Family Occupation Research Articles

Effect of COVID-19 on Socio-economic Status of Entrepreneurs Engaged in Mithila painting

Mithila painting is a business or source of income of the artist around the Mahbubani district of northern Bihar. Livelihood of these people depend on this painting but during COVID-19 pandemic these artists faced many troubles because all shops were closed due to the lockdown and tourists could not visit here, so it worstly affected their selling of products. The socioeconomic status of entrepreneur is combination of economic and sociology that measure total work experience of an individual or whole family income and social position in community. High socioeconomic status enhances the social standing of entrepreneur in community. The activity of entrepreneur depends on economic, social and psychological factors. A structured questionnaire method was used for collection information from Mithila’s painting professional artist and specialist. The study was carried out in Madhubani district of Bihar. For the analysis, a total of 60 samples of female were taken from 2 blocks i.e. Rahika and Rajnagar of Madhubani district. Results of the research investigation are showed that Majority of respondents have significant changed in their family occupation, ownership of fixed assets, farm assets and annual income between before and during crisis. Finding revealed that Majority (83.33%) of respondents diverted Mithila painting in mask making during pandemic crisis for employment generation

Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoan Parasites and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Merhabete District, Central Ethiopia.

Background Intestinal protozoan parasitic infections remain one of the major public health problems in tropical regions especially, among developing countries such as Ethiopia. However, no enough epidemiological data is available in this respect in many parts of the country. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infections and their associated risk factors among school children in Zeita village, Merhabete District, North Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional parasitological survey was conducted from January to March 2020. A total of 280 children from Zeita primary school were selected using stratified random sampling techniques. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct wet mount, Formal-Ether concentration and Modified Zeihel-Neelsen staining techniques. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infection was found to be 46.8% (131/280). The three predominant protozoan parasites detected in this study were Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum which were observed in 70 (25.2%), 54 (19.3%), and 7 (2.5%) of the study participants, respectively. Sociodemographic characteristics of the study subjects such as family occupation (P = 0.028), sources of drinking water (P = 0.001), water handling practice (P = 0.027), habit of eating vegetable (P = 0.001), and presence of latrine were observed to be significantly associated risk factors for the occurrence of human intestinal protozoan parasites. Conclusion A high prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasitic infection which has been contributed by different risk factors was revealed in this study. The findings suggested a need of collaborative effort among the educational and health authorities to control the infection in the study area.

Factors affecting household solid waste generation and management in Sri Lanka: an empirical study.

This study examines the effect of "waste management" factors (Knowledge, Motivation, Time, Awareness, Contribution, Attitudes) on household waste generation (HWG), more precisely the measured weight of waste generated at households for a week (MWWGHW) while controlling for the socioeconomic factors such as family size, monthly family income, education level, and occupation. It also examines the moderating effects of the geographic location (urban versus rural areas) on the relationships between waste management factors and MWWGHW while controlling for the aforementioned socioeconomic factors. The overall results show that socioeconomic factors such as Family Size ([Formula: see text] = 0.134; p < 0.001) and Monthly Family Income ([Formula: see text] = 0.301; p < 0.001) significantly and positively influence MWWGHW, whereas the Occupation factor ([Formula: see text] = - 0.106, p < 0.05) significantly and negatively influences MWWGHW. Furthermore, the results show that the Knowledge ([Formula: see text] = - 0.129, p < 0.05), Motivation ([Formula: see text] = - 0.161, p < 0.001), Contribution ([Formula: see text] = - 0.111, p < 0.05), and Awareness ([Formula: see text]= - 0.189, p < 0.001) factors significantly and negatively influence MWWGHW. While the results show that the geographic location Urban Area moderates significantly the relationship between the Motivation factor and MWWGHW ([Formula: see text] = - 0.129, p < 0.05), the same results show, however, that the geographic location Rural Area moderates significantly but negatively the relationships between Knowledge factor and MWWGHW ([Formula: see text] = - 0.187, p < 0.01); Motivation factor and MWWGHW ([Formula: see text] = - 0.390, p < 0.001); Contribution factor and MWWGHW ([Formula: see text] = - 0.154, p < 0.10); and Awareness factor and MWWGHW ([Formula: see text] = - 0.285, p < 0.001). Based on these results, implications for policy orientations and future research are provided.

Assessment of Challenges and Prospects of Entrepreneurial Attitude on Students: The Case of Wachemo University, Ethiopia

This paper investigates assessment on the challenges and prospects of entrepreneurial attitude on students in the case of Wachemo University Ethiopia. The study used survey by method using a structured questionnaire which was administered to 350 sample respondents. In order to accomplish the objectives of the study, independent variables such as gender of students, family occupation, specialization of students, parent’s support to self-employment and socio cultural factors that influence student’s attitude and the dependent variable, entrepreneurship attitude was discussed. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics like tables and graphs. Also multiple linear regression models were used to examine the variation in the entrepreneurship attitude related to the variation in each of the independent variables of the study. Those findings suggest that entrepreneurship education is strong enough to encourage student to establish a new business, but it can make students feel that establishing a business is worthwhile. Based on findings, Universities should establish a business center where youth can have a practical experience to enrich their entrepreneurial involvement thereby changing their attitude towards entrepreneurship programs. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Attitude DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-19-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Engagement in Family Occupation Measure: A Study of Content Validity

Abstract Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. Evidence highlights the centrality of the family in child development, yet understanding of how families compose everyday life is limited. This study examined the validity of the Engagement in Family Occupation Measure to ensure it represents the scope of family occupations. Ten OTs and 11 families raising children were interviewed. Findings revealed significant discrepancies in valued family occupations between families and OT professionals. Primary Author and Speaker: Katelyn R. Harris Additional Authors and Speakers: Katherine Byrne, Elizabeth Werner-DeGrace

English

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of periodontal tissues. It is a slow progressing infectious disease. Periodontitis is recognized as the sixth complication of diabetes. Periodontitis and diabetes are chronic diseases. It has a bilateral relationship with diabetes mellitus. Socioeconomic status encompasses income, educational status of head of the family, and family occupation. To upgrade and assess the knowledge concerning the association of periodontitis with diabetes and socioeconomic status, conclusions derived from the case - control studies, epidemiological studies and cross-sectional studies indexed in PubMed / Medline, Scopus journals during the period of 2010 – 2020 were analysed. This article elucidates 1) Whether there is a relationship between periodontitis and diabetes and vice-versa? 2) Association between periodontitis and socioeconomic status? 3) Relationship between socioeconomic status, diabetes, and periodontitis? After a thorough evaluation of the literature, it was found that there is a link between diabetes with periodontitis and vice-versa, socioeconomic status with periodontitis and diabetes, and thus there is a direct association of periodontitis with diabetes and socioeconomic status. Diabetes and socioeconomic status are the prime risk factors of periodontitis. The education and motivation regarding periodontal health in all socioeconomic groups, pre-diabetes, and diabetics with periodontitis in the population would yield a better oral health quality of life. With the changes in socioeconomic status scale in each year, the need for reviewing the association between periodontitis, diabetes, and socioeconomic status in India becomes imperative. KEY WORDS SES - Socioeconomic Status, IDDM - Insulin - Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM - Non - Insulin - Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, IL - 6 - Interleukin - 6, IL - 1β - Interleukin 1 Beta, TNFα - Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL REGARDING JUNK FOOD CONSUMPTION AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN DHARWAD DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

Junk foods have gained rapid popularity as they are easily available, ready to eat or served ready to eat as fast foods. Additives used in junk food make them more appealing and palatable which in-turn encourages consumption. Junk foods are known to cause adverse health effects like obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia etc., yet it is widely consumed especially among the adolescents. A study was undertaken with the objective to assess the knowledge level regarding junk food consumption among school children in Dharwad district. Schools selected were Narendra School in rural area and Krishinagar school in urban area. Random sampling technique was employed for selection of the samples. A total of 120 students (60 each school) studying in class 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th were selected. Each subject was asked to fill the questionnaire. Subjects belonged to age group of 13 – 16 years. Family occupation among most of the subjects was agriculture and the family income was less than Rs. 1 lakh per annum. Breakfast was consumed at home and lunch was provided at school under mid-day meal scheme. Food outlets available nearby were petty shops, canteen, bakery, grocery stores and hotels. Majority of subjects 36 (60.00%) from Narendra and 46 (76.67%) Krishinagar were knowing about junk foods but knowledge regarding various ingredients, preservatives and chemicals used in preparation of junk foods and their adverse health effects was limited. Junk food consumption among most of the subjects was on monthly basis that is 21 (35.00%) from Narendra and 17 (28.33%) from Krishinagar. Commonly consumed junk food were deep fried items like chips, namkeens, sweets and other items like toffees, candies and coloured ice candies. Hence there is a need create awareness and impart knowledge regarding junk food and its effect on health among school children. KEY WORDS: Junk foods, fast foods, preservatives, chemicals, health.

Awareness of members about functioning of self-help group

The present study was conducted in Amravati district of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state. The study “Awareness of members about functioning of self-help group” was conducted in Nandgaon Khandeshwar and Bhatkuli talukas of Amravati district, from this talukas ten villages selected and from each village fifteen respondents were selected on the basis of Agriculture based self-help group, 150 respondents were purposively selected for study. Exploratory research design was used for the research study. It was noticed that, half of the respondents i.e. 58.67 per cent were in middle age group, 43.33 per cent respondents were educated upto junior college level, half 51.33 per cent of the respondents were having agriculture as a occupation, majority 64.00 per cent of the respondents had medium family size, majority 60.00 per cent of the respondents had medium family income, majority 68.67 per cent of the respondents had low experience in SHG, half 51.33 per cent of the respondents had low training received, majority 64.67 per cent of the respondents had medium extension contact, majority of the respondents i.e. 74.67 per cent had medium social participation and majority of the respondents i.e. 68.67 per cent were having medium achievement motivation. In the case of awareness about functioning of self-help group 80.00 per cent respondents having high level of awareness. The independent variables namely education, family size, extension contact and achievement motivation are positively significant with awareness about the functions of self-help group at 0.01 level of probability. Whereas the variables namely family income and training received are positively significant with awareness about the functions of self-help group at 0.05 level of probability. The variables namely family occupation and social participation are non-significantly correlated with awareness about the functions of self-help group. Whereas the variables namely age and experience in SHG are negatively significant with awareness about the functions of self-help group.

Background profile of S.H.G. members of Jorhat district of Assam

A self-help group (SHG) is a voluntarily association of people with common goal. The concept of “self-help groups appears to be a good substitute strategy to involve people in the improvement process. Empowerment of women through self-help groups has benefited not only the individual women but also her family and community as a whole. The study was carried out in the Jorhat district of Assam. Four blocks were selected from national rural livelihood mission (NRLM) initiative blocks. Thus, all total 16 self-help groups were selected from these blocks for the present study. Ten members from 16 SHG’s, total 160 members were selected using simple random sampling for the study. Majority of 54.4 per cent of the members belonged to young aged category i.e. 27 – 39 years. A large majority ( 95.00 % ) of the respondents were married and 37.50 per cent of the respondents had education upto high school level. A majority of the respondents (56.30 %) belonged to the OBC category, 68.10 per cent belonged to nuclear family and 62.50 per cent belonged to small family size. Majority of the respondents ( 48.8 % ) were marginal i.e. having 3 – 7.5 bigha of land holdings. Majority of the respondent’s family occupation (41.70 %) was cultivation and 56.30 per cent had medium income level and 91.00 per cent were member of one organization. Majority of the respondents (91.25 %) possessed television and 40.00 per cent attended training programme during the year 2017, 91.87 per cent source of information were extension officers, 88.75 per cent had contact with community resource person. A high percentage ( 62.50 %) of members of self-help group were completely dependent on bank namely Gramin Vikash Bank for their entrepreneurship development.

KNOWLEDGE LEVEL REGARDING ANEMIA AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN DHARWAD, KARNATAKA

Anemia is the most common nutrient deficiency caused due to deficiency of iron, commonly found in adolescent girls and women. A study on knowledge level regarding anemia among adolescent girls in Dharwad, Karnataka through assessment of the knowledge, attitude and practice among the reproductive age group' was undertaken. A questionnaire was prepared, consisting general information, knowledge level, practices followed and frequency of consumption of foods rich in iron. The government school in the village of Narendra, near Dharwad District of Karnataka State was selected for the study. The adolescent girls (N=60) studying in high school were selected for the survey. Nutritional knowledge regarding anemia was imparted to the participants. Pre and post knowledge test were compared to study impact of nutrition education. Adolescent girls belonged to age group of 14 to 16 years. Family occupation was agriculture 33 (55%) and non-agriculture 27 (45%). Significant increase was observed in knowledge level of adolescent girls from 26.50 (44.80%) in pre-test to 53.00 (87.86%) post-test with t – value of 8.68. No significant difference was observed in practices followed. Green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, milk and milk products were consumed on daily basis. Fruits, germinated grains and fermented foods were consumed on weekly basis. Majority of them that is nearly 70 % of adolescent girls were vegetarians and did not consume meat. Egg was consumed on a weekly or monthly basis. Among nuts, groundnut was commonly consumed. There was no much difference observed in frequency of food consumption between pre-test and post-test. KEY WORDS: Anemia. Iron, deficiency, adolescent

The Status of Girls' Education in Jharkhand

Article 14 of the Constitution of India states that “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.” but when it comes to women in India, it is a well-established fact that they have always faced the wrath of discrimination. The relevant point here is, the gender gap created in the Indian Society is due to gender discrimination faced by women. The gender gap in literacy and education is an important dimension in gender inequality, and it is contingent on socio, cultural, and economic factors. The levels of hardship faced by women are further exacerbated and they become even more vulnerable when one kind of discrimination (gender in this particular instance) adds up with the other, like discrimination based on caste, class, religion, etc. According to the Census Report of 2011, Jharkhand has a considerable number of tribals, i.e. 26% of the total population of the state (Office of the Registrar General, India). The occupation of a majority of tribal people is agriculture, whose productivity is generally low, therefore most of the tribal girls contribute to the family income by participating in the family occupation and by also engaging in domestic chores. Since a high proportion of them engage in survival tasks, many of them are prevented from enrolling in schools (NSSO, 1990). According to the Jharkhand Economic Survey conducted in 2015-16, the enrolment of girl students at primary and upper primary levels was found to be 50%. Moreover, female literacy in urban areas was 77.5 per cent in comparison to about 55.2 per cent in rural areas. Further, Jharkhand has the highest dropout rate for school children in India (only 30 out of 100 finish school). Dropout rates among Adivasis are the highest among all communities. On the contrary, Jharkhand adopted the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act in 2011 by specifying its own rules and regulations extracted from the original version of the act passed by the parliament. Article 45 of the constitution provides that, “The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.” The researcher, therefore, considering the aforementioned information would like to research on the status of girls’ primary education in Jharkhand.

16세기 개성 유자(儒者) 한순계(韓舜繼)의 상업 활동

Although Kaesŏng was weakened and dwindled after the establishment of Chosŏn Dynasty, the city was still a typical metropolis with the population of approximately 35 thousand. Later its markets, carrying on the tradition of Koryŏ, were restored and were led to a different form of development. On the other hand, its yangban(兩班) society faced turmoil and deterioration, due to the region’s general atmosphere against the new dynasty and the state’s prohibition on National Civil and Military Examination(科擧). <BR> Han Sunkye(1530～1588) was a confucian scholar who engaged in producing and selling of brassware for his living. He was referred to as ‘Mentor Shi-eun(市隱)’ among the confucian figures of his time, as he remained a noble confucian scholar with his occupation at the state-licensed market(市廛). A collection of his literary works Shi-eun Jip(市隱集) was published after his death. He was also commended and was awarded an honorary position by the government, with the efforts of his descendents and other regional scholars.<BR> Han Sunkye lived his life with (1) diligence and sincerity, (2) honesty and integrity, (3) emphasis on coexistence with others, and (4) a strong sense of responsibility towards the State and society. His descendents also continued to succeed the family occupation of producing and selling brassware after six generations. In conclusion, the family of Han Sunkye was typical Kaesŏng merchants who devoted themselves to their occupation while remaining confucian scholars, later on to be recognised as one of the origins of Chosŏn confucian merchants(朝鮮儒商).

MYCOTIC INCIDENCE OF EAR INFECTION AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AT TAIZ - CITY, YEMEN

The prevalence and distribution of fungi involved in otomycosis in children of primary school at Taiz city were studied using two types of isolation media. The obtained results revealed the confirmation of fungal otomycosis in 76. 7 % of suspected patients. Ear infection in relation to age the results showed that the group with age between 10- 15 years were highly infected with fungi and the female patients were more affected than male. Patients with excellent and good healthy state were less infected. Also, the majority of ear infection were found in children of poor occupation and decreased with raising of the family occupation and disappeared in rich families. On the other hands, there are no relationship between ear infection and the level of family education. &#x0D; Twelve species and one variety belonging to 5 genera were isolated from 60 children patients on Czapeck,s and Sabouraud,s dextrose agar at 28°C. Members of Aspergillus were the most prevalent. From the genus 8 species were identified of which A. niger, A. sydowii and A. versicolor were the most predominant. The second incidence fungi in children ears was represented by Penicillium. The other 3 genera identified, represented each by one species, wereisolated in less frequency of occurrence at least on one isolation medium.&#x0D; About 17 isolates appertaining to 10 species related to 5 genera were tested for their abilities to produce lipase and protease enzymes on solid medium. The results indicated that 12 isolates could produce the two enzymes. &#x0D; Isolates related to A. flavus, A. niger, A. sydowii, Penicillium sp. were the most producers for lipase and protease enzymes. Thus, critical diagnosis of the causative agent by employing aseptic and proper culture techniques and susceptibility testing for proper treatment of this disease is the need of the hour.

Adult children’s experiences of family occupations following ageing parents’ functional decline

ABSTRACT Background. Adult children often live separately from their ageing parents; however, family occupations between them may still be an important aspect of daily life. Previous research showed that, when ageing parents experience functional decline, their adult children’s everyday life is affected. Purpose. We aimed to provide insight into adult children’s experiences of family occupations when their older parents’ exhibit functional decline. Method. This study used a qualitative research design with a constructivist grounded theory approach. In total, 15 in-depth interviews were carried out in a Norwegian context with adult children, aged 47-64 years, whose parents were exhibiting increased functional decline and had received public reablement services as a result. Findings. Family occupations consist of visible aspects, such as “doing family occupations” together and for each other, and less visible aspects, including experiences of “ambivalence in doing without being asked” and “being in a state of readiness”. Our findings showed how adult children gradually assumed responsibility for the physical aspects of ‘doing’ in the family occupations. However, they expressed that their parents did not always accept or want to let go of the doing, even when they had difficulties performing physically. Family occupations are constantly changing, and they are metaphorically illustrated as an iceberg. Conclusion. Our findings advance understandings of adult children’s perspectives on family occupations. Adult children play an important part in maintaining family occupation by adapting, planning, and taking on an active role and a stand-by position in the family occupations.

What Families Do Together: An Examination of Family Occupations Affording Family Connection and Identity Cultivation

Abstract Date Presented 03/28/20 In this descriptive qualitative study, 42 families raising children with and without disabilities or chronic health conditions shared the family occupations that promoted family connection and identity. Findings include family occupation types and attributes and examine the similarities and differences among family groups. These data offer valuable practice considerations that transcend decontextualized, individualistic recommendations in order to prioritize family participation needs. Primary Author and Speaker: Sarah Smith Additional Authors and Speakers: Amanda Melanson

Passive Tobacco Exposure in School Age Children with Recurrent Respiratory Illness using Salivary Cotinine Assay

The micro (indoor) and macro (outdoor) environments play a significant role in recurrent respiratory illnessesin school-age children. Passive tobacco exposure is a leading underestimated cause of respiratory diseaseburden.Aim: To assess passive tobacco exposure in school-age children with recurrent respiratory illness bymeasuring salivary cotinine.Method: It is a cross-sectional study that included 160 children between 5 and 15 years with recurrent upperand lower respiratory illness. A validated questionnaire was administered for patterns of respiratory illness,socioeconomic status, micro and macro environment exposures with emphasis on tobacco. Salivary cotininewas measured by ELISA and value &gt;10ng/ml was considered equivalent to passive tobacco exposure.Descriptive statistics were applied to compare tobacco exposed and unexposed groups. Chi-square test andbinary logistic regression were used to calculate significance.Results: History of exposure to ETS and/or tobacco dust within households was present in 30.6%. In 23.1%,bidi rolling was a family occupation. Passive tobacco exposure as determined by cotinine assay was presentin 63.7%. Salivary cotinine levels ranged from none to 21.2ng/mL with a median of 12.04ng/mL. Amongchildren with elevated cotinine, the history of tobacco exposure was present only in 38.2%. Residing in jointfamily was significant (p=0.009) for elevated cotinine levels. There was no identifiable single significant riskfactor including tobacco exposure for asthma.Conclusion: Passive exposure to tobacco is an underestimated risk factor in childhood respiratory illness.

Return Migration of Rural Youth Vis-à-Vis Agripreneurship Development in Southern India

Return migration is a calculated strategy and natural outcome of successful experiences in the host destination during which migrants met their goals and expectations. Rural youths’ return migration reflects considerable changes in the structural and functional system of rural areas, and when youths returned to rural areas, they may not have many alternatives to take up as an occupation other than agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The study was taken in purposively selected southern India with 180 return migrated rural youths. Low salary (RBQ 84.69) and exploitation by the others (RBQ 78.26) were the two most important push factors of return migration. To continue the family occupation (RBQ 78.43) and free in terms of decision making (RBQ 71.10) were the most significant pull factors, which influenced the rate of return migration. Aspiration of youths toward agripreneurship development was that the majority (53.89%) of the youths had a medium level of aspiration; however, 30.00 percent and 16.11 percent of youths had a high and low level of aspiration, respectively.

Readership and Women: A Study to Analyze Newspaper Reading of Haryana's Women

Print media is widely used and accepted in every section of society having the advantage of cheap cost and vast readership with availability in multiple languages. The present study was aimed to analyze the newspaper readership of adult women of Hisar city of Haryana state. Moreover, this study also aimed to measure the dependence of personal profile variables on newspaper readership of respondents. The findings revealed that a large number of respondents were of 40–50 yr (29.0%) in age had school high school/intermediate (28.0%) level of education. Equal numbers of respondents were employed and unemployed. Family occupation of majority of respondents was business (39.0%) had family monthly income more than 75,000/- (29.0%). Education (0.6) of the respondents was positively correlated with time spent on newspaper readership. Monthly income (0.72) and education (0.60) of the respondents were positively dependent on perceived importance of newspaper readership.

Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy: A Case Control Study

Teenage pregnancy is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies shows that teenage mothers are more likely to experience pregnancy-related complications compared to normal age mothers. This study was conducted to find the associated factors of teenage pregnancy. Hospital based case-control study was adopted among teenage mothers (15-19 years) and non-teenage (20-29 years) postnatal mothers admitted in two medical college teaching hospitals of Pokhara. Systematic random sampling was used to select the respondents. Study sample comprises 432 respondents with 216 cases and 216 controls. The data was collected by using structured interview schedule and collected data were entered in MS excel with validated command and analyzed with SPSS 16 version. The study resulted that teenage pregnancy was associated with disadvantaged ethnicity (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.14-3.56) agriculture (AOR: 5.37, 95% CI: 1.86-15.49) and labour (AOR: 6.22, 95% CI: 2.56-15.11) family occupation, lower education (AOR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.39-4.76), nonworking status of women (AOR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.60-5.14), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.101-3.21), incomplete immunization (AOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.11-4.84) and preterm gestational age (AOR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.46-7.15).It is recommended to design and implement health education interventions especially for disadvantaged groups and people with low socio economic to reduce teenage pregnancy; to emphasize on providing opportunities for higher education, employment and empowerment and increasing utilization of family planning and maternal health services among teenagers.&#x0D; Key words: Teenage pregnancy, associated factors, case control study, outcomes, adolescents

The Family Meal Model: Influences on Family Mealtime Participation.

The family meal affords benefits such as positive nutritional habits, trust building, connecting, parent modeling, and teaching. During the school-aged years, families can support children's development of health behaviors and family routines. This interdisciplinary study examined families' experiences of mealtimes and the factors that support or hinder mealtime participation. Grounded theory methods guided data collection and analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 families with at least one school-aged child (n = 68). Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Researchers coded and categorized data, identified themes, and generated a model. Families defined family mealtime as all family members being together at the kitchen or dining room table eating a meal. Families enjoyed being together, conversing, and connecting through family mealtime participation. The Family Meal Model proposes relationships between factors that support or hinder a family's mealtime participation. Discussion includes support for a broadened role of occupational therapy in promoting family occupation through family meals.