Family-related Factors Research Articles

The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Roles: Evidence From Parents and Children in Single-Parent.

Given the current increases in the divorce rate and the number of single-parent families, the development of gender roles among children from single-parent families has received more and more attention. This study investigated how single parents influenced the formation of their children's gender roles and family-related factors that benefited the development of gender roles in single-parent children. Through in-depth interviews with 24 pairs of parents and children from single-parent families, we investigated single parents' and their children's cognition on gender roles, parents' parenting attitudes and behaviors during their children's gender role development, and communication and interaction between parents and children. Results showed intergenerational consistency in the gender role concepts of parents and their children in single-parent families. However, the children's gender role concepts were not completely and directly inherited from their parents, and could be affected by their subjective initiative. Additionally, single parenting did not necessarily negatively impact children's gender role development, which depends on their parent's parenting style. The study's limitations are discussed, and future directions for in-depth research are suggested.

The Impact of Family Relationship Quality on Youth's Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: The Mediating Role of Youth's Positive Decision-Making Skills

Although studies have focused on identifying the association between family-related factors (e.g., family relationship quality) and youth's career decision-making self-efficacy, additional empirical evidence is necessary to clarify the potential factors influencing the connection between family relationship quality and youth's career decision-making self-efficacy. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of youth's perceived levels of family relationship quality on their career decision-making self-efficacy and the mediating role of their positive decision-making skills among 425 youth participants in a southeastern region of the United States. The authors of this study conducted a mediation analysis using longitudinal data at two different time points in order to investigate the mediating effect of youth's positive decision-making skills. Results indicated that family relationship quality did not have a direct association with youth's career decision-making self-efficacy. Instead, youth's positive decision-making skills had a full mediating effect on the association between the quality of youth-family member relationships and their self-efficacy for career decision-making. Implications for family life educators, researchers of youth career development, and family counselors are discussed.

A study on the effect of school and family environments and self-efficacy on health literacy of college students.

Health literacy is an important means to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities. It plays an important role in promoting multiple health-related behaviors of individuals. Numerous studies have demonstrated a number of sociodemographic and school characteristics, and family related factors were related to health literacy among college students. However, these characteristics and factors were relatively unchangeable. Research on the relationship between factors, that can be intervened, and health literacy remains scarce. This study aims to explore the association between personal and changeable environmental factors, and the level of health literacy in college students. A cross-sectional study, which used a stratified random sampling method, was conducted at a university in Wuhan (N = 447). The survey questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, the School Environment Questionnaire, the Family Environment Questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale Questionnaire, and the Health Literacy Questionnaire. We used Spearman correlation tests, and Student's tests or analyses of variance to describe the relationship among continuous variables. In addition, we employed linear regression analysis to test the mediating effect based on the bias-corrected nonparametric percentile Bootstrap method. Factors related to socioeconomic status, such as living costs (p = 0.011), residential area (p = 0.003), annual household income (p = 0.001), and parents' education level (fathers: p = 0.001; mothers: p = 0.01) and occupation type (fathers: p < 0.001; mothers: p = 0.044), had close correlations with health literacy. School and family environments and self-efficacy had a positive impact on college students' health literacy (β = 0.235, p < 0.001; β = 0.323, p < 0.001; β = 0.489, p < 0.001). Self-efficacy had a mediating effect on the relationship between school and family environments, as well as health literacy. The total, direct, and indirect effects of the school environment on health literacy were 0.235, 0.157, and 0.078, respectively. The total, direct, and indirect effects of the family environment on health literacy were 0.323, 0.189, and 0.134, respectively. This study confirms that improving school and family environments could directly or indirectly increase college students' health literacy through promoting their self-efficacy. Socioeconomic status has a significant impact on their health literacy. Moreover, other factors that affect students' health literacy and relationships among self-efficacy, surrounding environments, and health literacy may need to be explored in the future.

Barriers to Women in Academia: The Case of Moroccan University Female Professors

This paper aims to enhance our understanding of the challenges women in academia face in their pursuit of research, with a particular focus on the Moroccan context. Using in-depth interviews with female Moroccan university teachers, we explore personal narratives to highlight the perceived barriers to women’s academic advancement. The results showed that family related factors and financial constraints were the most commonly mentioned obstacles that hinder women’s aspiration and/or time to conduct scientific research and attend international conferences and academic workshops. Implications of these findings suggest creating a gender-friendly work environment and providing specific incentives that could help female academics in their quest for research.

Secular trends of dental caries and association with nutritional status: a retrospective analysis of 16,199 Chinese students from three successive national surveys from 2010 to 2019.

The prevalence of dental caries (DC) among students in developing countries has increased at an alarming rate, and nutritional status has been shown to be associated with DC in children and adolescents with inconsistent conclusions. We aimed to understand the trends of DC prevalence in students aged 7, 9, 12, and 14 years and to explore the relationship between DC prevalence and nutritional status. We recruited 16,199 students aged 7, 9, 12, and 14 years in China by multi-stage, stratified, random sampling methods from 2010 to 2019. Permanent caries were measured using the Decay, Loss, and Filling (DMF) index and prevalence rate. Deciduous caries were measured using the decay, loss, and filling (dmf) index and prevalence rate. Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and hemoglobin levels. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between nutritional status and the DC prevalence in children and adolescents, incorporating information concerning family-related factors. The results indicated that DC prevalence increased from 39.75% in 2010 to 53.21% in 2019 in Henan province, with deciduous teeth and permanent teeth being 45.96 and 27.18%, respectively, in 2019. The total caries rate decreased with age (p < 0.05), and the caries rate of girls was higher than that of boys in 2019 (55.75% vs. 50.67%) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of dental caries among primary and secondary school students in areas with medium economic aggregate was the highest, followed by cities with the best economic development level, and cities with low economic levels have a lower prevalence of dental caries. The dental caries prevalence was negatively correlated with body mass index. In the fully adjusted model, underweight children had a higher caries prevalence (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 0.86-1.41). Children with anemia had a higher prevalence of dental caries (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 0.98-1.42). The DC prevalence of students in Henan Province was high, with a tendency to increase. Females, young individuals, and those with a higher economic level showed a positive correlation with the prevalence of caries. In the process of economic development, particular attention should be paid to early childhood caries prevention. Nutritional status should be taken seriously among children and adolescents, and the oral health system should be improved to keep pace with economic development.

Phenomenological Explanation of Parent-Adolescent Conflict Among Girls Aged 16 to 17 Years

Objective: Adolescence is characterized as a developmental and challenging period marked by a wide range of changes in various psychological and physiological dimensions. One of the most significant issues reported by both adolescents and parents is the intensification of conflicts between them, which necessitates a deeper examination. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide a phenomenological explanation of the parent-adolescent conflict among girls aged 16 to 17 years. Methods and Materials: The data for this qualitative study were collected using the research tradition of lived experience and the method of semi-structured in-depth interviews through the process of coding (the 7-step Colaizzi method). The research population included 30 adolescent girls aged 16 to 17 years from the city of Kashan in 2023, who were analyzed using purposeful sampling and adherence to the principles of theoretical saturation. Findings: The results indicated the extraction of 7 main themes and 23 sub-themes. The main themes included: 1. Concerns about clothing and hijab, 2. Communication skills, 3. Value issues, 4. Academic challenges, 5. Preservation of dignity and individual respect, 6. Family-related factors, 7. Alignment with societal changes, which were examined in detail in the findings section. Conclusion: Utilizing the results of the present study facilitates the development of educational and therapeutic models to reduce conflict between adolescents and parents, and therapeutic interventions can also be performed on themes that were more frequently reported by adolescents.

Risk factors and strategies for relapse prevention among individuals living with serious mental illness in South Africa: Qualitative inquiry from patients' and caregivers' perspectives.

Relapse among individuals with serious mental illnesses in resource-limited contexts, including South Africa, is a significant concern. To date, the risks for relapse among this population is well documented, but little is known about prevention strategies to reduce its occurrence in these resource-limited settings. Therefore, this qualitative study explores the risk factors and strategies for relapse prevention from the patients' and caregivers' perspectives. We conducted audio-recorded face-to-face in-depth interviews to capture the lived experience of relapse of inpatient study participants with serious mental illness (N = 24) at a public specialized psychiatry hospital in South Africa and their caregivers (N = 6). We conducted an inductive thematic analysis with two pre-specified themes (risk factors for relapse and strategies for prevention), with the codes devised from the data. Six sub-themes were identified from the analysis within the two pre-specified themes(Risk factors and strategies for relapse prevention): personal-related, family-related, and health system-related risk factors and strategies for preventing relapse, respectively. To highlight some essential findings, the importance of motivation for drug adherence, family involvement, and availability of anti-psychotic drugs in public health care were noted. More importantly, this study identified important cultural complexities where traditional healers play a significant role in some cultural understanding and treatment of mental illness, affecting medication adherence. This study calls for people-centered mental health care delivery in a public health system that listens to the voice of concern, including cultural challenges, and implements meaningful support that matters most to the patient and their family/caregivers.

Oral Findings, Salivary Copper, Magnesium, and Leptin in Type II Diabetic Patients in Relation to Oral Candida Species.

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to reduced insulin production in the pancreas. It has genetic- and family-related risk factors that cannot be changed, along with modifiable lifestyle factors. The precise genetic causes of type 2 diabetes are still unknown. However, individuals can potentially slow or stop the progression of the condition by making dietary adjustments and increasing physical activity levels. Material and Methods. Forty-five type II diabetic patients in the study included participants between 40 and 60 years old, with a minimum duration of one year, as well as 45 healthy control subjects who were matched in terms of age and sex, and had no underlying systemic diseases. Oral examination is done for the symptoms including burning sensation, candidiasis, and a reduction in the production of saliva. The rate of saliva flow (in milliliters per minute) was measured in samples of saliva that were not stimulated. The salivary trace elements and levels of adipocytokines were evaluated using colorimetric and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ELISA) testing. The quantification of Candida colony numbers, an enrichment and culture approach, was used to achieve a concentration of 100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml). The ShowNovo WG1 halimeter was used to measure volatile sulfur compounds in breath. The salivary glucose oxidase assay was conducted using a colorimetric technique, while the determination of trace elements was also performed using a colorimetric assay method. The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the number of Candida spp colonies due to elevated levels of glucose in the saliva (p > 0.05). However, the variables being examined, such as body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary leptin, salivary copper, and salivary magnesium, did not exhibit any significant variations in quantities between the diabetic and healthy groups (p > 0.05). The data collected in this research aid in the creation of a preventative program for oral fungal infections in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The program utilizes saliva and its constituents.

Factors associated with initiation of tobacco smoking among schooling adolescents in the age group of 13 – 15 years in the Kandy district, Sri Lanka

Adolescent smoking problem has still remained a public health concern, but factors that contribute to the initiation of adolescent smoking are not well-known in Sri Lanka. The study aimed to determine the factors associated with the initiation of tobacco smoking among schooling adolescents in government schools in the age group of 13-15 years in the Kandy district. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected government schools of Sinhala, Tamil, and English mediums in the Kandy district. The subjects were selected using a stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used. The factors associated with the initiation of smoking were determined by a multivariable analysis using logistic regression.A total of 1395 students (Male 52.9%) were included in the study. The initiation of tobacco smoking was significantly associated with being a male student (Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR)=26.24; 95% CI=7.49-91.44), the parent being a smoker (AOR=6.04; 95% CI=2.83-12.91), education level of a father below GCE O/L (AOR=5.65; 95% CI=2.20-14.49), education level of mother below GCE O/L (AOR=2.63; 95% CI=1.18-6.25), presence of household member who smokes (AOR=7.10; 95% CI=2.76-18.29), social network use (AOR=10.73; 95% CI=3.63-31.75) and the parent being a quitter (AOR=0.29; 95% CI=0.11-0.79). Factors identified for smoking initiation give a clue to intervene in the target population focusing family related and other modifiable factors.

Factors associated with mental health of young children during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying societal measures have impacted children and their families all over the world. Little is known about the factors associated with mental health outcomes in young children (i.e., 1 to 6 years old) during the pandemic. The current study aimed to examine associations with potential risk and protective factors, i.e., direct COVID-19 exposure factors as well as within-family characteristics.MethodsCaregivers of children aged 1–6 years old were recruited in the Netherlands to participate in an ongoing longitudinal research project. In the current study, baseline data—collected during the 1st year of the pandemic—are reported. The final sample consisted of 2762 caregivers who answered questionnaires assessing negative and positive dimensions of their children’s mental health (i.e., anxiety, depressive symptoms, anger, sleep problems, positive affect, and self-regulation). Furthermore, caregivers provided information regarding: (1) Direct COVID-19 related factors, i.e., parental infection and death of a family member or close friend due to COVID-19, (2) Family related COVID-19 factors, i.e., parental perceived impact of the pandemic and COVID-19 related parent–child emotion regulation strategies (i.e., active, avoidant and information-focused strategies), (3) General caregiver’s distress, i.e., parental mental health, parental feelings of rejection towards their child. Regression analyses were used to examine associations with children’s mental health.ResultsDirect COVID-19 related factors were not associated with more mental health problems in the children, though parental COVID-19 infections were related with less anger in children. Family related COVID-19 factors and caregiver’s distress were related with children’s mental health. Higher parental perceived negative impact of the pandemic, lower parental perceived positive impact of the pandemic, more avoidant as well as more active and information-focused parent–child emotion regulation strategies, more caregiver’s mental health problems and more parental feelings of rejection towards their child were related with more mental health problems in the child.ConclusionDirect exposure to COVID-19 was not related with more mental health problems in the child. Family related COVID-19 factors and caregiver’s distress appear to play a more important role for young children’s mental health. Findings may inform prevention and intervention programs for potential future global crises as well as other stressful events.

Social Adjustment Patterns of Tribal Students: Exploring Family Dynamics

This research delves into the intricate aspects of social adjustment among Scheduled Tribe students within the secondary school environment. The study explored the influences of family related factors (family dynamics) such as gender, family type, number of siblings, father’s education and occupation, and familial monthly income on the social adjustment abilities of these students. Based on a cross-sectional survey conducted on randomly selected 310 bengali medium secondary school students from three subdivisions of Purba Medinipur District in West Bengal, the study revealed compelling insights. Bengali translated version of the Bell’s Adjustment Inventory (Social Adjustment Subscale) was used as research instrument. Data were analysed through independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA. The gender-based analysis highlights that female (Mean=7.64) students within the Scheduled Tribe community face more significant adjustment challenges and exhibit lower social adjustment compared to their male counterpart (Mean=6.20) (P=.000). The influence of family type is also substantial, with students from nuclear families (Mean=7.22) encountering higher adjustment difficulties and more downward social adjustment than those from joint families (Mean=5.86) (P=.000). The examination of family size indicated that students with two siblings (in comparison to students who are single child, having one sibling and having three or more siblings) experience heightened adjustment difficulties and lower social adjustment (P=.025). Furthermore, the study underscored the role of socio-economic factors, revealing significant relationships between the father’s occupation (P=.04) and educational qualifications (P=.05) with students’ social adjustment abilities. While overall differences in familial monthly income did not prove statistically significant (P=.134), selected pairwise comparisons were also showed variations. Collectively, these findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the factors shaping social adjustment among Scheduled Tribe students. The implications extend to the development of tailored interventions and support systems that address the unique needs of these students within the educational context.

Students’ self-efficacy in mathematics academic achievement: Do teachers’ personality traits matter?

Students' academic achievement is influenced by a wide range of factors, ranging from individual, family-related, school-related, and societal factors. The current study explores the effect of students’ self-efficacy (SSEF) on math academic achievement among secondary students, with a specific focus on the potential moderating role of teachers' personality traits (TPTS). To achieve the study objective, an epistemological-positivist research paradigm and cross-sectional research design were used to guide the study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and PROCESS macro were employed for data analysis. The results reveal a significant and positive correlation between SSEF beliefs and their math academic achievement (β = 0.4525, p = 0.0000). Moreover, the results demonstrate that the effect of SSEF on math academic achievement is significantly increasing at the increased level of TPTS (β = 0.0572, p = 0.0089), affirming the crucial role of TPTS in shaping SSEF and math academic endeavours. These findings hold relevant for educators, schools’ administrators, and policymakers. Among others, the study recommends the need to design and implement training programs, workshops, seminars and offer teaching tools that nurture and cultivate SSEF, self-esteem, and TPTS in shaping students' trajectories of math success. This study unravels the intricate interplay between self-efficacy, TPTS, and secondary students' achievements in the realm of mathematics. By so doing, the study contributes to both theoretical knowledge and practical insights, offering a deeper understanding of the complex factors influencing academic success in math among secondary students.

Family involvement in ownership and governance and internal auditing quality

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the impact of family involvement in ownership and governance on the quality of internal auditing.Design/methodology/approachLeveraging a hand-collected data set of listed family firms from 2014 to 2020, this study uses regression analyses to investigate the impact of family ownership, family involvement on the board, family CEO and the generational stage of the family business on the quality of internal auditing.FindingsThe results provide evidence that family ownership is positively associated with the quality of internal auditing, while later generational stages of family businesses have the opposite effect. Additional analyses reveal that the presence of a sustainability board sub-committee moderates the relationship between generational stages of family businesses and the quality of internal auditing function.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper does not consider country-institutional factors and other potentially family-related antecedents or governance factors that may affect the quality of internal auditing.Practical implicationsThe results are informative for investors and non-family stakeholders interested in understanding under which conditions family-related factors influence the quality of internal auditing functions.Originality/valueThis study offers fresh evidence regarding the relationship between family-related factors and the quality of internal auditing and board sub-committees that moderate such a relationship in family businesses.

Familial aspects of fear of cancer recurrence: current insights and knowledge gaps.

Fear of cancer recurrence is fear or worry about cancer recurrence or progress. Fear of recurrence can impact patients' quality of life and wellbeing. Cancer survivors' families support them practically and emotionally, making them a vital supplement for official healthcare. Given the well-established important role of the family in dealing with cancer, we compiled the studies that examined the relationship between family-related factors and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) among cancer survivors (CSs). One of the foremost studies in this field is the FCR model presented by Mellon and colleagues, which included concurrent family stressors and family-caregiver FCR as factors linked to survivor FCR. Our goal was to prepare the ground for a family-based model of FCR that is more comprehensive than the one proposed by Mellon et al. sixteen years ago. The studies included those with samples of adult cancer survivors from different regions of the world. Most of the studies we reviewed are cross-sectional studies. We categorized family-related factors associated with survivor FCR into partner-related factors, including subgroups of disclosure to partner, cognitions of partner, and partner's sources of support; parenthood-related factors, including having children and parenting stress; family-related factors, including living situation, family history of cancer, family's perception of the illness, and family characteristics; and social interactions including social support, disclosure, social constraints, and attitudes of others. This review sheds light on how significant others of cancer survivors can affect and be affected by cancer-related concerns of survivors and emphasizes the necessity of further investigation of family-related factors associated with FCR.

Exploring the Relationship Between Family-related Factors and the Effectiveness of Shadow Education

This study investigates the influence of family-related factors on the effectiveness of shadow education, specifically examining the access to cultural capital, economic capital, social capital, and spiritual capital, and their impact on students' engagement. By analyzing these factors and their effects on children's participation in shadow education in Chinese households, the research provides insights for parents to identify root causes and determine strategies for improvement. The findings have significant implications for prospective parents, highlighting the critical importance of considering these factors to optimize their children's access and outcomes in shadow education. Addressing factors such as parental involvement, anxiety levels, and educational expectations is pivotal in creating a supportive environment that enhances children's educational opportunities. Furthermore, this research contributes to existing knowledge by exploring the complex dynamics between family-related factors and shadow education. Understanding family cultural, economic, social, and spiritual capital provides a deeper understanding of shadow education. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the significance of family-related factors in shaping the effectiveness of shadow education, emphasizing the role of different forms of family capital. By recognizing and addressing these factors, parents can foster an environment that maximizes educational opportunities and achievements in shadow education, empowering them to cultivate their children's educational potential.

Are Syrian children integrated into our education?: Turkish teachers’ perspectives on the inclusive education project

ABSTRACT Integrating Syrian children into the Turkish national educational system has been one of the most recent and significant discussion issues in educational research and policy making areas. With a primary objective of alleviating Syrian refugees’ linguistic difficulties, a nationwide inclusive education project; Promoting Integration of Syrian Kids into Turkish Education System (PIKTES), has been implemented since 2016 in 26 cities all over Turkey. The current study was designed with the aim of listening to the voices of Turkish teachers, participating in the integration program of Syrian students into the Turkish education system and community life. Seven teachers at primary level schools shared their experiences during the project, and the thematic analysis of the data revealed the challenges of implementation due to school-related factors such as language barrier, social adaptation, teachers’ attitudes, and teaching materials; family-related factors as violence, financial problems and social integration; and teacher development.

Family structures and parents’ occupational models: its impact on children’s diabetes

AimsThis study examines how family-related factors influence the management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We investigate the relationship between family patterns, parental work schedules and metabolic control.Materials and methodsWe analysed data from a nationwide diabetes survey (DPV) focusing on HbA1c, severe hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hospital admissions and inpatient treatment duration. We used linear regression and negative binomial regression models. Our study includes 15,340 children under the age of 18 with data on family structure and parental division of labour.ResultsChildren from two-parent households have better HbA1c outcomes than children from single-parent, blended or no-parent households (p < .0001). Higher HbA1C levels are associated with children living with an unemployed father, as opposed to those with full-time working parents or with a full-time working father and a part-time working mother (p < .001).ConclusionsThese findings emphasise the importance of carefully considering family structure and working time models in the management of paediatric T1DM. Our results highlight risk factors within the family environment and emphasise the need for family-focused counselling of high-risk patients or severe cases in clinical practice.

Child mental health and income gradient from early childhood to adolescence: Evidence from the UK

BackgroundChildren from low income families are likely to have poorer mental health than their more affluent peers. However, it is unclear how this association varies at different developmental stages and what the potential underpinning mechanisms are. This study investigates the relationship between family income and mental health problems from early childhood to adolescence in the UK, and examines the potential mediating role of family-related factors over time. MethodsData were drawn from the UK Millennium Cohort Study at ages 3, 5, 7, 11, 14 and 17 years. Child mental health was measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties Score, and the Internalising and Externalising subscales. Family income was operationalised as permanent income. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted at each age to examine the association between income and mental health problems, and to examine potential mechanisms based on the Parental Stress and Parental Investment theories. ResultsThe samples included 8096 children aged up to 14 years, of which 5667 remained in the study at age 17. Results indicated a statistically significant association between lower family income and poorer mental health in all age groups after adjusting for confounding factors. The strength of the association was reduced after adjustment for Parental Stress and Parental Investment factors, with the larger attenuation driven by Parental Stress factors in most cases. Fully adjusted models suggested an increased independent association between maternal psychological distress and children's mental health as children grew older. ConclusionsWhile lower family income is associated with a child's poorer mental health, much of this association is explained by other factors such as maternal psychological distress, and therefore the direct association is relatively small. This suggests that policies targeting income redistribution may reduce child mental health problems, and also benefit the wider family, reducing the prevalence of other associated risk factors.

The contributing role of family, religious activities and school in protecting the mental well-being of school going adolescents in a rural district of Sri Lanka

Introduction: Mental health problems in adolescence are common.Objectives: To assess the mental health of grade 10 students in Ampara District and their associated factorsMethods: This descriptive study was conducted from May to November 2018. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess the students’ mental health status under five domains. They were total abnormal scores (TAS), emotional problems (EP), conduct problems (CP), hyperactive/inattention problems (HIP) and peer problems (PP). The prevalence of mental health problems was summarized as percentages. The significance of associated factors was assessed at p&lt;0.05 and presented in adjusted odds ratio (aOR).Results: Of the 1340 students, 11.9% had reported TAS. The prevalence of EP, CP, PP and HIP were 15.1%, 12.9%, 12.1% and 11.7%, respectively. Eight factors associated with abnormal scores were identified. Difficulties in schoolwork were associated with all five domains (aOR=5.9; 95% CI: 2.5, 13.6 for TAS; aOR=4.0; 95% CI: 2.1, 7.7 for EP, aOR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.6, 5.4 for CP, aOR =2.6; 95% CI: 1.4, 4.6 for PP and aOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.4, 4.5 for HIP). Not involving in religious activities regularly at home was associated with all domains except emotional problems (aOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.3 for TAS, aOR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.9 for PP, aOR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6 for HIP and aOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.5 for CP). Not having a close family member to discuss their problems was associated with TAS (aOR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.4, 4.2), EP (aOR=3.4; 95% CI: 1.9, 5.8) and HIP (aOR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.7). The presence of stressful life events was associated with TAS (aOR= 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.4), EP (aOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.5) and CP (aOR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.3). Tobacco smoking habit of father was associated with TAS (aOR=2.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 6.6) and CP (aOR=2.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 4.6). The alcohol-drinking habit of father was associated with EP (aOR=3.0; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.0). Not attending to additional tuition classes was associated with EP (aOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.4) and PP (aOR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.4, 4.6). The low educational level of the mother was associated with the TAS (aOR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.4).Conclusions &amp; Recommendations: Mental health problems are common among school-going adolescents. All mental health problems were significantly associated with difficulties in schoolwork and most of the others were modifiable family-related factors. School mental health screening programmes are recommended with special attention on students with difficulties in schoolwork. School Mental health awareness and promotional programmes should target the students as well as teachers and parents to create a supportive school and family environment.

Adult ADHD Positive Screening and Sibship, Birth Order and Academic Achievement: Implications for Epidemiologists and Physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the youth and university students differs internationally. This study aims to assess the prevalence of ADHD positivity from a validated screening test among medical students across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and its associated sociodemographic and family-related factors and the impact of ADHD on students' academic performance. Also, to highlight the implications of the current findings on epidemiologists and family physicians in the region. This cross-sectional study utilised the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) symptom checklist along with several questions on sociodemographic, siblings and personal academic achievement. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to obtain the Odds Ratios (ORs) of risk of ADHD screening positivity and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) against potential predictors. The overall prevalence of positively screened medical students was 38.86%. After adjustment, a statistically significant increased risk of ADHD positivity was observed for students who had one sibling (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.09-2.64). Also, upon examination of birth order, a significant increased risk was observed for students who were firstborn (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.02-1.47). With regard to academic achievement, both before and after adjustment, students who screened positive had a 14% increased risk of obtaining an F GPA (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.99-1.30). A considerable number of medical students are potentially positive for ADHD. Albeit not diagnostically confirmed - this indicates that a substantial number of people have displayed symptoms akin to ADHD, but were not clinically diagnosed. Research into ADHD in the region is still in its infancy, and epidemiologists would benefit from high-quality databases to address this condition. Also, primary care physicians should develop skills in detecting and managing ADHD in children at an earlier age to improve symptoms in adulthood.