Family Farms Research Articles

Northeast Bank of Brazil's Role in Promoting Entrepreneurial Innovation in Family Farming through Renewable Energy Financing

Objective: This study aims to analyze the influence of Banco do Nordeste (Northeast Bank of Brazil) in promoting innovative entrepreneurship in family farming through its renewable energy financing policies. Method: A quantitative research methodology was employed, involving a survey of 164 family farmers located in the rural areas of Rio Grande do Norte. The collected data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) to assess the relationships between entrepreneurial innovation, renewable energy adoption, and competitive advantage in family farming. Results: The findings demonstrate that innovative entrepreneurship facilitated by Banco do Nordeste's financing policies significantly contributes to 59.5% of the development in family farming. Furthermore, renewable energy adoption is shown to have a considerable influence, accounting for 39.3% of the entrepreneurial innovation by lowering operational costs and minimizing environmental impacts. These results underscore the critical role of Banco do Nordeste in supporting regional development and encouraging sustainable practices among family farmers. Conclusions: The study concludes that Banco do Nordeste’s renewable energy financing policies are instrumental in fostering entrepreneurial innovation and promoting the sustainable development of family farming. This emphasizes the need for increased awareness and dissemination of such financing programs to enhance their effectiveness. Additionally, the development of a framework for analyzing entrepreneurial innovation in family farming offers a valuable resource for future research and policy development.

Sustainability of Production in Melon Growing Farms: The Case of Hatay Province

The aim of this study is to reveal the functioning and sustainability of melon producing farms in Hatay province. In the research, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 50 melon farmers in Hatay province. Additionally, the problems and disruptions encountered in melon production were identified in the study. Female labor is used extensively in melon production. In 2022, it was determined that women working in melon cultivation work for a daily wage of ₺150 (approximately $9). In 2021, 1 638 638 tons of melons were produced in an area of 668 753 ha in Türkiye. In Hatay, 32 537 tons of melons were produced from 13 230 decares of cultivation area. In addition, Kırıkhan melon received a geographical indication. Kırıkhan melon is a product that attracts attention in terms of taste and aroma. Melon prices follow a fluctuating trend during the production season. Input costs are also a serious problem in melon production. The average melon production cost was ₺10692 (approximately $590) for 1 decare. High costs threaten the sustainability of small family farms in production. As a result, farmers need to be supported and encouraged for production. Otherwise, melon production will be abandoned by small family farms. In this regard, it is important to increase training and publication activities.

Preventive, Curative, and Tolerance Practices: Family Farmers' Local Ecological Knowledge regarding Harmful Crop Arthropods in NW Patagonia

Family farming systems face the challenge of carrying out their activities alongside Harmful Arthropods (HA), which cause damage to edible, wild, and cultivated plants that are fundamental for farmers. This case study, with farmers from the Nahuel Huapi Family Farmers Free Fair (FFAFNH, Spanish acronym), shows some distinctive elements of Local Ecological Knowledge about HA (LEKHA). LEKHA investigated about seven HA among farmers regarding nomenclature, characterization, ecological aspects, cultivated species affected, ways of acquiring and transmitting knowledge, management practices, and HA's importance. Discussed how these aspects allow us to infer the hybrid character of LEKHA, which articulates traditional knowledge of peasant agriculture and Scientific Technical Knowledge (STK). A participatory workshop was carried out, which emerged as a request and demand from the members of the FFAFNH. Fifteen local names were registered, two of which were Mapuche. Most of the HA are recognized as harmful to more than one plant, and the majority (60%) have been with farmers for a long time. Regarding management, preventive practices predominated (57%) over curative practices (14%). We postulated a new HA management practice, "tolerance" (29%), which implies that HA coexist with people in their productive spaces and are deliberately allowed to follow their natural cycles. The predominant ways of acquiring and transmitting knowledge are idiosyncratic and oblique (35% each). The workshop was an instance of reinforcement and self-validation of LEKHA, where a dialogue of knowledge was established back and forth with the STK.

Pesticide exposure and blood cholinesterase levels among adolescents from farming families in Northern Thailand.

Adolescents living in agricultural communities may be at risk for the adverse effects of pesticide exposure because they are involved in agriculture either as a career or to support their families. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of farm activities related to pesticide exposure on blood cholinesterase (ChE) levels among adolescents from farming families in the north of Thailand. This cross-sectional study included 336 adolescents aged 12-19 years from farming families in Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province. Data on pesticide exposure was collected using a questionnaire, and blood ChE activity was assessed using a ChE reactive paper test kit via fingerstick blood sampling. Overall, 51.2% of participants had abnormal blood ChE levels. Univariable logistic regression analysis revealed that pesticide-related activities on farms associated with abnormal ChE levels were mixing/spraying (OR=10.54; 95%CI=4.63-23.99), assisting or working in areas with pesticide application (OR=5.54; 95%CI=3.45-8.89), and harvesting (OR=3.70; 95%CI=2.35-5.82). In a multivariable model (Nagelkerke R2=0.374), mixing/spraying (OR=4.90; 95%CI=2.03-11.83) and assisting or working in areas with pesticide application (OR=2.61; 95%CI=1.49-4.57) were significantly associated with abnormal ChE levels, but harvesting (OR=1.48; 95%CI=0.84-2.61) was not significant after adjusting for sex, age in years, and entering or walking through a farm. The findings indicated that Thai adolescents living in farming families are at risk of pesticide exposure, particularly those involved in agricultural activities such as pesticide applicators. An intervention and measure to raise awareness and reduce the risk of pesticide exposure in adolescents is required.

Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE): um modelo conceitual das barreiras à aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar

ABSTRACT: The National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is the oldest and most extensive food and nutrition program in Brazil. Art. 14 of Law 11.947 stipulate that at least 30% of its operational resources need be used to purchase family farming products. However, there are important barriers that hinder the application of this law. The present article developed a conceptual model that described and analyzed the barriers to this requirement. A systematic literature review identified twelve barriers, divided into three constructs political administrative infrastructure and human capital, which enables PNAE management to develop mitigation strategies, including a larger number of farmers in the program, thereby increasing its efficiency.

Multidimensional analysis for assessing sustainability determinants of rice farming in Siak, Riau

Abstract This study was conducted in five villages in Bunga Raya District (Kemuning Muda, Bunga Raya, Tuah Indrapura, Jayapura, and Buantan Lestari), the rice production centers of Siak Regency, Riau. The research location was selected based on the largest percentage of rice field area. The research was conducted from January to July 2019. This research aims to determine sustainable lowland rice farming management variables for future lowland rice farming development in Bunga Raya District, Siak Regency. Purposive sampling was used to choose the 82 sample farmers, who were selected using the Slovin equation. The respondents are selected with a margin of error of 7% of the total population of farmer families. Data was gathered through the use of interview techniques, questionnaires, and field observations. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used to analyze sustainable rice farming management factors after updating the Rapfish program. According to the findings of the sustainability study of 42 studied variables, 12 of them show sensitivity. Five of the ten stakeholder needs attributes were examined to provide sensitivity. The combined analysis of current prospective sustainability with stakeholders yielded five attributes determining factors for the sustainability of lowland rice farming in Bunga Raya: land conversion, participation in training/extension services, pesticide use, agro-tourism potential, and farmer capital availability. Another recommendation that policy makers need to consider, which is no less important, is to always preserve the rice field ecosystem by developing natural and human resources, so that increasing the welfare of farmers and increasing regional income can be achieved.

Conference on Sustainable Health and Nutrition During the Life Cycle: Poster Presentations

The 1st International Conference on Sustainable Health and Nutrition during the Life Cycle, hosted by Rio de Janeiro State University in March 2024, convened diverse attendees from various disciplines. The conference aimed to democratize knowledge on sustainable health and nutrition while fostering networking opportunities. Abstract submissions came from students, healthcare professionals, educators, and researchers, leading to a rigorous selection process for oral and poster presentations. Embracing sustainability, the conference adopted a paperless approach with digital poster presentations. Keynote sessions addressed pressing issues like childhood obesity prevention and the intricate links between agroecology and nutrition. Discussions highlighted community action initiatives, including Afro-ancestral perspectives on healthy eating and the promotion of urban gardens. The launch of a book on non-conventional edible plants underscored the importance of food sovereignty and security. Engaging coffee breaks showcased products from family farming, featuring nutritional and gastronomic education activities. The conference's success paves the way for future events, signaling a strong likelihood of future editions. Overall, it provided a vital platform for dialogue, community building, and inclusivity in sustainable health and nutrition, setting a high standard for future endeavors. diverse attendees from various disciplines, the conference aimed to democratize knowledge on sustainable health and nutrition while fostering networking opportunities. Abstract submissions came from students, healthcare professionals, educators, and researchers, leading to a rigorous selection process for oral and poster presentations. Embracing sustainability, the conference adopted a paperless approach with digital poster presentations. Keynote sessions addressed pressing issues like childhood obesity prevention and the intricate links between agroecology and nutrition. Discussions highlighted community action initiatives, including Afro-ancestral perspectives on healthy eating and the promotion of urban gardens. The launch of a book on non-conventional edible plants underscored the importance of food sovereignty and security. Engaging coffee breaks showcased products from family farming, featuring nutritional and gastronomic education activities. The conference's success paves the way for future events, signalling a strong likelihood of future editions. Overall, it provided a vital platform for dialogue, community building, and inclusivity in sustainable health and nutrition, setting a high standard for future endeavours.

Conference on Sustainable Health and Nutrition During the Life Cycle: Keynote Sessions and Oral Presentations

The 1st International Conference on Sustainable Health and Nutrition during the Life Cycle, hosted by Rio de Janeiro State University, convened diverse attendees from various disciplines in March 2024. The conference aimed to democratise knowledge on sustainable health and nutrition while fostering networking opportunities. Abstract submissions came from students, healthcare professionals, educators, and researchers, leading to a rigorous selection process for oral and poster presentations. Embracing sustainability, the conference adopted a paperless approach with digital poster presentations. Keynote sessions addressed pressing issues like childhood obesity prevention and the intricate links between agroecology and nutrition. Discussions highlighted community action initiatives, including Afro-ancestral perspectives on healthy eating and the promotion of urban gardens. The launch of a book on non-conventional edible plants underscored the importance of food sovereignty and security. Engaging coffee breaks showcased products from family farming, featuring nutritional and gastronomic education activities. The conference's success paves the way for future events, signalling a strong likelihood of future editions. Overall, it provided a vital platform for dialogue, community building, and inclusivity in sustainable health and nutrition, setting a high standard for future endeavours.

Perspectives pour l’environnement et l’agriculture brésilienne

Brazil is a major producer of food, fiber, and bioenergy because the natural and technological conditions are favorable. The Michel Temer and Jair Bolsonaro governments have encouraged the deforestation and occupation of indigenous territories. They have lowered social protection and family farming policies. As a result, one third of the population is food insecure and more than 33 million people have fallen back into poverty. The current government should prioritize the fight against poverty and hunger. It will have to (a) recover social protection policy and stimulate food production in a more sustainable way through family farming and (b) revitalize institutions, environmental protection programs, and resume international agreements on climate and biodiversity.

Addressing the Twin Threats: Combating Child Stunting and Poverty Among Indonesian Farmworker Families

This study identifies the underlying factors contributing to child stunting and poverty among Indonesian farmworker households. We use logistic regression and the Indonesian Family Life Survey to measure this study. The findings indicate that social and demographic factors significantly influence poverty among farming families. Families with more farming businesses and land ownership are less likely to be poor. However, there is no significant link between agricultural productivity and child stunting. Positive factors for child nutrition include exclusive breastfeeding for at least two years and a father's higher education level. In contrast, older maternal age and larger household size increase the likelihood of child stunting. The study highlights the importance of social and demographic factors in addressing poverty and child health in agricultural settings. Parental education and breastfeeding practices play crucial roles in preventing stunting. To address these issues, policies should focus on educating parents about the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and early childhood nutrition. Supporting farming families by increasing agricultural productivity and land ownership is essential. Developing targeted nutritional programs for children in larger households and those with older mothers can help prevent stunting.

Kampung Durian Pranan Agritourism Initiatives: An Analysis of Actor Dynamics

Developing agritourism is a useful strategy to enhance the value of the local agriculture industry. Agritourism utilises agricultural products and activities to attract tourists to rural areas. As an early stage of agritourism development, land conversion has become a supporter of attempts to create agritourism attractions. The notion of locality exists to distinguish and identify the tourism attraction area. This research focuses on durian agritourism in Padukuhan Pranan, Banjaroya Village, Kalibawang, Kulon Progo Regency, Special Region of Jogjakarta. Special attention is made to the dynamics of the local actors. Data collection was carried out using ethnographic methods through observation and in-depth interviews, for approximately three months (July-September 2023). The informants in this research were several actors involved in the development and management of Kampung Durian Pranan agritourism. The study discovered that converting the property to agritourism benefited Padukuhan Pranan by establishing the Kepranan durian as a symbol of local identity. With its central emphasis on the local populace, the Pranan Durian Village Festival serves as an outstanding instance of the substantial contributions made by community members. The collaborative efforts of local actors to effect positive change are exemplified through the festival’s design and execution, which are built upon their roles as initiators, motivators, and educators. However, it is worth noting that the reestablishment of a sustainable family farm as a means to regenerate agritourism’s sustainability has yet to transpire due to the continued dearth of interest among the younger generation in agritourism. Hence, agritourism planning needs to be designed by organising activities involving the younger generation and rebuilding family farms to create resilience and sustainability.

Effects of participation in cooperatives on the cultivated land quality protection behavior of grain family farms: evidence from China

Effects of participation in cooperatives on the cultivated land quality protection behavior of grain family farms: evidence from China

The “dreaded” daughter-in-law in Australian farm business succession

Egalitarian gender norms and legislative rights to property may be a threat to the successful intergenerational transfer of the family farm. This article examines how the land holding generation perceives the role of daughters-in-law in reproducing the family farm. We examine the site of farm succession and intergenerational transfer. We draw on interviews with 22 farm succession professionals. Our analysis demonstrates the land holding generation see the financial reproduction of the Australian family farm as reliant on women's off-farm work and the biological, social and cultural reproduction of the family farm is reliant on women's role adherence to traditional gender norms. This creates tensions within family farms that the landholding generation aim to resolve through legal protections of the farm asset against a claim by the daughter-in-law and by discursively punishing role digression. Given the reliance of Australian family farms on women's labour contributions, these actions may threaten rather than ensure the continuity of family farming.

Розвиток соціальної сфери українського села: регіональний аспект

The research paper aims to highlight the specific characteristics of social development in rural areas and identify new job opportunities for village residents. These include diversifying agricultural production and expanding into other sectors of the regional economy. The focus is on encouraging self-employment, entrepreneurship, and employment in small towns and villages for the rural population, offering a promising future for these areas. Research methodology. In this article, we utilized the abstract-logical method to identify the theoretical foundations of the social sphere development in rural areas and agrarian formations of different scales. We also employed the monographic approach to examine the perspectives of various experts on the issues relating to the development of the social sphere in rural areas and the significance of management forms, particularly family farms, in promoting employment and self-employment among rural residents. Additionally, we used analysis and synthesis to evaluate the effectiveness of management forms in rural areas. The current state of development of the national agricultural sector of Ukraine emphasizes the importance of the social sphere of rural areas and the contribution of small forms of management, which in the domestic legal field, scientific and statistical literature are defined such as individual peasant and farm households, small rural enterprises, and households. Ensuring the development of small forms of business in the system of rural formations is an essential component of the effective functioning of the domestic agrarian sector as a component of the national economic system. In turn, this determines the need to analyze the features of the use of the available resource potential, as well as the results of the economic activity of the representatives of this group of farmers. However, intensive agricultural technologies have led to unemployment in many villages, leading to the degradation of rural areas, worsening demographic situations, and reduced life expectancy. Elements of scientific novelty. The author has developed various approaches to assessing social efficiency, which include several methodological features: 1. Social efficiency should be determined at two levels: local (at a specific enterprise, as the degree of satisfaction of its employees’ social needs) and regional/national (as the degree of social protection and equal provision of social needs for different population segments by local bodies and the state as a whole). 2. It is crucial to determine the absolute scale and relative level of satisfaction of various social needs of employees at a particular enterprise, whether through its resources, the region’s population, or the state. 3. When assessing social effectiveness, various socially important measures funded by local and national budgets must also be considered. 4. The precise determination of social efficiency should involve quantitative measurement and assessment of the effect and costs of a complete set of measures, including those for which quantitative measurement of the effect is impossible. Based on the research results, it is obtained that the social sphere of the region’s villages is diverse, with small-scale farms playing a crucial role in ensuring food safety and reducing unemployment in rural areas. The research confirms that in the long term, a dual approach is necessary for addressing this issue: firstly, a consistent focus on market relations to ensure the competitiveness of products from all types of enterprises — small, medium, and large; and secondly, the improvement of quality of life and the development of social infrastructure in rural areas to sustain them as the foundation for livelihoods and employment for the rural population, engaging all stakeholders in finding solutions. Keywords: development, agriculture, demographic processes, social sphere, livelihood, territorial environment, labor, environment, social efficiency, food security, self-realization.

PRZYDATNOŚĆ TECHNOLOGICZNA MLEKA DO PRODUKCJI TWAROGÓW W GOSPODARSTWACH RODZINNYCH W SEZONIE LETNIM I ZIMOWYM

The aim of the study was to compare quality of curd cheeses produced from raw and pasteurized milk in a family farm in the summer and winter seasons. Conducted analyses showed that the season of the year, in which milk was produced, influenced its chemical composition and selected quality attributes. In terms of milk processability a more advantageous composition and better quality attributes were found in winter compared to summer. Quality of produced curd cheeses was affected by the season of milk production as well as milk type (raw vs. pasteurized). In the winter season the yield of curd cheese was over 1.5-fold greater from pasteurized milk in comparison to the summer season. Curd cheeses produced from raw milk were firmer, more elastic and sliceable, while those produced from pasteurized milk were less cohesive and more suitable was spreads. The organoleptic analysis of curd cheeses showed that more advantageous consumer value was found for cheeses produced in the winter season.

Stress, Mental Health, and Risk-Taking: Associations among a Sample of Agricultural Adolescents.

Farm stress and mental health research has largely focused on adult producers, even though youths live and work on farms. The purpose of this study is to describe the stress and mental health experience of agricultural youths and describe participation in risk-taking behaviors. Farm families in the U.S. were invited to participate in an online survey that inquired about farm economics, stress (ASQ-S), mental health (PHQ-A and SCARED), parenting, social support, and risk-taking behaviors during the summers in 2021 and 2022. This analysis is limited to adolescent respondents (N = 298). Just over 70% of the farm adolescent sample met the criteria for at least mild symptoms of depression (PHQ-A score ≥ 5). Among anxiety disorders, 62.8% of the farm adolescent sample met the criteria for probable panic disorder, and 70.5% met the criteria for probable separation anxiety disorder. Adolescents reported the most stress around future uncertainty and school performance. The stress scores were significantly associated with more symptoms of depression. Over a quarter (27.7%) of the participants reported carrying a weapon at least 1 day in the past month, and 22.5% reported carrying a weapon on school property at least 1 day in the past month. Violence-related risk-taking behaviors were also associated with increased symptoms of depression. The results underscore the need for community- and school-based stress and mental health interventions in rural and agricultural communities.

Agroecological Pathways of Family Farmers in Northern Uruguay

In Uruguay, to address the socio-environmental problems generated by the production model resulting from the Green Revolution, several civil society organizations promoted the creation of a National Agroecology Plan (NAP) in 2015. The enactment of Law No.19.717, declaring a general interest and establishing a National Honorary Commission and a National Plan for the Promotion of Production with Agroecological Bases, along with recent calls from the “Senda Agroecológica” initiative, provide a favorable scenario to envision new production systems with agroecological foundations and pose a challenge for agronomic research. Despite this law defining family farmers as its main beneficiaries and the majority being livestock producers, there are few studies on the role of their technical and organizational practices in agroecological transition and the definition of agroecology. To contribute to filling this gap, the research aimed to identify the role of these practices, both individually and collectively, in defining agroecology and its trajectory. A theoretical framework and methodology were developed to analyze the practices and strategies of family livestock farmers and their relationships with technicians. Situations of change were identified, such as tick biological control and natural field management, through interviews and group work with farmers and technicians. Agroecological transition trajectories were analyzed, considering the role of territories in coordinating actions among diverse actors and establishing new identities and action devices, such as public policies and institutional projects. Results at both individual and collective levels indicate multiple transition paths, dependent on the specific situation of farms and projects. The analyzed cases reveal diversity in transitions without any prevailing. The challenge lies in turning these transformations into drivers of processes towards a strong agroecology, requiring support, assistance and guidance actions in the implementation of public policies.

DETERMINANTS OF FARMER SUICIDE SYNDROME: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS

This communication delves into the suicide syndrome among farmers, leading to their tragic decision to commit suicide. It examines the factors driving this drastic and irreversible choice, with a specific focus on Mandya and Haveri districts in Karnataka. A total of 60 kin member of an affected farmers family was interviewed personally to obtain first-hand data using well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The results revealed that, correlation coefficient of independent variables of affected farmers, age, education, farming experience, cosmopoliteness, scientific orientation, information seeking behaviour and deferred gratification have exhibited positive and highly significant (p<0.01) relationship with suicide syndrome among pooled affected farmers. Correlation coefficients of independent variables for non-affected farmers, farming experience, family type, caste, economic motivation, innovativeness, and risk orientation have exhibited positive and highly significant (p<0.01) relationship with suicide syndrome among pooled non-affected farmers. Results of multiple regression analysis carried out for affected farmers in Mandya and Haveri districts reveal that, scientific orientation (t=2.82 ** ), information seeking bahaviour (t=2.50 ** ) and management orientation (t=2.81 ** ) have shown positive and highly significant contribution at one per cent level. Multiple regression analysis for non-affected farmers indicates that, among six independent variables, management orientation contributed significantly (t=2.68 ** ) for the suicide syndrome level at one per cent level. Keywords : determina

Students’ interest in agribusiness as a future career

Purpose. This study was conducted among Bangladeshi undergraduate agricultural students to see how likely they were to launch their agribusinesses after awarding Bachelor’s degrees. Methodology / approach. As an agricultural country, agribusiness among the students is increasingly important. To achieve the purpose, we selected undergraduate students from the University of Rajshahi as the respondents. Agriculture, Fisheries, and Veterinary Science students were surveyed to determine their interest in starting an agribusiness (opening their own enterprises) after graduation. Questionnaire data were subjected to a logit regression analysis. Results. Most students come from rural backgrounds and many work in family farming either directly or indirectly, only a small percentage of them (29.6 %) want to start an agribusiness after graduation. Most students think working for the Government or providing other services is safer than doing business. Except for students whose families had large landholdings, students were not interested in becoming agribusiness entrepreneurs, although female students were more curious than males. The students perceived agribusiness as too risky and preferred civil service or other service sector employment over any business. If they were to set up such companies, they would be the most interested in fruits and vegetables, feed mills, beef, floriculture, and fisheries. Part of the reason for this disinclination to entrepreneurship is South Asian culture, which values security over independence, although agriculture, where the product is perishable, is risky. Originality / scientific novelty. Over the last 10 years, there has been a decline in total agricultural employment despite a rise in the youth unemployment rate. Encouraging these young people to go into agribusiness, we can reduce unemployment and increase agricultural productivity. But, regarding the interest of young people in Bangladesh in agribusiness, there is no published material. Thus, this study is the first in Bangladesh to assess the interest of agricultural students in starting an agribusiness and describe its determinants. Practical value / implications. The state wants to encourage agribusiness, but does not have a policy to achieve the goal and universities do not even teach this subject to agriculture graduates. If the government is serious about expanding agricultural entrepreneurship, it will have to invest in agribusiness to reduce its risk: in agricultural mechanisation, better rural transport and infrastructure, insurance for agricultural enterprises, mentors to impart business skills and advice, and a national capital fund to invest in such enterprises and finance them by capital rather than by debt.

THE IMPORTANCE OF RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE SREM DISTRICT

Contemporary rural business trends emphasize tourism’s vital role in holistic rural development, signaling forthcoming transformations. In the 21st century, rural tourism must adapt to evolving domestic and international demands, showcasing diverse aspects of rural life. Success in family farms will hinge on effective branding, market understanding, customer relations, and product quality. Methodologically, this study compares demographic and economic indicators across seven municipalities in the Srem District over three years, post-COVID-19. Findings reveal Srem’s rural tourism product lacks market positioning. To excel domestically, Srem must establish itself as a rural tourism hotspot, leveraging its unique attributes for competitive advantage. This entails integrating diverse offerings into a cohesive market presence, fostering spatial connectivity.