Typical Fan Research Articles

Examining the personalities of football fans according to their typologies

This study aims to determine the typologies of football fans and reveal whether personality traits differ according to typologies. In this context, 353 fans who watched the match of the team they support at least twice from the stadium in the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 Turkish Football Super League and First League were included in the study. Based on these results, 353 fans were included in the study, and related analyses were carried out. “Fan Typology Scale” and “Adjective-Based Personality Test (ABPT)” were used as data collection tools. A two-stage hierarchical clustering analysis was used to reveal the fan typology, and the research questions were tested with analysis of variance and chi-square analyses. As a result, four types of fans were obtained in the study: hooligan, fanatic, classic, and social. When the personality traits of the obtained typologies were analyzed, it was found that extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to innovation scores were high, and emotional instability scores were average. However, it was determined that there were no statistically significant differences in the personality traits of the typologies. It is thought that the fact that the personality traits of hooligan fans showing violent tendencies are similar to the classical, social, and fanatic fans will contribute to the literature as one of the striking results of this study.

Why Delight in Screamed Vocals? Emotional Hardcore and the Case Against Beautifying Pain

Abstract Emotional hardcore and other music genres featuring screamed vocals are puzzling for the appreciator. The typical fan attaches appreciative value to musical screams of emotional pain, all the while acknowledging it would be inappropriate to hold similar attitudes towards their sonically similar everyday counterpart: actual human screaming. Call this the screamed vocals problem. To solve the problem, I argue we must attend to the anti-sublimating aims that get expressed in the emotional hardcore vocalist’s choice to scream the lyrics. Screamed vocals help us see the value in rejecting (a) restrictive social norms of emotional expressiveness and (b) restrictive artistic norms about how one ought to express or represent pain in art—namely that if one is going to do so, one must ensure the pain has been ‘beautified’. In developing this second point, I argue that emotional hardcore is well-suited (although not individually so) for putting pressure on longstanding views in the history of aesthetics about the formal relationship between art and human pain.

Investigation of Football Fans’ Perceptions of Event Quality According to their Typologies

This research aims to develop a reliable and validated fan typology scale and to examine whether the perception of the quality of a sports event differs according to fan typology. In the first stage of the research, the scale was developed using quantitative research methods. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to 339 fans, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used on 260 fans. Analysis results show that the structure of the tested scale provides valid and reliable evidence, and the structure consists of 35 items gathered under seven dimensions. After the development of the scale, in the second stage of the research, the relationship between the typologies of the fans and the quality perceptions of the sports event was examined. While Gençlerbirliği and Ankaragücü supporters using the Eryaman Stadium constituted the universe of the research, the sample of the study consisted of 502 fans selected by criterion sampling method. A two-stage hierarchical cluster analysis was used to reveal the fan typology. In addition, the research questions were tested using the t-test, ANOVA, and χ2. It was determined that four types of fans emerged: “hooligan,”“fanatic,”“classical,” and “social.” In addition, it was determined that the perceptions of event quality differed significantly according to the fan’s typologies. In this direction, it can be said that football clubs should develop different communication strategies to improve the perception of all fan types.

Investigation of The Blade’s Sweep Size Effect On the Air Flow Field and The Energy Efficiency of the Ceiling Fan

The ceiling fan is the most economic device to cool the residential areas and as well as commercial areas. The ceiling fan plays vital role in thermal comfort for the people in those areas. Due to recent advancement in technologies ceiling fans are become energy efficient. This paper talks about the comparison of energy efficient and changes in flow field across the user perceiving annulus radius of three different sweep size of ceiling fan. Also suggesting user to select the ceiling fan based on their flow-field requirement. It explains the flexibility of blade design and its effect on flow field. This approach also talks about the power consumption and volumetric airflow for energy efficiency. Specifically, variation from 0.9m, 1.2m and 1.4m sweep size blades considered and compared. The flow field generated by the ceiling fans are captured by Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) technique. All the tree different sweep size ceiling fans are analysed through CFD. The CFD results shows that the 1.4m sweep size blade fan gives more spread and energy efficient than other type of fans.

Development of a cabin for fast freezing in a household refrigerator and examination of its effects on the quality characteristics of beef

In this study, a cabin design was made for fast freezing in household refrigerators using different fan types (radial fan velocity of 1100, 1500 and 1900 rpm) and axial (1350 rpm) and the effects on the quality characteristics of beef were examined. Before the freezing process, the beef (Semitendinosus) was sized at 10 × 10 × 2 cm as a single fillet; 2 × 2 × 2 cm as the cubed sample and the minced beef was prepared by the butcher from the same meat and shaped with the dimensions of 10 × 10 × 2 cm. It was seen that when the fan velocity was 1900 rpm during the freezing process, the weight (0.39–11.61 %) and cooking loss (26.69–44.66 %) values of the beef samples decreased. A decrease was observed in the TBARS values (0.34–0.87) of the sample as the radial fan velocity increased in radial fan. When the total color change values (3.96–7.59) of all beef samples were examined, it was seen that the least color change was achieved with the axial fan before and after cooking. When the textural properties of the meat were examined before and after cooking, it was observed that the hardness decreased as the radial fan velocity increased, and the lowest hardness value was obtained from freezing with the axial fan. In addition, porosity values decreased and protein denaturation temperatures increased due to the formation of smaller ice crystals with the axial fan. As a result, it has been observed that fan type and velocity have significant effects on accelerating the freezing process and preserving the quality of beef samples.

Followers, fans, friends, or haters? A typology of the online interactions and relationships between social media influencers and their audiences based on a social capital framework

Little is known about the characteristics and dynamics within SMI–audience interactions and relationships from the side of SMI. Using interview data from 19 ( N = 19) SMI, this study aims (1) to increase the insights on the development (i.e. predictors and dimensions) and dynamics (i.e. outcomes and feedback loops) of SMI’s social capital and (2) use the social capital framework to develop a typology of different SMI–audience relationships. The resulting typology proposes four types of relationships. The first is the casual follower relationship, characterized by limited intimacy and low-effort contact. Second, the positive fan relationship involves typical fan behavior. These relationships are important for SMI because they offer psychological and commercial gains. Finally, the negative hater and the negative anti-fan relationship were distinguished. Whereas the first is a temporary superficial relationship, the latter has intimacy and reciprocity, which stimulates SMI’s investment. The theoretical and practical implications for SMI and marketing are discussed.

Gatekeeping the Gatekeepers: An Exploratory Study of Transformative Games Fandom & TikTok Algorithms

Within fandoms, gatekeeping practices such as delineating authentic from fake fans filter out certain identities. While the types of fans excluded vary by fandom, mainstream digital games culture–and the hegemonic, masculine groups within it–frequently leverage gatekeeping tactics like harassment to silence or churn others (i.e., women) from participating. While there has been considerable scholarship documenting gatekeeping in online digital games there has been less examination of this occurring within video game fandom. We conducted an exploratory study to investigate gatekeeping in response to TikTok videos about Call of Duty's masculine operator Ghost. We found more comments qualifying as celebratory fun than gatekeeping. We argue that social media spaces by virtue of their recommendation algorithms are productive sites for reimagining games counter to affirmational readings within relatively niche communities.

Using the Murdoch Mysteries fandom to examine the types of content fans share online

For many fans, much (if not all) of their fan behavior is displayed online, across a number of social media platforms through which they can interact and engage with each other and with the subjects of their fandom. This includes not only fan works such as fan fiction and fan art but also behaviors consistent with simply existing as a fan in an online space. The fandom of Murdoch Mysteries (2008–), a Canadian murder mystery TV show, demonstrates how a single fandom can manifest in multiple different ways across different platforms. Fans appear to make specific decisions about how they are willing to engage with their fandom and where.

The Guangya submarine fan in the South China Sea: A distinctive channelized slope-through fan

Submarine fans play a crucial role in understanding deep-sea sedimentary processes, establishing source-to-sink linkages, and identifying deep-water hydrocarbon reservoirs. Various types of submarine fans have been documented. Here we present findings on the Guangya submarine fan in the Southwest subbasin (SWSB) of the South China Sea (SCS), by analyzing multibeam bathymetric and two-dimensional multichannel seismic data. Bathymetric data reveal that the Guangya fan, covering an area of ~22,500 km2, comprises seven leveed channels, leading to a large composite lobe off the channel mouths. Different from typical submarine fans, the Guangya fan exhibits an elongated shape, extending longitudinally from the shelf edge through the slope to the abyssal plain, while laterally confined within a trough-like morphology in the southwestern tip of the SWSB and beyond. Lacking a typical feeding canyon, the fan appears to be self-fed by the leveed channels that serve as the primary depositional element. In contrast to the radial channel pattern in typical fans, the channels within the Guangya fan form a unique braid to dendritic pattern, genetically linked to channel merging and intersecting effects. Long wavelength and low wave height cyclic steps are identified, highlighting the occurrence of energetic supercritical turbidity currents. Seismic stratigraphic analysis shows that the Guangya fan primarily consists of high-amplitude reflections, indicating its coarser-grained or sandy turbidite-dominated nature. The fan has been evolved since the Pliocene, and mainly comprises depositional elements including channel fills, levees, lobes, and mass transport deposits. The specific tectonic context at the convergence of the conjugate margins, bounding the funnel-shaped SWSB, significantly influences the development of the Guangya fan. The Guangya fan could be originated from a shelf-edge staging area predominantly fed by the Mekong River during sea-level lowstands.

Fan conflict or complement? Exploring the intersection of sports betting and team loyalty

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was (1) to examine the underexplored intersection of sports betting and favorite team loyalty, and (2) to assess differences in gambling behavior among sport bettors by varying levels of team loyalty.Design/methodology/approachA total of 1,555 National Football League (NFL) bettors and non-betting NFL fans were surveyed to assess media consumption across a mix of team loyalty attitudes and betting behaviors.FindingsStatistically significant differences were found between four types of NFL fans (casual, team loyalty-dominant, betting-dominant and hybrid) as it relates to media consumption in various forms. Most notably, the results suggested symbiosis between the activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe symbiosis finding, though preliminary, suggests the activity provides an additional platform for consumers to connect with spectator sport. Furthermore, the act of betting, like participation in fantasy sports, appears to spur consumption of the NFL product generally. The study, however, was limited to NFL fans, did not specify the method for sports betting, nor the intensity of gambling.Practical implicationsTeams should not worry that betting detracts from fan engagement with the team product. Also, leagues and media providers should continue to highlight betting content as participants consume at higher rates than non-participating sports fans.Social implicationsTeam fandom may potentially moderate problem behavior among bettors. The betting results indicate being a loyal team fan lowers one’s gambling spend per month and largest bet compared to non-loyal bettors. However, the hybrid fan showed significantly higher media consumption levels.Originality/valueSports fans have more opportunities to interact and engage with their favorite games than ever before. However, consumers have limited amounts of time and money, and this study is one of the first to examine differences in fan interests and behaviors related to sport betting and team loyalty and the resulting viewership and consumption behavior.

Study on flow characteristics of exhaust shaft with parallel fans in high-rise residential buildings

The exhaust shaft is often used to centrally extract cooking fumes captured by parallel fans on each floor of high-rise buildings. Inadequate airflow rate and excessive pressure in the exhaust shaft lead to poor ventilation and unsatisfactory air quality in kitchens. This issue is made worse by mixed installations of exhaust fans with different dynamic performances. In this study, the flow characteristics in the exhaust shaft with parallel fans are investigated by full-scale experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Based on the orthogonal experimental design, the cross-sectional area, concurrent operating rate, operating position distribution, and P-Q curves are key factors affecting the flow rate distribution significantly. Mixed installation of fans deteriorates the uniformity of the flow distribution along the shaft by even 62.6%. The competition for flow rate between different types of fans is obeying the Matthew effect. Concentration at the bottom and more simultaneous operations exacerbate this problem. An 28% enlargement in the shaft size increases the flow rate by 28.9% and improves the uniformity of the flow distribution by 50%. The stack effect is positive and unstable, with up to a 6.49% increase in system flow rate as a function of the cooking heat intensity. This work can provide guidance for the design of centralized exhaust systems in high-rise residential buildings.

A male idol becoming a girl? Nisu fans' sexual fantasy about male stars

The emergent movement of reverse Sue (Nisu) in China refers to the practice of (especially female) fans imagining themselves as having a strong male role to their idols' weak female role. In this process, female fans take on a powerful, active role to protect and look after their male idols in female form. Examining how Nisu fans interact with other types of fans and negotiate a mainstream gender discourse dominated by traditional heterosexual norms reveals how, as a burgeoning subcultural group, female Nisu fans express their subversive potential by seeking the power of an imaginary phallus to defy male hegemony. However, their internal divergence and self-contradiction might weaken this defiance.

Performance improvement and noise reduction analysis of multi-blade centrifugal fan imitating long-eared owl wing surface

This research was inspired by the long-eared owl's ability to fly silently. For the first time in this study, a wind turbine blade is designed to mimic the wing surface and the leading edge of the long-eared owl. The commonly used two-dimensional blade profile in previous studies is replaced by a more effective three-dimensional profile. This change leads to improved aerodynamic performance of the multi-blade centrifugal fan and reduced noise levels. The airfoil and leading edge profile parameters of the long-eared owl were extracted and utilized. These parameters were used to develop a fitting formula based on their correlation. This formula facilitated the design and optimization of a bionic blade (B-Blade). The results indicate a 4.1% enhancement in the maximum flow rate compared to the original blade fan, alongside a noise reduction of 1.3 dB(A) under identical static pressure conditions. An examination of the internal flow, noise, and sound source characteristics of both fan types was conducted, elucidating the aerodynamic noise mechanism. Fan noise propagation showed pronounced dipole sound source traits. The sound source area at the B-Blade fan's inlet and the volute tongue was more compact, leading to a decrease in mid-low frequency discrete noise. The sound source intensity was also diminished. The B-Blade fan also ameliorated the flow distribution at the impeller outlet, reducing the unstable interaction between the impeller and volute tongue, thereby effectively diminishing noise.

A high volumetric flow rate infrasonic cantilever fan

Cantilever fans exhibit the desirable properties of low noise and long lifetime. However, current cantilever fan designs have low volumetric flow rates compared to other fan types. The study was focused on improving the volumetric flow rate, while keeping its desirable properties. Here we show a cantilever fan system that achieves a volumetric flow rate of 58.9 L/s. This was achieved by increasing the size of the fan blades, using high strength spring steel fan blades at their endurance limit, driving the fans with a custom linear motor and suppressing edge vortexes with shrouding. The flow rate reported here is 118 times higher than has been previously reported.

Altruistic behavior and soccer: the effect of incidental happiness on charitable giving

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of incidental happiness associated with the outcome of the Dutch national soccer championship on charitable giving shortly after the decisive match. We use survey data in which participants were asked to make an anonymous donation of an earned endowment. For estimating the causal effect of happiness on charitable giving, we exploit the variation in the emotions of fans between and within teams using two complementary empirical approaches. The first approach is based on the preference of fans for local teams. We find that individuals living closer to the city of the new champions (Amsterdam) are happier and also more likely to donate to charity than individuals living further away. Importantly, distance to Amsterdam does not affect charitable giving in a placebo sample of individuals with no interest in soccer. The second approach exploits variation between different types of fans within teams. Allegiant fans, individuals who attended a match, are happier and more likely to donate to charity than “stay‐at‐home” fans when their team wins the title. Allegiant fans are less happy and less likely to donate than stay‐at‐home fans when their team does not win the title. Instrumental variable estimates suggest a large effect of incidental happiness on charitable giving.

Representation of Popular Korean Culture (K-Pop) Industrial Identity through A Virtual Ethnographic Approach

The popularity of Korean pop (K-Pop) culture can be seen through the growth of a massive fan base without age restrictions, and is currently the largest in the music and entertainment industry. K-Pop fans who occupy a fandom are known as K-Popers. This present study explains the representation of identity in essence, as according to Hall - is related to the use of language, and represents a “blurring” of meaning by a cultural industry aiming for commercialisation. The result of this research shows the process of blurring meaning by talent agencies that produce K-Pop idols as the main product that represent them by carrying important values that will be adapted and consumed by fans with strong loyalty and emotional connection. The agency is a cultural business industry that sells its “products” such as K-Pop idols that they have introduced to fans, and refers to their “existence” that is consumed by fans. This study used a virtual ethnographic approach with data collection techniques through participant observation and interviews. Each of these main products has its own unique concept as every fan will feel special and exclusive as K-Pop music is a sense of "individuality" developed by the K-Pop culture and industry. Based on the results of observations on Instagram, we can find various types of fans to describe how they adapt the meaning that is sold by the agency through the products they sell. Keywords: Popular culture, K-Pop idol, identity, culture industry, identity representation.

Experimental study on precise control air quantity on demand by the cooperation of multiple main fans in mine

Due to the global energy crisis worsening, numerous businesses have prioritized energy conservation and consumption reduction. However, in mines with multiple main fans, the main fans' operation efficiency is low to meet the ventilation on-demand, and the ventilation system's energy consumption is very high. This paper proposes an energy-saving control strategy for ventilation on demand with multiple fans network, which can save much energy in mines. We use the circuit method to calculate the operating condition parameters required for the joint control of multiple main fans by analyzing the influence features of multiple fans' mutual disturbance. We study the advantages and shortcomings of the traditional fan control method and create control strategy expressions for multiple fans. The two-step fan control strategy uses the adjusting wheel blades' angle method to determine the high-efficiency operating angle and the modulating fan speed method for accurate air quantity control. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the control strategy in ventilation on demand and fan energy-saving are verified on the three-dimensional complex ventilation pipe network experimental platform. The research results show that, compared to the two typical fan control strategies, our control strategy can save energy by 27.74% and 26.92%, respectively. If this strategy is applied to a mine with two main fans rated power of 500 kW, it can save energy 2,429,806 kW per year, saving USD 442.69 per day or USD 161,582.1 per year. The payback period for this strategy is approximately 14.1 months. Therefore, this research can provide a promising step towards intelligent control of air quantity on-demand while indicating enormous potential for energy savings in mine ventilation systems.

"H" sprayer effect on liquid deposition on cucumber leaves and powdery mildew prevention in the shed.

To clarify the effect of droplet size on solution deposition and powdery mildew control on greenhouse cucumber leaves, the effect of volume median droplet diameter (VMD) on solution deposition and maximum retention, as well as the effect of flusilazole on powdery mildew control on cucumber, was determined using the stem and leaf spray method. The VMD of the typical fan nozzles (F110-01, F110-015, F110-02, F110-03) of the selected US Tee jet production differs by approximately 90 μm. The results showed that the deposition of flusilazole solution on cucumber leaves decreased as the VMD of the droplets increased and that the deposition of the solution in the treatments with VMD of 120, 172, and 210 μm decreased by 22.02%, 10.37%, and 46. 97%, respectively, compared to that observed with treatment with 151 μm VMD. The deposition of the solution on cucumber leaves showed the highest deposition efficiency of 63.3% when the applied solution volume was 320 L/hm2, and the maximum stable retention of the liquid on the leaves was 6.6 µl/cm2. The control effects of different concentrations of flusilazole solution on cucumber powdery mildew differed significantly, and the best control effect was achieved at the dosage of 90 g/hm2 of the active ingredient, which was 15%-25% higher than that observed at the dosage of 50 and 70 g/hm2 of the active ingredient per hectare. A significant difference in the effect of droplet size on the control of cucumber powdery mildew was observed at any specific liquid concentration. Nozzle F110-01 showed the best control effect when the dosage of the active ingredient was 50 and 70 g/hm2 per hectare, which did not differ significantly from that observed with nozzle F110-015 but differed significantly from those observed with nozzles F110-02 and F110-03. Hence, we concluded that the use of smaller droplets with VMD of 100-150 μm, i.e. the choice of F110-01 or F110-015 nozzles, for application on the leaf parts of cucumber in the greenhouse under conditions of high liquid concentration, can significantly improve the effective use of pharmaceuticals and the disease control effect.

MEF2B is the ideal immunohistochemical marker to highlight neoplastic LP cells in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

MEF2B is the ideal immunohistochemical marker to highlight neoplastic LP cells in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

Optimization, Control, and Design of Arbitrarily Shaped Fan Arrays

In many air conditioning applications fan arrays offer an increasingly popular alternative to single large fans due to redundancy and ease of maintainability. Additionally, there is the possibility to dynamically resize the array by selectively turning off a number of fans. In this work, a new method for the optimal control of such fan arrays is derived with the goal to minimize the overall power consumption, i.e., maximizing the system efficiency. The approach is universal in the sense that a fan array can be composed of any number, size, and type of fans or mixtures thereof. We explore the achievable power savings for a real world example by applying the method. Moreover, we give an outline of the optimal design of fan arrays and future work.