presented in table and chart. The study revealed that the inability to access formal credit (x̅= 4.61), heavy domestic workload ( x̅= 4.36 ), and poor pricing of produce (x̅= 3.89 ) are major barriers to women empowerment in agriculture in the study area. Therefore, providing access to formal credit facilities, provision of labour-saving technologies, and regulation of agricultural produce prices will enable women’s empowerment in agriculture.

Kierunki rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Ukrainie i w Polsce

The aim of the article is to analyze in comparative perspective the peculiarities of functioning of rural areas in Ukraine and Poland. The study posed the following research questions: about the features of rural areas in Poland and Ukraine, about the changes that took place in rural areas in both countries, and to what extent the process of transformation of rural areas in Poland can be an example for Ukraine. The work is based on an analysis of statistical data from 2011–2020, a review of the scientific literature and strategic documents. The following research methods were used in the research: comparative analysis, monographic method, case study (characteristics of development directions in the Lublin and Tarnopol regions), and abstract logical method. The authors studied different approaches to understanding of the concept of rural area, taking into account their status, tendencies and the main problematic aspects of their development. There have been analyses of the factors that influenced the current state of development of agriculture in rural areas in both countries: the administrative-territorial reforms and of the impact of decentralization processes on the functioning of rural areas. The article also defines the main problems in rural areas, including demographic issues. The population employment index in urban and rural areas in Ukraine and Poland was analyzed. The necessary conditions for the further development of rural areas were determined. The example of Poland shows the great importance of carrying out today’s administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine at the lowest level of the country’s territorial division – the local one, and a thorough strengthening of the role and economic potential of local self-government in the rural areas.

PERAN MUHAMMADIYAH DALAM PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT AGRARIS DI KABUPATEN BANDUNG

<p><em>Community welfare is not only the responsibility of the central government but all parties according to their respective roles and functions. Considering that Indonesia is an agricultural country where most population works as farmers in rural areas, attention to developing farmer</em><em> </em><em>economic capacity is important in efforts to improve the welfare of the community. Muhammadiyah as a religious-based community organization has carried out its ‘dakwah’ role through the development of agrarian communities in rural areas. This study aims to determine farmers characteristics associated with the level of this role through a quantitative research approach. The testing technique in this study was carried out using three-box method and chi-square Pearson on survey data was collected non-probability with the technique as purposive samples. The results show that Muhammadiyah plays very significant role as a learning class, a forum for cooperation, and a production unit for farmers in Bandung Regency. Farmer's age, education level, length of farming, and income level had positively related, and group experience was negatively related to Muhammadiyah's role as learning class. Education level and length of farming had positive relationship, and farmer's income level had negative relationship with Muhammadiyah roles as production unit. Outstanding roles achievement from group to develop an agrarian society had a relationship with farmer characteristics that should be considered by interested parties for the farmer welfare, to achieve the role of group as an institution following the common ideals and expectations of farmers.</em></p>

Pembuatan dan Uji Kinerja Mesin Pemipil Jagung Ban

A tire type corn sheller design is intended to assist in shelling corn for seed. The use of car tires instead of cylinders is intended to minimize damage to corn kernels. This sheller machine consists of main components: frame, sheller tire, concave, corn cob extraction, corn kernel extraction, and bearings. The engine is driven by a 6.5 HP petrol motor which is connected via belts and pulleys which transmit torque from the motor to the tire sheller shaft. The prototype of this machine has been tested for its performance and obtained shelling efficiency of 83.39% with a capacity of 87.92 kg/hour of shelled corn. Machines are easy to make with easily available materials that are relatively cheap and affordable, portable so that they are suitable for farmers in rural areas.

The impact of climate change to livelihood vulnerability for smallholders farmers in Wonogiri, Indonesia

Climate change has affected human life, especially farmers in rural areas. Their livelihoods are very dependent on the climate so that their socio-economic life becomes vulnerable. If there is a risk of crop failure, the community becomes vulnerable to poverty and hunger. This study determines the livelihood vulnerability of smallholders in Wonogiri District, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents in the sub-districts of Girimarto, Eromoko, and Tirtomoyo. The number of respondents was 120 households which were selected for farmers who only own less than 2 hectares of land. Descriptive statistics and modified social vulnerability index (SoVI) were used in data analysis. We measured the level of vulnerability for economic and social. The results show that climate change to social vulnerability index with SoVI scores of 0.68 for Tirtomoyo, 0.61 for Girimarto, and 0.55 for Eromoko, respectively. The differences in components between the three sample areas include regional gross domestic product (GDRP), poverty rate, population density, population growth rate, sex ratio, children, and elderly. The results of the study conclude that climate change has the potential to cause poverty levels in the three sub-districts to increase. In terms of resilience, they are quite resilient because they do not depend on government assistance. However, when climate change causes continuous crop failure, the level of resilience of farmers will also decline.

Comparative occupational health risk between tobacco and paddy farming people in Bangladesh

Background and aimsEvery profession comes with distinct sets of health risks.The study aims to assess occupational health hazards between tobacco and paddy farming people.Also, it specifies what kind of diseases they have to face due to farming and tries to understand their health-seeking behaviors. MethodsThe study adopts mixed methods with qualitative/quantitative and secondary and primary data. The primary data was collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, and observation. The researcher selected a village (Village name Panchbari), where 25 paddy farmer families as a sample.However, in the case of tobacco farming people, the researcher has taken 384 tobacco farming-related respondents as a sample based on the theory of sampling for the unknown population. ResultsResults suggest that almost 90% of tobacco workers and 72% of paddy workers think work involved with crop farming and processing had health risks. Green Tobacco Sickness was the most common problem with tobacco farming people. However, the study found different scenarios like low stamina, vomiting, and headache were the three most common health problems experienced by paddy farming people. Besides, breathing problems, headaches during working time, skin rash, and vomiting were also common. The output of the study suggests that paddy farming is safer than tobacco farming in occupational health problems and people were not much concerned about using protecting gears. ConclusionThe study will play an influential role in understanding the occupational health risk of farmers in rural areas. In addition, the findings of the study can be helpful for rural health professionals to understand the types of health risks associated with the farming of paddy and tobacco.

AgriWealth: IoT based farming system

The agricultural sector in India accounts for a significant part of the country's GDP and is the primary income source for many farmers in rural areas. While it creates employment opportunities and offers food security for the entire nation, the lack of infrastructure and resources might be limiting its potential to thrive further. One of the aspects addressed in this paper is low yield production. With the aid of a sensor-based irrigation model, data is collected and analyzed in the cloud to enable real-time monitoring. It is then integrated with an Android application for displaying results in an user-friendly interface. Through the application, farmers can control the farm manually, or with a timer in minutes. The Machine Learning model predicts the suitable crops, in accordance with varying weather parameters. The application has a classified portal for farmers and customers to buy/sell directly, eliminating any involvement of mediators. One of the novelties in this research includes monitoring/controlling farm equipment and predicting field crops from a locally installed LCD display and keypad present in farmer's respective homes. The proposed work aims to create an energy-efficient, user-friendly framework for the agricultural workforce, yielding better crop production, improving farmers' living standards, and contributing effectively to the nation's economic growth. The prototype shows a reduction of water usage in fields by more than 60%. In order to incorporate the model with the best behavior in Android Application, different Machine Learning algorithms have been studied, among which Random Forest has been selected with a test accuracy of 91.59%.

Appraising Agroecological Urbanism: A Vision for the Future of Sustainable Cities

By the mid-century, urban areas are expected to house two-thirds of the world’s population of approximately 10 billion people. The key challenge will be to provide food for all with fewer farmers in rural areas and limited options for expanding cultivated fields in urban areas, with sustainable soil management being a fundamental criterion for achieving sustainability goals. Understanding how nature works in a fast changing world and fostering nature-based agriculture (such as low-input farming) are crucial for sustaining food systems in the face of worsening urban heat island (UHI) effects and other climatic variables. The best fit for the context is transformative agroecology, which connects ecological networks, sustainable farming approaches, and social movements through change-oriented research and action. Even though agroecology has been practiced for over a century, its potential to address the socioeconomic impact of the food system remained largely unexplored until recently. Agroecological approaches, which involve effective interactions between researchers, policy makers, farmers, and consumers, can improve social cohesion and socioeconomic synergies while reducing the use of various agricultural inputs. This review presents a timeline of agroecology transformation from the past to the present and discusses the possibilities, prospects, and challenges of agroecological urbanism toward a resilient urban future.