Family Problems Research Articles

Voices unheard, insights into the lives of people with disabilities: A needs assessment study.

The phenomenon of disability in society is as ancient as human history itself. Approximately one billion people worldwide experience some form of disability, with a fifth of these individuals facing significant disabilities. Disability affects various life dimensions, including access to health services. This study aimed to identify the needs and challenges encountered by people with disabilities and to propose solutions for these issues. This qualitative content analysis research was conducted at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Participants included faculty members from the rehabilitation school, senior students, therapists, disabled individuals, and their families (23 interviews in total). These participants were chosen for their extensive knowledge of the challenges faced by people with disabilities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, with informed consent obtained before each interview. The interviews were analyzed using the Graneheim and Lundman content analysis method and MAXQDA software. To ensure data accuracy, the criteria of conformability, credibility, dependability, and transferability were applied. The analysis of the interviews yielded two main categories and 10 subcategories. In the category of disability-related problems, family problems, therapeutic problems, psychological problems, academic problems, and social problems were identified as the most significant. As for solutions, educational solutions, therapeutic solutions, social solutions, research solutions, and solutions for reintegrating patients into normal life were proposed to address the problems faced by disabled individuals. People with disabilities are an integral part of any country's society. To adequately address their therapeutic needs, it is essential to equip our health workers with the knowledge and skills tailored to the specific needs and challenges of disabled individuals.

A Cross-sectional Study on Prevalence and Determinants of Insomnia and Depression among Geriatric Population in Rural Coimbatore

Abstract Introduction: Aging is a natural phenomenon. Due to improved health-care facilities, the population of the elderly is increasing rapidly all over the world. Along with chronic morbidities, depression and insomnia are most commonly seen in elderly people, which might affect their quality of life. This study is done to identify the prevalence of depression, insomnia, and the factors associated among the study participants. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study done among 350 elderly participants in a rural area of Coimbatore district. A multistage sampling method was used to select the study participants. Using a semi-structured questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index, data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Among the study participants, 38.3% of them had mild-to-moderate depression and 7.4% of them had severe depression. Diabetes, death of a family member, people living alone, elderly people having conflicts in the family, and debts have statistically a significant association with depression. Similarly, 23.4% have subthreshold insomnia, 12.9% with clinical insomnia, and 8.3% of the study participants with severe insomnia. Factors associated with insomnia were conflicts in the family, debts, musculoskeletal disorders, and respiratory problems. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant association between depression and insomnia. Conclusion: The prevalence of insomnia and depression is high among the elderly. The factors associated with insomnia and depression were found to be health-related problems, economic causes, and social causes.

Projective technique “Bird’s Nest Drawing” in child clinical psychology

IntroductionThe “Bird’s Nest Drawing” technique is one of expressive drawing projective techniques. In Russia it has been used since the 2020s. We suggest the pilot version of using this projective technique in child clinical psychology. There were investigated the cognitive and emotional components of performance by children with different types of ontogenesis.Purpose: pilot application of the technique of “Bird’s Nest Drawing” (BND) in the psychological diagnosis of children with different types of ontogenesis.Objectives69 children and adolescents 6-17 years old (28 male), examined at the Mental Health Research Center. 1. hospital patients (11-16 years old, 18 persons) diagnoses F20.8, F21.4, 2) outpatient clients with psychological diagnostics (7-16 years old, 45 persons), most of them have psychiatric diagnoses and some of them came for a consultation independently of doctors (there were family and behavior problems). 3) children conceived with the help of assisted reproductive technologies (IVF) - participants in a program for studying cognitive and emotional-personal development (5-13 years old, 8 people). Control group of normal children (14 persons).MethodsBird’s Nest Drawing (D.Kaiser, 2003, Kuftyak, 2021) - clinical expert assessment of the drawing parameters (size, location, quality, compliance with instructions) and the emotional component (color, self-assessment of the drawing).Results Table 1.Frequency of different indicators of BND in compared groups of children. Groups N Central place High Quality of drawing Nest out of tree birds /eggs Different colors Safety of nest High Assessment by participants High positive emotional expression Assessment by expertsHospital patients18 (4 m)12410410**413**5**Outpatient clients45 (22 m)38131917321025**17Children IVF8 (2 m_72436**163Normal children14(6 m)1437412**413**11**** - significance of the differences (p≤0,05 by φ criterion).Based on the data obtained, it can be noted that the most different between groups turned out to be an indicator for using different colors, subject’s assessment his picture and emotional expression assessment of picture by experts. Other parameters are similar: please of drawing,DiscussionWe have obtained our own resalts about BND method in children with different type of ontogenesis. These data are similar to D.Kaiser and E.Kuftyak in opportunity of good diagnostic practice of BND method in children and adolescents with different type of ontogenesis in scientificConclusionsBND method is a good test for child clinical psychology as a projective one. Restrictions of this investigation - small groups, simple parameters for assessment. We plan to continue this work with more clinical (diagnosis, syndrome et cetera) and sex and age characteristics.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Grading of Recommendations of psychological interventions in the rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia

IntroductionAs part of the intervention, patients with severe schizophrenia who are cared for in psychiatric rehabilitation units need psychological treatments. However, there is great variability within the psychotherapy alternatives that are proposed for rehabilitation in schizophrenia, and it is necessary to know which are the most efficient interventions in order to prioritize their inclusion in intervention programs.Objectives To know the level of evidence of the existing psychotherapy alternatives for the rehabilitation treatment in schizophrenia through the systematic review of recently published studies.Methods Consecutive systematic searches in the scientific literature were used in a sensitive and specific way, aimed at identifying the existence of documents in databases and clinical practice guidelines based on evidence of psychological treatment in schizophrenia. Psychosocial and social approaches and family members interventions were excluded, and the search was limited to the last 5 years. The PICO format has been used, and a subsequent critical reading using the AGREE II tool, considering the inclusion criteria of presenting a score >60% in 4 domains.ResultsThe following interventions have been found to be therapeutically effective: Level 1B (Early intervention in Psychosis; Patient and Family psychoeducational intervention; Basic ando social skills training; Social cognition and Metakognition training; Cognitive Remediation; Cognitive Behavioral Individual Therapy; Assertive Community treatment; Supported employment). Level 2B (Family Problem Solving Therapy, Dynamic Psychotherapy; Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy); Level 2C (Horticultural, Art, Music, Animals Therapies).ConclusionsSeveral psychotherapy alternatives are proposed for rehabilitation in schizophrenia, with known level of evidenca in order to prioritize their inclusion in intervention programs.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Social Exclusion and Hatred Towards Children from Alcoholic Families in Peer Environment. Peculiarities of Pedagogical Support

The article emphasizes that the family is the main environment of life. If it is a dysfunctional family, all its problems can have a negative impact on the development and upbringing of children. Unfortunately, the key dysfunction in the case of Poland is alcoholism. Therefore, the study emphasizes that the situation of a child growing up in an alcoholic family depends on many factors related to the functioning of the family environment. The addiction of one or both parents, the degree of degradation of family life and the availability of external support are of particular importance here. All of this can lead to social exclusion and hatred of children growing up in families with alcohol problems by their peers. The author proves the need to help children growing up in problematic families, since they are characterized not only by social isolation, but also by bullying or cyberbullying. It is pointed out that the traumatic experience and suffering of such children often go beyond the family environment, where they experience academic failures, difficulties in relationships with peers, etc. The article notes that the consequences of various traumas in the educational or family environment experienced in childhood can have a long-lasting impact on their lives; some of these minors may also become addicted to alcohol, imitating their parents. Therefore, it is important for educators and social workers to develop appropriate strategies for effective psychological and pedagogical support of such families, in particular while raising children.

Prevalence of smoking and consumption of nicotine-containing products among students of medical and technical universities (PROTECT)

BACKGROUND: The article presents data of the study “Prevalence of smoking and consumption of nicotine-containing products among students of medical and technical universities” (PROTEСT), carried out in 2023 at North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov and Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University (LETI) named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin).
 AIM: To study the prevalence and patterns of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products, attitudes to smoking behaviour.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of student groups included 1105 respondents.
 RESULTS: The average age of respondents was 20.7 ± 2.0 years, 44.3% were men. 6.8% of participants smoked cigarettes; more often men than women (9.4 vs. 4.7%, p 0.01). The prevalence of nicotine-containing products consumption was 15.7%. There were no differences by gender (men 15.7% and women 15.8%). The use of a combination of cigarettes and nicotine-containing products was noted by 6.6% of students, which led to increase the tobacco smokers number to 13.4%; and the number of people consuming nicotine-containing products to 22.4%. The main reason for starting smoking/consuming nicotine-containing products was the example of friends (in 35.8 and 34% of cases). The reason for the start of smoking and consuming nicotine-containing products were problems in school and family among 21.1% of women and 6.6% of men (p 0.05), and nicotine-containing products by 16.0% of women and 5.7% of men (p 0.05). The majority of consumers of cigarettes and nicotine-containing products combination (38.4%) use them in a 20/80 ratio. Among the respondents, the proportion of smoking relatives is 40.3%, friends — 66.2%, classmates/dormitory neighbors — 71.9%.
 CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in tobacco smoking and an increase in the proportion of people using nicotine-containing products and their combination with tobacco, as well as the absence of gender differences in nicotine-containing products consumption, indicates a change in the smoking behavior of students and increases the risk of developing nicotine addiction and harmful health consequences. Differences in the motivation for starting smoking/using nicotine-containing product among men and women requires more detailed study.

Family Demographics, Somatic Symptoms and Problem Gambling Among Students in a Nigerian Institution

Background: Problem gambling is becoming a potential public health epidemic in southwest Nigeria. Individuals with gambling problems are underdiagnosed and relatively under-recognised. Hence, they rarely present with complaints of gambling problems at clinics. The family plays a significant role in identifying and managing persons with gambling addiction. Healthcare professionals need to have a high index of suspicion and understanding of the relationships between family demographics and the presentation of somatic symptoms among high-risk groups. Objective: To assess the relationships between family demographics, somatic symptoms, and gambling problems among Nigerian tertiary educational institution students. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out among 183 students of a tertiary education institution in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. The Southern Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) were the tools used to assess the pattern of gambling and somatic symptoms, respectively. Results: The prevalence of gambling disorder was 23% (42/183). There was a significant relationship between somatic symptoms and problem gambling (p = 0.02). The predictors of probable gambling were a positive family history of gambling (OR = 3.64, p = 0.01, CI = 1.34-9.90), gender (OR = 0.36, p = 0.02, CI = 0.15-0.86) and a decreasing level of the father's education (OR = 2.78, p = 0.02, CI = 1.15-6.71). At the same time, monthly allowances (OR= 1.01, p = 0.07) and somatic symptoms were not predictors of problem gambling (OR = 0.41, p = 0.17). Conclusions: Healthcare professionals need a high index of suspicion when evaluating young persons with somatic symptoms.

Response of Students to K-12 Program Implementation Using Dropout Rates as Basis in Secondary Schools in Iligan City, Lanao Del Norte

Dropout rates were observed among secondary schools upon the implementation of the K-12 program. Interviews using survey questionnaires were employed to selected schools in Iligan City. Results revealed that dropout rates among secondary level were relatively high among males against female gender. Major reasons for dropping out for both male and female involved family problems indicating that parents have a major role in educating their children. To control the dropout rates, major interventions must include activities that would promote family case assessment and management; parents, teachers and students bonding affairs; and health intervention programs. These must be supported by all stakeholders including the school administrators.

What happens at home stays at home: the Vegas rule for work depends on working memory

ABSTRACT Family problems, although separate from the work sphere, can impact one’s experience of work even when away from home. We propose that challenges arising from the home and family domain affect individuals’ experience of work because they act as distractions. If so, working memory, an ability relevant to managing distractions, should attenuate the effects that one’s family problems have on experienced job demands. Using a nationally representative dataset (N = 2591) with both concrete measures of family problems and cognitive performance measures, we show that family problems predict experiencing one’s job as more demanding and stressful. However, increasing working memory ability attenuates this relationship. Results suggest that although family problems impinge on one’s work, increased working memory ability to manage distractions may reduce their consequences. We connect our findings and their implications to relevant theoretical frameworks that inform the linkage between family and work.

Solar desalination with charcoal briquettes from plants as an additional absorption sorbent

Water is the most abundant substance on Earth, but only 2.5% can be used for drinking and farming; the rest is seawater containing much salt. Solar desalination is a great tool to solve this problem for small families and remote areas. However, the disadvantage of using solar power is still the low productivity of distillate because it depends on the season, region, and intensity of solar radiation. Solar radiation heat absorbing and storing materials are a favorable solution in increasing evaporation rate, efficiency, and total distillate. Many have been developed to date, but these materials require more expenditure to be used as radiation heat sinks and stores. Charcoal derived from wood has high thermal energy absorption and porosity. Four desalination devices were used, namely using an additional absorber made from Kapok wood (Ceiba pentandra) coded CP_60, Gamal wood (Gliricidia sepium) coded GS_60, Kusambi wood (Schleichera oleosa) coded SO_60, and without additional absorber as a comparison. All desalination devices have the same shape and size, simple, with an area of 0.09 m2 each. Before the additional absorber base material is used, drying, charring, grinding, meshing, pressing, and briquetting are carried out. The test results show that the additional absorber of natural materials affects the evaporation rate, desalination efficiency, and total distillate water. The distillation device using Gamal wood (Gliricidia sepium) additional absorber material, coded GS_60, provides maximum performance such as distillate water yield every 30 minutes and total distillate 124 ml/0.09 m2, 28.19% efficiency, and evaporation rate.

Pathoreactive Experiences of Epileptic Females: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Background: Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological condition that affects individuals worldwide, with significant social and psychological impacts. Adolescent females with epilepsy in Pakistani society face unique challenges due to cultural perceptions, social stigma, and traditional beliefs regarding treatment. Understanding these challenges is crucial for developing effective support systems and interventions. Objective: This study aims to explore the pathoreactive experiences of adolescent females with epilepsy in Pakistan, focusing on the psychosomatic, social, and cultural barriers they encounter. The objective is to identify the specific needs of this group to inform targeted support strategies and public awareness campaigns. Methods: Employing a qualitative research design, this study utilized interpretative phenomenological analysis to delve into the experiences of adolescent females with epilepsy. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling from a government hospital in Lahore. Data were collected via in-depth interviews, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using NVIVO-11 to identify themes and categories reflecting the participants' experiences. Results: The analysis revealed five key categories of challenges faced by the participants: psychosomatic difficulties, social withdrawal, family problems, superstitious beliefs, and the impact of social stigma. These findings highlight the complex interplay between epilepsy, cultural beliefs, and societal attitudes, underscoring the need for comprehensive support and public education. Conclusion: Adolescent females with epilepsy in Pakistan encounter a myriad of challenges that necessitate a multifaceted support approach. Addressing the psychosomatic issues, combating social stigma, and challenging traditional beliefs are essential steps towards improving their quality of life. Public awareness campaigns and culturally sensitive healthcare interventions are critical for de-stigmatizing epilepsy and promoting a more inclusive society.

The spiritual and social role of the mother in the Ukrainian family

The relevance of the topic lies in the study of the spiritual and social role of the mother in the Ukrainian family due to the crisis of the family in modern society. This crisis is manifested in the increase of divorces, fatherlessness, a free attitude toward sex before marriage, abortions, homosexual behavior, and a lack of trust and love between family members. Currently, during the war waged by Russia against Ukraine, Ukrainians are subjected to terrible sexual assaults, destruction, and abuse by the enemy. Because of this occupational war, the crisis in the family worsens even more. The study was conducted in 2021, before Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine. The sample included families living in Kyiv. It was advisable to experiment with 30 families who believe in God and 30 atheist families. The following methodical tools were used in the research: T. Alordey’s questionnaire, the method of ‘Normative resistance’ according to E. Eidemiller, and the projective method of ‘Draw-a-Family-Picture’. The aim of the research was to show a special vital resource of Christian mothers, which affects the creation of an atmosphere of love and respect in their families, in contrast to the vital resource of mothers in families that do not believe in God. This vital resource affects the performance of the role of the mother. As a result of the questionnaire, husbands’ understanding of the mother’s role in the family was studied. Christian and non-Christian men showed that most of them were grateful to their mothers. From the answers in the questionnaires, it is clear that the life principles that husbands learned from their mothers, they practice in their own families. This forms the authority of the wife in the family and affects the role of the mother. Normative resistance in mothers from non-believing families was not ascertained. These mothers considered terrible, negative situations to be normal. Mothers who confess Christ ascertain normative resistance. They make great efforts so that children grow up in an atmosphere of joy and mutual understanding. Analyzing the drawings of children from non-Christian families, one can see psychological and spiritual problems in families. The pictures reflect children’s experiences of conflicts in the family. An atmosphere of love and strong family relationships can be observed in the drawings of Christian children. Children have mothers who pray for them. The effectiveness of the ‘I am a mother’ training aimed at biological and social mothers is shown. The social mothers are preschool educators, schoolteachers, and academics in higher education institutions. Ukrainian mothers, teaching their children to love God and the motherland, positively influence society and form the spiritual, professional, and business cultures of the young generation. Christian families have a special, vital resource. This resource enables mothers to fully fulfill their spiritual and social roles in the family. During the war in Ukraine, such mothers laid the foundations of new values that affect the whole world.

Regarding the criminological study of suicidal behavior determinants among law enforcement bodies employees

The article carries out a criminological study of the determinants of suicidal behavior among police officers. The authors note that in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number of suicides and suicide attempts, including ones among law enforcement officers. It was determined that criminology as a complex science allows to study suicide not only from a legal point of view, but also from the point of view of other sciences, such as sociology and psychology. There is still a debate among legal scholars whether to refer the problem of suicide to the problems of criminological research. According to scientists, the main reason for insufficient attention of criminologists is that suicide is not a criminal offense in most countries of the world.
 It is determined that suicide has become common among employees of internal affairs bodies aged 25 to 40. Given that law enforcement is a critical and extreme type of activity, suicides among law enforcement officers have specific determinants. Law enforcement officers are a category of persons who need special attention in view of the possibility of developing suicidal behavior, since the availability of weapons provides an opportunity to choose the most lethal methods of suicide. The authors agree with the opinion of the researchers that the greatest impact on a law enforcement officer is not so much household and family problems as the psychological burden associated with the service activity. In other words, socio-psychological maladjustment is the main determinant of suicidal behavior among law enforcement officers. Suicidal behavior is often associated with a psychological crisis that can occur under the influence of threats of various kinds. A person in such a crisis state decides that suicide is the only way to solve problems.
 It has been proven that suicidal behavior among law enforcement officers is caused by a number of determinants that individually and collectively have a negative impact on the policeman's personality, as a result of which his social and psychological well­being is destroyed, the protective functions of body and psyche are depleted, and mental disorders and mental illnesses may occur.

The Role of Female Companions in Establishing Self-initiatives

This study aimed to explain the role of female companions in establishing self-initiatives, clarify the reasons that contributed to these initiatives among female companions, and review the family initiatives of female companions. To achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive approach was used according to the deductive method in tracking the family initiatives of the female Companions - may God be pleased with them -extracting from the books of sayings, doings, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) narrated by his companions and biography, to find out what the commentators said about these initiatives. Then the study sought the reasons that created such proactive personalities. The study reached several conclusions, including: Islam empowered women, and allowed them to create and participate in men. Initiatives are a fertile area for community development of all kinds. Women's initiatives have contributed to finding solutions to family problems. The need for constructive initiatives that strengthen family and community construction is urgent, as have the Sahabis. Develop the sense of initiative in the community, to be the best successor to the best of the predecessor. - Research on the extent to which self-initiatives are achieved among students in university and higher education. - Directing different institutions to adopt useful initiatives in various areas.

Causes associated with school dropping of students

School dropouts, terminal efficiency, and low performance rates continue to be some of the concerns of educational institutions, managers, teachers, parents, and the entire educational system in Mexico. The results show that the most common problems were related to health problems as the main cause of school dropout, as a second cause they refer to the predominant family problems among students, followed by economic problems and unjustified absences on the part of students. young people for hanging out with their classmates during classes.

Transformation of Family Roles and Dynamics In Adjusting to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 for Prosperity in Digital Era

The fourth industrial revolution has brought about major changes in how we live and labor, specifically affecting family dynamics. This abstract explores how families adjust to these changes to maintain productivity and well-being in the digital age. We concentrate on the effects of technology adoption on the labor market and the necessary skills, including automation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Adapting abilities to stay professionally relevant and maintain social-emotional balance in the face of evolving digitally affected interaction patterns is a major problem for families. This study emphasizes how crucial it is for families to adjust quickly in order to acquire new skills and maintain up good communication. We demonstrate how families can prosper in the digital age by effectively adapting. Families that recognize and solve these issues will be able to maintain their well-being in the face of swift global change.

The latest trends in family and demographic policy in Russia

Despite the importance of many social institutions developed by society and the state related to upbringing and education, the family, like no other institution, undertakes the natural, natural and social mission of forming the personality of its child, its children, capable of becoming an active member of society and a citizen of their state in less than two decades of human life and state development. It is necessary to emphasize the special importance and significance of the family not only for society, but also for the state. This article examines the dynamics of marriage and divorce in Russia in various periods of its historical development, from 1950 to 2022 inclusive. The article shows the transformation of public relations in the formation of family and marriage relations over the past thirty years in Russia and the modern efforts of the state to increase the value of registered marriage as the basis of modern family and demographic policy. The modern trends and tendencies of legislative consolidation of the norms of encouragement of Russian families who have been married for a long time are shown. The study uses statistical data, visualized information, scientific articles by Russian researchers on topical issues and problems of family and demographic policy in Russia, media materials, speeches by Russian politicians and statesmen.

The bidirectional connection between family functioning and psychopathology: A network analysis in a large sample of adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their parents.

Family functioning is a risk and maintaining factor for anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aims to identify specific areas of family functioning according to adolescents and parental perspectives associated with eating and general psychological symptoms in people with AN. Four-hundred-forty-five adolescents with AN or atypical AN and their parents were enrolled. Adolescents completed the Eating Disorder Inventory-3, the Youth Self-Report questionnaire, and the Family Assessment Device (FAD). Their parents filled in the FAD. A network analysis was conducted including all subscales. The bridge function analysis was applied to identify the bridge nodes connecting each community constituted of family functioning perception with the communities of adolescents' eating and general psychological symptoms. Family communication was the node most strongly connecting fathers and mothers' perception of family functioning and adolescents' eating symptoms. Problem solving was the node with the highest bridge expected influence between mothers' family functioning and adolescents' general psychopathology. General functioning and problem solving were the bridge nodes between adolescents' view of family functioning and eating and general psychopathology. Maturity fear, interpersonal insecurity, and interpersonal alienation were the bridge nodes between adolescents' eating symptoms and mothers, fathers, and adolescents' family functioning communities respectively. Family members must be involved in the therapeutic process to improve family communication and problem solving diverting their attention toward emotional needs and interpersonal difficulties of adolescents with AN. Developing autonomy and independence from parents and building trustworthy relationships with peers may be favored by improving familiar dynamics and may contribute to prevent the maintenance of AN.

Dietary nutrients that potentially mitigate autism spectrum disorder and dietary recommendations for children and pregnant women

AbstractThe increasing incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) worldwide poses serious social and family problems. Various risk factors for ASD are gradually being recognized, and there are also various options for the treatment of ASD. It is worth noting that dietary interventions have been shown to have a positive effect in terms of mitigating and preventing some psychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and ASD, and they are gradually receiving attention as a safe adjuvant treatment. In this review, based on the current understanding of the pathogenic factors and intervention strategies for ASD, different dietary patterns that can be selected for children with ASD are discussed in depth. Moreover, a review was conducted on the use of dietary factors, such as natural products from food sources, prebiotics, and probiotics, as effective supplements to existing dietary patterns. As increasing evidence shows that maternal risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, are associated with an increased risk of ASD in offspring, dietary suggestions are also made for pregnant woman with ASD‐related risk factors to counteract the impact of these risk factors. With compensation from food‐derived natural products, prebiotics, and probiotics, suitable dietary patterns can further enhance the effectiveness of dietary interventions for ASD. In addition, dietary recommendations for pregnant woman may reduce the potential impact of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension and may help to prevent the occurrence of ASD to the maximum extent possible.

Feminist Therapy Approach as an Effort to Prevent Child Marriage at the Family Learning Center (PUSPAGA) Bantul Regency

Child marriage remains a challenging issue in Indonesia to this day. Childhood should be a critical period for physical, emotional and social growth before they enter adulthood. To prevent the occurrence of these cases, especially child marriage, various institutions in Indonesia provide counseling facilities or become a place to consult about family problems. One of these institutions is the Family Learning Center (PUSPAGA) which is under the auspices of the Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection and Family Planning (DP3AKB).This study aims to analyze the use of feminist therapy as an effort to prevent child marriage in the community of Bantul Regency, which has experienced a fairly high increase every year. This research method is qualitative with data collection through interviews. The results and discussion of this research are analyzed by the researcher and presented as follows:1. Based on the understanding of the concept of gender by the counselor, Gender is considered as a social formation that regulates the roles and interactions between men and women through the socialization process, establishing roles, rights, obligations, and responsibilities in the context of production and reproduction. 2. Feminist Therapy in Child Marriage Prevention, Counselors who have a gender orientation and use a counseling approach create feminist counseling, an approach that emphasizes the importance of equality and efforts to achieve it.