Family Planning In India Research Articles

INFORMATION ABOUT METHODS RECEIVED BY CONTRACEPTIVE USERS IN INDIA.

Very little is known, at national and state levels, about how much information women in India are receiving about the method of contraception they are using. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap in knowledge. A Method Information Index (MII) was calculated from the responses of women who started using a modern contraceptive method five years prior to interview, and who were still using it at the time of interview, in the third National Family Health Survey conducted in India in 2005-06. The women were asked whether at the time they initiated contraceptive use they were told about other methods they could use, the side-effects of their selected method and what to do if they experienced these side-effects. The MII values (percentages of women who responded 'yes' to all three questions) were calculated for each category of women's characteristics to show the relationship between MII and each characteristic. Mixed-effect logistic regression models were used to assess the independent effect of each variable after controlling for the effects of other variables on MII. The results indicate that contraceptive users in India in 2005-06 were receiving very little information about the method they were using: only 15.6% of contraceptive users reported receiving information on all three items. This low level was prevalent across different socioeconomic strata and across all the major states. There were a few exceptions, but the level was still quite low. Clearly, there is plenty of scope to improve the content of information exchanged between service providers and clients in order to ensure the rights of women to receive services of good quality, as well as improve informed choice and continuity of contraceptive use. Such a focus on improving quality of services is likely to help the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in making its stated transition from a 'population control centric' to a 'reproductive rights based' approach to family planning in India.

Indyjski stan wyjątkowy (1975–1977)

The State of Emergency in India (1975–1977) The article discusses the course of the State of Emergency in India, which took place between 26 June 1975 to 21 March 1977. The author explains the main reasons of introducing the state of emergency by then prime minister of India – Indira Gandhi. The article focuses its attention on the steps taken by the head of Indian government, leading to the introduction of so-called “disciplined democracy” and their consequences for Indian society. The author especially emphasizes controversial issue of family planning in India, during the emergency state.

Determinants of the unmet need for family planning among women of Jaipur, Rajasthan

Background: More than 100 million women in less developed countries or about 17% of all married women would prefer to avoid pregnancy, but are not using any form of family planning. Despite the government's many efforts, the unmet need for family planning in India is still 12.8%. The present study is aimed to assess prevalence of the unmet need for family planning, its determinants, and the reasons for the unmet need for family planning. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 500 was divided equally among the rural and urban areas. A simple random technique was used to select the first household for the survey. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to record the information. Data was entered on Microsoft Access and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS version 11.5 for Windows Vista. The chi square test was used for finding the association and trends. Results: In the present study, 35% of the population had an unmet need, of which 58.28% belonged to rural area, while 41.71% belonged to the urban area. The significant determinants associated with the unmet need for family planning were religion, type of family, husband's education and occupation, socioeconomic class, women's age, women's education and occupation, exposure to mass media, and healthcare facility where services were provided. Overall, lack of motivation and obstacles were the major reasons for the unmet need. Conclusion: Improved access to family planning services, better education, improved standard of living, and higher exposure to mass media can significantly decrease the unmet need of family planning.

Recent Advances in Hormonal Contraceptives for Women

Currently, Contraceptive agents play a key role in family planning in India. Hormonal contraception is the marketed most common birth control option in women. An estimated 100 million women throughout the world use hormonal contraceptives for prevention of pregnancy. This article briefly describes the recent advances in hormonal contraceptive strategies that may minimize side effects while optimizing effective contraception. There are four types of hormonal contraceptive agents available for birth control. They include oral contraceptives pills (combined and mini-pills), contraceptive patches, hormonal implants, intrauterine devices and hormone injection agents. Oral contraceptives (OCs) are among the most widely used agents because they are highly effective when used properly. Generally, OCs are designed to simulate the 28 days of the menstrual cycle by daily intake of steroid hormones consisting of an estrogen and/or a progesterone. The primary mechanism underlying OC action is inhibition of ovulation. This action is achieved using a variety of OCs with substantially different components, doses, and side effect profile. Two types of OC pills are widely available: combination pills; and progesterone only pills. The combined daily OC pill is composed of low dose of synthetic estrogen and progesterone. They are usually taken for 21 days with a 7 day gap during which menstruation-like bleeding occurs. Recently, there are several new OCs that have been approved to minimize the frequency and/or extent of breakthrough bleeding while achieving reliable means of contraception for the avoidance of unplanned pregnancies.

Population Control in India: Prologue to the Emergency Period

Some 30 years after the event the Emergency Period remains the one episode in the history of family planning in India that would appear to require no introduction. It has become emblematic of everything that can go wrong in a program premised on control rather than on reproductive rights and health. This included time-bound performance targets; a preference for methods that minimized the need for sustained motivation; disregard for basic medical standards; incentive payments that for the very poorest constituted a form of coercion; disincentives that punished nonparticipation; and official consideration of compulsory sterilization which even if never enacted into law signaled that achieving national population targets might override individual dignity and welfare. (excerpt)

Fertility and family planning in India and Kenya

This article compares the fertility pattern and the attitudes towards family planning in two culturally and geographically different societies, the growing slum area in Calcutta, India and Taita-Taveta, an agricultural area under high population pressure in Kenya. The studies are partly demographic and partly based on in-depth interviews.

Marital power structure, fertility and family planning in India

Marital power structure, fertility and family planning in India

Status of Women and Family Planning: The Indian Case

This article examines the extent to which the status of women is related to awareness, knowledge, and practice of family planning in India. It uses both macro-level data for the states of India and date from household surveys and field studies to assess the extent of interaction between the women's status indicators and family planning indicators. Results show a definite statistical relationship between women's status and women's ability to control fertility. The strongest relationship to adoption of family planning is the educational attainment of women, followed by age at marriage, and women's work participation, particularly in nonagricultural activities. Evidence from various surveys on the effects of crucial variables on reproductive behavior include 1) a marked reduction in fertility with increases in the educational level; 2) lower fertility for working women, and especially for non-manual workers; 3) a reduction in fertility with increases in age at marriage; and 4) a higher percentage of couples practicing family planning who have 2 or more surviving children, particularly if they have boys. A 1972 survey of 3 Indian states showed that 1) husbands impose a variety of restrictions on wives, with rural husbands placing more restrictions than urban husbands; 2) women's role in decision making in household affairs is positively correlated with the degree of awareness and knowledge of contraceptives as well as adoption of family planning; and 3) interspousal communication was significantly related to the practice of family planning in both rural and urban areas. In conclusion, to help encourage adoption of family planning and reduce fertility, India should 1) emphasize education for women, 2) enforce the legal minimum age at marriage, 3) promote employment opportunities for women, 4) improve women's role in decision making, and 5) encourage interspousal communication in family affairs.

Cost-effectiveness of family planning in India: the long-run average and marginal costs

An attempt was made to work out the actual costs (ACs) and marginal costs (MCs) of Indias family planning program over the 1956-57 and 1982-83 periods and to identify the long run trends. Additionally the efficacy was examined of reorienting the program during 1966-67 by making it target-oriented and time-bound. Data from the Year Book on the Family Welfare Program pertaining to expenditure performance and impact were used. These data were available from the financial year 1966-67 onwards. Prior to this there were 2 limitations to the available data: the data on performance of various family planning methods and their impact on couple protection births averted and so forth had been given in the form of calendar years from 1956-66. Consequently the performance data given by Bali Ram in regard to sterilization and IUDs for the years 1956-57 to 1965-66 were used. Secondly the performance data on conventional contraceptives were available in aggregated form for 3 years (1963-65). These were split into 3 financial years i.e. 1963-64 1964-65 and 1965-66 on the basis of the proportions of sterilizations during these individual years. 3 measures were used in the analysis: cost per equivalent sterilization; cost per couple protected; and cost per birth averted. Considerable fluctuations were evident in respect to the number of equivalent sterilizations especially between 1968-69 and 1977-78. Some of the variations in the output were directly related to the level of the program expenditure especially between 1972-73 and 1982-83. Program expenditure and the output in terms of equivalent sterilization were strongly correlated supporting the view that the output of the family planning program varies with variations in program expenditure. The MC and AC curves in regard to equivalent sterilizations showed sections of AC curves with MC curves intersecting them at lowest points around 1959-60 and 1967-68. The longterm AC curve seemed to be a shallow U-shaped curve. The cost curves relating to the couple-years effectively protected also showed a similar trend. The cost curves relating to cost per birth averted showed rather different patterns of the long run AC and MC both decreasing over time with the AC decreasing relatively steadily to an apparent minimum in 1979-80. This measure showed less sensitivity to short term changes. The results of the means test of AC of equivalent sterilizations before and after 1966-67 suggest that this measure has been increasingly cost effective.

A Macromarketing Perspective on Social Marketing: The Case of Family Planning in India

Macromarketing's concern with intended and unintended effects of social marketing is examined in this article by focusing on the marketing of family planning in India. It is argued that the traditional emphases on marketing transactions can also be adopted in social marketing; however, the processes by which transactions are maximized can be highly disruptive and socially dysfunctional. By adopting a macro-marketing perspective, social marketing programs can be designed which are compatible with individual as well as collective welfare and which are equitable in their impact on society.

Family planning in India: a worm's eye view from a rural area in South India

Family planning in India: a worm's eye view from a rural area in South India

Learning About the Population Problem: Children's Attitudes Toward Family Planning in India

This research seeks to measure children's awareness of and support for family planning in India, on the premise that they are indications of future fertility behavior. The survey was conducted in June-August 1975 in 6 districts of Andhra Pradesh State, including schools in cities, small towns and villages. The 863 respondents included Hindus and Muslims, various caste groups, 3 language groups, and students in the 6th to 12th classes. Children's awareness of family planning was operationalized through 2 questions: "Have you heard about family planning?" and "Which is better, a big family or a small family?". Results show that 70% had heard of family planning and that approval of family planning is extensive, with only 14% of the sample expressing a preference for large families. Awareness of family planning is clearly correlated in the expected direction with exposure to a modernizing environment, particularly education. Exposure to media and political involvement are also correlated with awareness. Support for family planning is most highly correlated with religion, with Muslim children less approving than Hindu. Party identification and political knowledge are both associated with higher approval. Education and the index of modernity are the only indicators of modernization that correlate with approval.

Political Will and Family Planning: The Implications of India's Emergency Experience

The application of political will to family planning in India produced all the critics of the governments earlier family planning efforts had expected of it plus a great deal that had not been anticipated. By the time the intensive family planning drive came to an end in 1976 although a 50% increase had been achieved in the proportion of Indian couples estimated to be protected by modern contraception millions had suffered harrassment at the hands of government officials bent on implementing it; many had died from it; the political leaders who had willed it were out of power and in disrepute; and the program itself collapsed. Finally the unanticipated costs came to outweigh the benefits that had been expected and the program could not survive. The family planning turmoil from which this emerged occupied the latter half of the 19-month period of emergency rule that lasted from late June 1975 until mid-January 1976. An integrated approach had been taken in which family planning became an integral if not dominant component of the program of all government departments rather than the primary responsibility of the health and medical authorities. The techniques used were the intensive crash program approach; surgical sterilization as an easily administered contraceptive method; the use of targets as an important means of controlling fieldworker performance; the assignment of principal field-level responsibility to the generalist administrative cadre; the payment of monetary incentives to sterilization acceptors; the use of sanctions; plus resort in some cases to compulsive sterilization. In the end family planning became the dominant virtually exclusive theme of the governments development efforts and the intermediate objective of increased family planning acceptance was pursued as if it were all that mattered.

FAMILY PLANNING IN INDIA: DIFFUSION AND POLICY

FAMILY PLANNING IN INDIA: DIFFUSION AND POLICY

Reviews

Restructuring Employment Opportunities in Australia, edited by G. R. Linge Environmental Management in Australia 1788–1914. Guardians, Improvers and Profit: an Introductory Survey, by J. M. Powell Ideas for Australian Cities by Hugh Stretton Family Planning in India: Diffusion and Policy by Piers M. Blaikie, Edward Arnold Brisbane at the Census: 1971 A Social Atlas. Prepared by Cities Commission with the assistance of G. T. McDonald, D. Biernoff, R. Jensen, P. Mullins, J. Skinner and P. Wood.

Book Reviews

Journal Article Book Reviews Get access FAMILY PLANNING IN INDIA: DIFFUSION AND POLICY, P. M. Blaikie , Arnold, 1975. £10. ON DEFUSING THE POPULATION BOMB, M. E. Endres . Schenkman, 1975. No price. INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION IN POPULATION AND FAMILY PLANNING: A Guide for National Action; W. B. Johnson , F. Wilder , D. J. Bogue and others. Community and Family Study Centre, University of Chicago, 1973. No price. M. J. Shepperdson M. J. Shepperdson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Community Development Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, April 1976, Pages 165–166, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/11.2.165 Published: 01 April 1976

Human Fertility in India, Family Planning in India

Human Fertility in India, Family Planning in India

Family planning in india with comments on the role of Indo-American cooperation

In many parts of the world, the provision of family planning services arose originally out of official concern over rapid population growth. India typifies this historical approach to population control, which has generated intense debate over the relative merits of different approaches to changing national fertility patterns. This paper describes the role of family planning in India's population control effort and the significance of Indo-American cooperation in the field of reproductive medicine. It is based on the personal experience of the author as Medical Advisor to the Office of Population, United States Agency for International Development/New Delhi from October 1971, to December,1972.

Infant Mortality, Population Growth and Family Planning in India.

This study surveys the level, causes, and course of infant mortality in India during the last seventy years. Besides this historical survey, the book examines the implications of high and low infant mortality on the country's major problems of population growth and the current population policy designed to reduce the birth rate through family planning.Originally published 1972.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.

The Role of Nurses in Family Planning

The unique advantages possessed by nurses in promoting family planning in India are briefly described. First of all the nursing profession is mostly a female occupational specialty; and women have been pioneers in the family planning movement all over the world. Secondly the only means of controlling population rationally is by prevention of unwanted births; and the receptivity to ideas on family planning is highest in the postpartum period-when contact with nurses is frequent. Thirdly women will be more amenable to suggestion from members of their own sex and feel free to get doubts clarified. The promotion of family planning by nurses should emanate from the conviciton that family planning methods are desirable for the health and happiness of individual families. In addition as working women the precepts are even more applicable to nurses who are thereby in a valuable position to influence their patients by both example and advice.