Family Malvaceae Research Articles

Elucidation of key odorants in Beninese Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) infusions prepared by hot and cold brewing

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is an edible flower belonging to the large family of Malvaceae. Aroma is one of the crucial parameters to determine the final tea overall quality and the consumer's preference and it is affected by different processing factors (drying, heating, brewing etc.). The aim of this study was to compare hot and cold brewing procedures on the aroma and aroma-active compounds of Beninese Roselle for the first time. Three different infusions were prepared and coded as R16M (16 min/98 °C), R40M (40 min/98 °C) and R24H (24 h/at ambient temperature). The aroma compounds of the infusion samples were extracted by liquid liquid extraction (LLE) method and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 38, 38 and 39 aroma compounds including alcohols, furans, acids, ketones, aldehydes, volatile phenols, lactones, pyranone, pyrrole, terpene and ester were detected in R16M, R40M and R24H infusions, respectively. The total aroma concentration of the cold infusion sample (R24H) was higher than those of two hot infusions. A significant reduction was found in the amount of these compounds in the sample prepared by hot infusion with 16 min (R16M). In all three samples, furans were identified as the dominant aroma group followed by alcohols. Based on the results of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), a total of 22 and 23 different key odorants were detected in hot infusions (R16M and R40M) and cold infusion (R24H) (ambient temperature), respectively. The powerful key odorants with regard to FD (flavor dilution) factors in all samples were prevailingly furans, alcohols, and aldehydes. The highest FD factors were found in furfural and 5-methyl-2-furfural providing caramel and bready notes. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Roselle infusions could clearly be discriminated in terms of their aroma profiles. The findings of this study demonstrate that the brewing procedures have a important impact on the final aroma and key odorants of Roselle infusions.

Malva pseudolavatera Leaf Extract Promotes ROS Induction Leading to Apoptosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells In Vitro.

Malva pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. is a plant from the Malvaceae family that has long been included in the human diet due to its various curative effects. Many plant leaf extracts from the various species of Malva genus have been reported to possess anti-cancer properties, however, studies on M. pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. leaves have documented anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects with no emphasis on their possible anti-cancer potential. The present study explores the anti-cancer properties of Malva pseudolavatera Webb & Berthel. leaf extract on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines in vitro and deciphers the underlying molecular mechanism. Treatment of AML cell lines with M. pseudolavatera methanolic leaf extract showed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation and a dose-dependent increase in apoptotic hallmarks such as an increase in phosphatidylserine on the outer membrane leaflet and membrane leakage in addition to DNA fragmentation. The pro-apoptotic effect was induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as an upregulation of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, andrelease of cytochrome-c from the mitochondria. Major compounds of the extract included methyl linolenate, phytol, γ-sitosterol, and stigmasterol as revealed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and amino acids, amino acid derivatives, tiliroside, 13-hydroxyperoxyoctadecadienoic, and quercitrin as detected by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

SEM and light microscopic studies in seeds of Hibiscus surattensis L. and phylogenetic attributes in Puducherry region, India

ABSTRACT The micro-morphological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies in seeds of Hibiscus surattensis L. has brought out five interesting as well as taxonomically and phylogenetic important traits for the first time. Hibiscus surattensis L. belongs to the family Malvaceae, located at Puducherry region, India. 1. There is a change in the number of locules from pentacarpellary in the ovary during seed maturation and tetra-carpellary after seed maturation in the capsule; 2. Capsules contain both aborted and fully matured seeds recording an average of 4 aborted in 10 capsules; 3. Trichome on seeds consisted of bundle of unicellular finger-like structures, non-glandular and appressed; more importantly hilum is lined with trichomes; 4. Trichomes originate from the outer seed coat as extension/elongation of reticulate-foveate-type seed surface. 5. Embryo was folded occupying both poles and represented approximately the one-third of embryo. Size of the seed, colour, and shape of the seed, surface patterns of seed were examined using SEM. Factors responsible for the production of abortive seeds, functional attributes of non-glandular trichomes and other features are discussed in detail with relevant SEM and microscopic images. Further, phylogenetic importance in elucidating evolutionary clade is also explained. The partial sequence of chloroplast DNA of Hibiscus surattensis L. and neighbourhood joining trees are done for the first time in the study plant growing in India.

Levantamento de plantas daninhas em lavoura de arroz irrigado com pivô em Cachoeira Do Sul - RS

The survey of weed species in crops allows the identification, quantification of weed flora, its evolution in the area and helps in decision making for control of species. In this sense, the objective of this work was to survey weeds in pivot-irrigated rice fields in Cachoeira do Sul, Capané district, in the experimental area of the Rio Grandense do Arroz Institute (IRGA). Evaluations were performed by applying the 0.25 m2 square method, randomly launched sixty-eight times. Weeds in the sampled areas were removed from the soil, species identified and quantified. The evaluations were performed after the application of Gamit (preemerging), Ricer and Clincher and Imazethapyr (postemerging). Even after herbicide applications, 13 species were identified, representing the families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae. Knowledge of the weeds present in the crop allows planning to improve control, avoiding unnecessary expense with herbicides or even using other methods to control these species.

Levantamento de plantas daninhas em lavoura de soja irrigado com pivô em Cachoeira do Sul - RS

The presence of weed species in soybean crops is a concern for farmers. Knowing these species is of great importance, as they cause serious damage to crops due to competition for nutrients, water, light and physical space with soy. This work aimed to survey weeds in pivot irrigated soybean crops in Cachoeira do Sul municipality, Capané district, in the experimental area of the Rio Grandense do Arroz Institute (IRGA). The evaluations were performed by applying the 0.25 m2 square method, launched at random sixty times. Weeds in the sampled areas were removed from the soil, species identified and quantified. Evaluations were performed after three applications of glyphosate herbicide. Even after glyphosate applications, seven species were identified, representing the families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. This survey enables the planning of preventive strategies for the sustainable control of weeds in the field, reducing production costs and the impact on the environment.

GIS based: mapping of Multy Purpose Tree Species (Durio zibethinus) in Perkebunan Tambunan Village, Langkat District, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

Durio zibethinus (durian) in Indonesia is known as one of the types of Multy Purpose Tree Species (MPTS). Durian is a Malvaceae family. It grows naturally as well as is planted on community agroforestry land in Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. This study aimed to map the distribution of land suitability of Durio zibethinus using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Perkebunan Tambuan Village, Salapian Sub district, Langkat District. This study was conducted from February 2019 to July 2019 at the USU Experimental plantation, Perkebunan Tambunan Village, Salapian Sub district, Soil physical and chemical properties analysis were conducted in Central Laboratory and Soil Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU). The evaluation of land suitability distribution using GIS was conducted in Laboratory of Forest Inventory, Faculty of Forestry, USU. The land suitability of Durio zibethinus in Perkebunan Tambunan Village was marginally suitable for all land units (Land Unit 1, 2 and 3).

In vitro Antiradical, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities and Phytochemical Compositions of Endemic Alcea calvertii (Boiss) Boiss. Flowers

Alcea calvertii (Boiss) Boiss. is belonged to Malvaceae family, and it is a perennial herbaceous endemic plant. Alcea genus plants are grown as ornamental plants in the gardens. In the present study, the antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antiradical activities and phytochemical compositions of ethanol, water, methanol and acetone extracts of A. calvertii flowers were examined. A. calvertii flowers water, ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts are lower scavenged DPPH, ABTS and OH radicals than standard antioxidant trolox. A. calvertii flowers contain vitamins, sterols, flavonoids and phenolic acids, dominated by vanillic acid, gallic acid, catechin, δ-tocopherol, ergosterol and vitamin D. A. calvertii flowers water extract showed better antiproliferative activities than other extracts against to MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines. A. calvertii flowers methanol extract showed higher antiproliferative effect against to LNCaP cell lines.

Evaluating α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of hairy roots cultured from some plants in malvaceae family induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834

One of the most effective methods for type 2 diabetes treatments is inhibition of enzyme α-glucosidase in the intestines to slow down the release of glucose from carbohydrates in the diet, reduce plasma glucose levels and prevent hyperglycemia after meals. Therefore, seeking α-glucosidase inhibitors used in the treatment of diabetes from plant is the attention of many scientists. Based on the potential of the hairy root culture technology in increasing valuable chemical compounds accumulating, this study aimed to induce hairy roots from six plants of the Malvaceae family including Urena lobata, Abutilon indicum, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Sida acuta, Sida rhombifolia, and screening which materials has the highest in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. We have successfully induced hairy roots from six plant species by using the Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834 strain. The highest rates of hairy root induction were observed in Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Urena lobata. The stable introduction of rolB and rolC genes to plant genomes was confirmed by PCR. Under liquid-shake culture conditions on MS medium, hairy roots of Hibiscus sabdariffa, Urena lobata and Sida acuta showed better development than other species, and therefore, they are selected for the study of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study proved that Urena lobata was stronger in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity than other studied plants, with the IC50 value of 7.65 μg/ml. The results of this study demonstrated Urena lobata hairy root might be considered as a potential supply of medicinal plants for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Bioactive Compounds Isolated From In Vitro Callus and Wild Plant of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn. And Its Anticancer Activities

Bioactive compounds were isolated from in vitro callus as well as wild plant of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. is an annual shrub belonging to the family Malvaceae. The bioactive compounds were isolated from two different organic extracts are methanolic crude and acidified aqueous acetone. These extracts were analyzed antioxidant potential by free radical scavenging activity of DPPH and Total antioxidant activities. The strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the acidified aqueous acetone and methanolic extracts of wild plant and in vitro callus of H. sabdariffa showed maximum of 94.03 and 94.50% of inhibition, respectively. IC50 value of acidified aqueous acetone and methanolic extracts of wild plant and in vitro callus was 35.77 and 30.47 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. Based on the antioxidant potential, the isolated compounds were studied the antiviral, anticancer activities. The antiviral activity of H. sabdariffa show evidence of antiviral activity for H1N1 and FLU B viruses by using Vero cell line. The good antiviral activity was observed both extracts as well as isolated compounds. In vitro cytotoxicity study was carried out for the extract and isolated compounds of extracts of plant and callus by used human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) and human colon carcinoma cells (HT 29). Apoptosis cell death percentage was observed in and human carcinoma cancer cells (HT 29) with H. sabdariffa and its isolated compounds by DNA fragmentation method. We could observe distinct ladder pattern in the compounds treated cells. The DNA fragmentation induced by the compounds indicating programmed cell death. The present work strongly justifies that the isolated compounds of Hibiscus sabdariffa is a good candidate for anticancer.

The antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) is a woody-based subshrub of the Malvaceae family which has various uses in traditional medicine. This review systematically evaluates the evidence from clinical trials on the antidiabetic activity of HS. A random-effects model was used to obtain summary estimates. Five outcome measure, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) were assessed in the study. The results of the overall pooled statics for the FPG level showed that there was a significant reduction in FPG (WMD=-3.964mg/dL; 95% CI: -6.227 to -1.702 and P-value was 0.001) and in the level of LDL (WMD=-7.843mg/dL; 95% CI: -14.337 to -1.350 and P-value was 0.018). However, the pooled estimate showed that there was no statistically significant change on the TC (WMD=-30.382mg/dL; 95% CI: -66.752 to 5.989 and P value was 0.102), the HDL (WMD=0.074mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.986 to 2.135 and P value was 0.944) and the TG (WMD=-9.050mg/dL; 95% CI, -30.819 to 12.719 and P value was 0.102) compared to the placebo. Egger's weighted regression P values suggested that there was no potential publication bias in the FPG (P=0.664), HDL (P=0.065), LDL (P=0.677) and TG (P=0.232) but there was a publication bias in the TC (0.056). Therefore, the result of this meta-analysis clearly shows that HS has antidiabetic activity, whereas its lipid-lowering effect needs further study.

New host records for cotton leaf curl Gezira virus: capsicum and melon in Egypt

Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV), in association with a DNA-beta satellite, is reported as a causal agent of cotton leaf curl disease. This study reports CLCuGeV detection in field samples of Capsicum annuum and Cucumis melo from Egypt and represents an expansion of the virus host range beyond the Malvaceae family to the two plant families, Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Ethyl Acetate Flavonoid Extract of Thespesia Populnea Leaves In Balb/C Mice

The immune system is one of the most important biological systems of our body. Immunomodulation is either increase or decrease in the immune response. Objective: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the leaves of Thespesia populnea (Family Malvaceae) in cancer cell line induced Balb/c mice. Methods: Various extracts of the leaves of Thespesia populnea (TpFf) were evaluated for the flavonoid content and the higher content of flavonoid was found to be in ethyl acetate extract and it was used to evaluate the potential immunomodulatory activity. The ethyl acetate flavonoid extract was evaluated for immunomodulatory activity in in vivo studies, using Balb/c mice as the animal model. The extract was tested for hematological parameters, immunological parameters, weight and Cellularity of lymphoid organs and Histopathological observation of spleen and thymus, using sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as the antigen. PBS served as a control in all the tests. Findings: The ethyl acetate extract exhibited a significant decrease in the WBC and increase in the RBC and Hb when compared to Ehrlich’s lymphoma ascites (ELA) and Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) induced groups. It also resulted in a significant increase in the IL-2, IFN-γ, weight of spleen and thymus and Cellularity of lymphoid organs and malignant changes observed in the DLA and EAC tumor induced spleen and thymus sections. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract was found to stimulate the immune responses in Balb/c mice induced ELA and DLA.

Multi-element composition, physicochemical and pollen attributes of honeys from the Paraguaçu River (Bahia, Brazil) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES).

Honey is a food of nutritional, medicinal and commercial importance. The physicochemical characteristics, pollen spectrum and mineral composition of eighteen honey samples obtained from regions (Cachoeira, Coqueiros, Maragojipe and Santiago do Iguape) near the Paraguaçu River, Bahia, Brazil were evaluated. Botanical families Asteraceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae and Palmae were most frequently found. Five samples had water contents above the maximum limit established by the Brazilian legislation (> 20%). The mineral composition was determined by ICP OES, after microwave digestion. Ca, K, Mg and Na were measured (mg Kg-1) in the range from: 18.85 to 79.61; 366.74 to 1214.98; 12.46 to 44.59 and 11.56 to 85.39, respectively. Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn had variable concentration ranges, between 0.05 and 6.13 mg Kg-1. Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and V showed values below the LOD. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) demonstrated that there are no similarities of mineral composition among honey samples.

Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity in methanolic extract of aerial parts of Hibiscus surattensis

The model system of liver damage produced by CCl4 in rats is recognized to be much like viral hepatitis in humans from both morphological and functional points of view. CCl4-induced liver damage was modeled in monolayer cultures of rat primary hepatocytes with a focus on involvement of covalent binding of CCl4 metabolites to cell components and/or peroxidative damage as the cause of injury Hibiscus surattensis belonging to the family Malvaceae is a herbaceous, trailing or scrambling, plant of moist waste places from Senegal to W Cameroons and generally widespread throughout the World tropics and in several parts of India. The plant has been used extensively in the traditional medicine as hepatoprotective. In the present study, Methanolic Extract of Hibiscus surattensis (MEHS) exhibit strong hepatoprotective activity, afforded protection CCl4induced liver damage. Hepatoprotective activity of MEHS may be due to free radical scavenging activity of fatty acids, proteins, lipids etc. The results suggested that methanolic extract of Hibiscus surattensis could palliate the liver injuries perhaps by its antioxidative effect, hence eliminating the deleterious effect of toxic metabolites from the CCl4.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Potential of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>

Abelmoschus esculentus is an important medicinal plant belongs to family Malvaceae. It originates from Ethiopia and is widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. This research work has been designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicological potential of A. esculentus leaves and seeds. The antifungal and antioxidant components of A. esculentus leaves and seeds were extracted by using four solvent systems (80% methanol, 80% ethanol, 100% methanol and 100% ethanol) and leaves presented maximum extract yield (38.1 g/100g DW)in 80% methanolic solvent system. Phytochemical analysis of A. esculentus leaves and seeds extracts performed in terms of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, showed that 80% methanolic leaves extract offered highest total phenolic contents (31.2 mg GAE/g DW), whereas 80% ethanolic leaves gave maximum total flavonoid contents (41.8 mg CE/g DW). Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity and measure of reducing power. Results revealed that 80% methanolic leaves extract showed highest radical scavenging activity and reducing potential. Antimicrobial activity of A. esculentus leaves and seeds was investigated by Disc Diffusion Method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Results showed that 80% methanolic extract of leaves exhibited highest antibacterial and antifungal potential against P. multocida (30 mm DIZ) and A. paraciticus (29 mm DIZ), respectively. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed on BHK-21 cell by adopting the MTT assay. The cytotoxicity activity of the 80% methanolic extract of leaves was evaluated by noticing the cell survival percentage (52.5%). Overall results of the present study showed that 80% methanolic leaves extracts of A. esculentus possesses very good antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties.

Comparative Anatomical Studies of Some Species of Family Malvaceae from Saudi Arabia and its Systematic significance

In this study, the micromorphological characters of 17 species belonging to seven genera of family Malvaceae present in Saudi Arabia were examined. These characters used in analyzing the phylogenetic relationship among the studied species viz., shape of stem, petiole and leaf in cross section, trichomes, crystals, ducts, star- shape idioblasts, secondary vascular tissue system in stem and petiole vasculature. The anatomical features are used for the preparation of an identification key. Depending on the presence of trichomes, the studied species separate in two main groups; first group contain the species of Althaea, Hibiscus and Malva (their classification depend on the stem vascular system), second group contain the four remaining genera where their classification depend on many attributes such as, cross section of stem, petiole and leaf, arrangement of trichomes, ducts.

Seed and seedling morphology of some medicinal plants of family Malvaceae in Tripura, North-east India

Plants in their juvenile stage possess some important characters which are very important and promising from the taxonomic as well as evolutionary point of view. Seed and Seedling morphology of ten species of Malvaceae has been investigated on the basis of their germination pattern, position of cotyledon, hypocotyl, epicotyl and paracotyledon and eophylls development. An artificial key has been constructed for easier identification of plants in their juvenile stage. Phenogram has been made by using UPGMA analysis to investigate the correlation between the investigated taxa.

Phyto- pharmacognostic Analysis Of Ayurvedic Medicine Bala (Sida Cordifolia Linn.)

Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn.), of Family Malvaceae is very important plant since long in traditional medicine of India. The drug is given various vernacular names i.e. Kharethi (Hindi), Baladana (Gujarati), Chikana (Malayalam) and Simaka (Panjabi) etc. the drug is attributed Balya, Kantikarka, Grahi, Vrishya, Ojhovardhaka, Stambhana, Brihmana, Sothahara, Rasayana and Hridya properties in different Ayurvedic classical texts. So, to evaluate the pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical standards of whole plant of Bala various methods including microscopy, physio-chemical contents and phytochemical estimation including quantitative analysis were done to determine the diagnostic features for the identification and standardization of intact and powdered drug. The organoleptic examination of the intact and powdered materials of whole plant of Bala revealed greenish yellow colour, odourless odour and slightly bitter taste. It showed presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, amino acids, protein, saponin, and tannins in aqueous and methanol extracts. This study will be helpful to ensure the purity, safety and efficacy of the drug.

A Comparative study on the impact of bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)

Vegetables are the integral part of the balanced diet of human since time immemorial. Globally, the role of vegetables has been recognized in solving the problem of food and nutritional security. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an important vegetable crop of Malvaceae family, which supplies higher nutrition. The present study was intended at determining the importance of using organic bio fertilizers instead of harmful chemical fertilizers in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The requirements of fertilizers in Okra are important for the early growth and total production. Integrated use of organic bio fertilizers can improve crop productivity. The modern system of farming, it is increasingly felt, is becoming unsustainable as evidenced by declining crop productivities, damage to environment, chemical contaminations, etc. The necessity of having an alternative agriculture method which can function in a friendly eco-system while sustaining and increasing the crop productivity is realized now. The objective of the study was to assess the comparative effect of organic bio fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in terms of growth, nutrition value and secondary metabolite production. The result of this study clearly indicates the nutritional benefits of consuming vegetables grown by using bio fertilizers and also states how enhanced accumulation of natural antioxidants such as polyphenols are additionally adding to our health benefits.

Compatibility and yield of ‘Santa Cruz 47’ okra onto rootstocks of the Malvaceae family

ABSTRACT The little-known use of okra grafting, mainly to incorporate nematode resistance, requires evaluation of interspecific compatibilities. This study aimed to determine the compatibility of the okra ‘Santa Cruz 47’ cultivar grafted onto different rootstocks of the Malvaceae family. The research was divided into two experimental stages, with the treatments consisting of non-grafted, self-grafted or grafted okra plants onto rootstocks of mallow, roselle and pima cotton. In the first stage, a completely randomized design was used, with four replications and seedlings grown in a humidity chamber. In the second stage, the seedlings were transplanted to a greenhouse and a randomized block design was used, with five replications. The results of the first stage demonstrated that the self-grafting provided the best results for the growth characteristics assessed, except for the diameter of the grafted region. There was no difference among the treatments for the graft survival rate. In the second stage, the use of roselle as a rootstock enabled an adequate vegetative development, but did not differ from the treatments of self-grafting and mallow rootstock for the graft survival rate. The treatments did not differ for fruit diameter, length and average mass. Grafts onto roselle were the most precocious ones, with estimated means for production per plant (478.75 g), commercial yield (10.07 t ha-1) and total yield (10.64 t ha-1) similar to those observed for self-grafted and non-grafted plants. Hence, among the assessed rootstocks, roselle was identified as the most promising one for grafting with okra.