Family History Of Smoking Research Articles

Oral Yeasts Carriage in Prediabetic Smokers and Nonsmokers

Habitual smoking and prediabetes are independent risk factors for increased oral yeasts carriage (OYC); however, no studies have compared OYC amongst cigarette smokers and nonsmokers with and without prediabetes. The aim was to fill this research gap. Ninety-two participants were included and categorised into 4 groups: group 1, prediabetic (haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] levels, 5.7%-6.4%) cigarette smokers; group 2, cigarette smokers without prediabetes; group 3, prediabetic nonsmokers; and group 4, nonsmokers without prediabetes. Patient demographics and HbA1c levels were recorded. Data on duration of smoking habit (pack-years) and family history of smoking were collected. Information on daily toothbrushing and flossing and most recent visit to a dentist/dental hygienist was gathered. Clinical and radiographic periodontal examination was performed and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was determined. OYC was assessed using the oral rinse sampling method. Power analysis was done, and group comparisons were performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed and P values <5% reflected statistical significance. Respectively, 23, 24, 22, and 23 individuals with comparable mean ages were included in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4. In groups 1 and 2, participants had a smoking history of (mean ± SD) 24.7 ± 3.2 and 10.6 ± 2.5 pack-years. Plaque index, clinical attachment loss, and probing depth were higher in groups 1 (P < .05), 2 (P < .05), and 3 (P < .05) than in group 4. Number of missing teeth was significantly higher in group 1 compared with groups 2 (P < .05), 3 (P < .05), and 4 (P < .05). There was no difference in UWSFR amongst the groups. OYC was greater in group 1 than in groups 2 (P < .05), 3 (P < .05), and 4 (P < .05). OYC was greater in groups 2 (P < .05) and 3 (P < .05) than in group 4. In prediabetic cigarette smokers, OYC appears to be influenced by hyperglycaemia, whilst in nondiabetic smokers, the severity of periodontal inflammation appears to be the determining factor in OYC.

Respiratory Health and Underlying Tobacco Use Motives Among Cigarette Smokers and Hubble-Bubble Pipe Consumers: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACT Background Tobacco use, whether through hubble-bubble pipes or conventional cigarettes, poses significant risks to respiratory health. Purpose Researchers aimed to assess the respiratory health and underlying tobacco use motives among hubble-bubble pipe consumers and cigarette smokers. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study involved 340 smokers from Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire included demographic-related questions and two validated tools, i.e. Questionnaire for Ease of Cough and Sputum Clearance and Tobacco Motives Inventory. Data analysis utilized SPSS involving descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results In comparison to hubble-bubble pipe consumers, cigarette smokers had significantly poor respiratory health (p = .001, median = 8 vs. 10). Moreover, cigarette smokers reported higher social, self-enhancement, boredom relief, and affect regulation motives (p < .001). Respiratory health was also significantly different across gender, age, qualification, occupational status, marital status, lifestyle, and family history of smoking. Tobacco motives differed across gender, age, qualification, occupational status, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and family history. Discussion Although hubble-bubble pipe consumers reported lower respiratory health issues, consuming it is still a critical health concern. Translation to Health Education Practice Planning targeted education programs and interventions could address the underlying motives of tobacco consumption and thus can effectively improve respiratory health and promote smoking cessation.

From smoke to stroke: quantifying the impact of smoking on stroke prevalence

PurposeThe objective of this study is to assess the impact of smoking on stroke prevalence and to delineate the relationship between smoking-related factors and the risk of stroke, incorporating an analysis of demographic variations influencing this association.MethodsOur analysis encompassed 9,176 participants, evaluating clinical attributes alongside smoking-related characteristics such as duration of cigarette consumption, and levels of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. We employed weighted univariate logistic regression and restricted cubic splines to examine the association between smoking indicators and stroke risk, complemented by subgroup analyses for demographic differentiation.ResultsThe overall prevalence of stroke in our cohort was 3.4%. Statistically significant associations were found between stroke incidence and factors such as age, gender, education, and marital status (p < 0.05). Adjusted logistic regression models showed increased odds ratios (ORs) for stroke with higher nicotine and carbon monoxide levels across progressively adjusted models: Model 1 (unadjusted), Model 2 (adjusted for age, gender), Model 3 (further adjusted for education, marital status, BMI, PIR), and Model 4 (fully adjusted for additional factors including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and drinking). Specifically, ORs for nicotine increased from 2.39 in Model 1 to 2.64 in Model 4; for carbon monoxide, from 1.10 to 1.11 over the same models.​The threshold analysis using restricted cubic splines revealed critical points for stroke risk increase at smoke exposure levels of 410 units, tar 12 mg, nicotine 1.1 mg, and carbon monoxide 12 ppm. Above these thresholds, stroke risk escalates significantly. Additionally, the presence of family smoking history was associated with higher stroke risks compared to those without such history.ConclusionThis study confirms that smoking significantly contributes to increased stroke risk, particularly through exposure to nicotine and carbon monoxide. The findings emphasize the necessity for tailored stroke prevention strategies that specifically address smoking behaviors and consider demographic susceptibilities. Incorporating smoking-related indicators into risk assessment models could enhance the precision of stroke prevention efforts.

Polygenic risk scores for nicotine use and family history of smoking are associated with smoking behaviour

IntroductionFormal genetics studies show that smoking is influenced by genetic factors; exploring this on the molecular level can offer deeper insight into the etiology of smoking behaviours. MethodsSummary statistics from the latest wave of the GWAS and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine (GSCAN) were used to calculate polygenic risk scores (PRS) in a sample of ~2200 individuals who smoke/individuals who never smoked. The associations of smoking status with PRS for Smoking Initiation (i.e., Lifetime Smoking; SI-PRS), and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score with PRS for Cigarettes per Day (CpD-PRS) were examined, as were distinct/additive effects of parental smoking on smoking status. ResultsSI-PRS explained 10.56% of variance (Nagelkerke-R2) in smoking status (p=6.45x10−30). In individuals who smoke, CpD-PRS was associated with FTND score (R2=5.03%, p=1.88x10–12). Parental smoking alone explained R2=3.06% (p=2.43×10−12) of smoking status, and 0.96% when added to the most informative SI-PRS model (total R²=11.52%). ConclusionThese results show the potential utility of molecular genetic data for research investigating smoking prevention. The fact that PRS explains more variance than family history highlights progress from formal to molecular genetics; the partial overlap and increased predictive value when using both suggests the importance of combining these approaches.

Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking in A Sample of General Secondary School Students in Cairo and Its Correlation to Other Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract Background Tobacco smoking is considered currently as a global public health concern among youth especially school student. There is a scarcity of data about the impact of this global phenomenon in Middle Eastern countries. This study assesses the prevalence of tobacco smoking, including conventional cigarettes, E-cigarettes and waterpipe and its sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates among a sample of general secondary school students in Cairo, Egypt. Results A convenient sample of 391 Egyptian general secondary students from different areas of Greater Cairo were assessed using the Socioeconomic scale, Fagerstrom Test For Nicotine Dependence, The Lebanon Water pipe Dependence Scale, questionnaire for electronic cigarette using, Barratt impulsivity scale 11, The MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. 12.8% (n = 50) were smokers. There is significant relation between family history of smoking and substance use and smoking and significant relation between smoking, impulsivity and mood symptoms. Conclusions Prevalence of tobacco smoking in Egyptian adolescents was 12.8% with significant relation between smoking and impulsivity and mood symptoms.

Predictive Factors of Attitude Toward Smoking and Hookah use in Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Today, tobacco use is considered a pervasive health problem globally, with projections indicating that by 2020, tobacco will account for one in three adult deaths. Despite the well-documented harmful effects of tobacco use and societal expectations for future healthcare providers to lead healthy lifestyles, smoking remains prevalent among medical students. Materials and Methods: In this study, 248 medical students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences were selected. After providing comprehensive explanations and obtaining their consent to participate, each student received a questionnaire comprising two parts: the first part gathered demographic information, while the second part utilized a Likert scale to measure attitudes toward smoking and hookah use. Results: In this study, 63.3% of participants were female, 36.7% were male, and the majority (37.1%) were between 21 and 23 years old. Additionally, 89.5% of participants were single. Also, 17.7% had a history of smoking or hookah use, 35.1% had family members who smoked or used hookahs, and 37.1% had friends who smoked or used hookahs. Furthermore, 6.9% had a history of neurological disease, and 11.7% had underlying medical conditions. Conclusion: We found statistically significant relationships between attitudes towards smoking and various factors, including gender, personal history of smoking, family history of smoking, presence of smoking or hookah-using friends, place of residence, ethnicity, parents’ level of education, history of chronic disease and grade point average.

Factors Associated with Otitis Media Among Pediatrics in Two Government Hospitals in Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia.

Bacterial otitis media (OM) is a common infection among the pediatric community worldwide and is the first reason for prescribing antibiotics in pediatric practices. However, if not promptly diagnosed and appropriately treated, it may persist and cause severe intra- and extra-cranial hard-to-cure complications. Hence, knowing the magnitude, etiology, and antibiotic susceptibility profile is very important for the proper management. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 312 pediatrics (1 to 18 years) attending the Ear Nose Throat outpatient departments of the two title hospitals from 25 February to 30th August 2022. Patients were chosen through a systematic random sampling method. Data were obtained by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Samples were collected to identify the causative bacteria as per microbiological guidelines. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion; SPSS version 25 was used for the analysis. The overall prevalence of otitis media was 67.3% (n=210); CSOM showed a slight preponderance (n=107) Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria were present in 59.8% (n=137) and 40.1% (n=92), respectively. Otitis media was predominantly caused by S. aureus (n=52, 56.5%), followed by Proteus spp. (n=33, 24%). Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, and tetracycline, whereas their positive counterparts were considerably penicillin and co-trimoxazole resistant. Overall, 61.5 and 19.2% of the isolates were MDR and XDR, respectively. MRSA, MR-CoNs, and VRE were 38.4% (n=20), 17.1% (n=5), and 58.3% (n=12), respectively; 19.7% (n=25) ofGram-negative bacteria produced ESBL, and 7% (n=9) were carbapenem-resistant. History of exposure to loud noise [AOR=3.4; CI=1.14-10.23; P-value=0.028] and family history of smoking at home [AOR=2.9; CI=1.18-7.25; P-value=0.020] have the greatest odds of otitis media. Overall, the prevalence of otitis media is showing an upward trend, and MDR among bacterial isolates is increasing alarmingly.

Factors Associated with Pneumonia Incidence in Toddlers in the Pediatric Ward of RSUD Kudungga Kutai Timur

Pneumonia is one of the infectious diseases that attacks the lower respiratory tract, which is characterized by coughing, and shortness of breath. Risk factors that increase the morbidity and mortality of pneumonia are divided into two major groups, namely intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors include age, gender, nutritional status, low birth weight, immunization status, breastfeeding, and vitamin A administration. Extrinsic factors include residential density, ventilation, air pollution, humidity, cigarette smoke, family income and maternal factors, both education, mother's age, and mother's knowledge. The aim of the study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers in the Children's Room of Kudungga Hospital, East Kutai. This study uses a correlation research design with a cross-sectional research design. The sample in this study was 57 people. The results of statistical tests using the chi-square test obtained p-value = 0.000 (knowledge), p-value = 0.001 (immunization status), p-value = 0.000 (nutritional status) and p-value = 0.000 (smoking history). There is a relationship between knowledge, immunization status, nutritional status and family history of smoking with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers in the Children's Room of Kudungga Hospital, East Kutai.

Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function among male adolescents at high risk of coronary heart disease

Background and aim Obesity, and family history (smoking, obesity, and hypertension) are the most important risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) among adolescents. The study aims to evaluate the cardiac function among male adolescents at high risk for coronary heart disease. Patients and methods A total of 100 male adolescents were selected by written questionnaire in addition to 30 normal adolescents as control. Thorough history taking and physical examination. Echocardiographic examination, serum lipids, and routine laboratory investigations. Results Obesity, and a family history of (smoking, hypertension, and obesity) are among the most frequent risk factors for CHD among male adolescents. We found a statistically significant elevated concentration of serum cholesterol and triglyceride and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein levels among diabetic and hypertensive children in addition to a significantly elevated concentration of serum low-density lipoprotein among hypertensive children and children with a sedentary lifestyle. The echocardiography reflects a significant increase in early and decreases in late diastolic flow velocity (E and A) among hypertensive and obese adolescents versus controls. A statistically significant differences between diabetics and controls for left ventricular posterior wall diameter, inter-ventricular septal diameter, and early and late diastolic flow velocity. Conclusion Obesity and a family history of smoking, obesity, and hypertension are among the most frequent risk factors for CHD among male adolescents. Echocardiography and lipid profiles should be performed for any adolescent at high risk for development of CHD.

Prevalence of Newly Diagnosed Hypertension in Stroke Patients Presented to Tertiary Care Hospitals in Rawalpindi

Background and Aim: Stroke is defined as the sudden onset of neurological deficits caused by vascular supply disruption to brain-specific region, contributing as a major factor for mortality and morbidity worldwide. Globally, approximately two-thirds cases of stroke are caused by hypertension as a major risk factor. The purpose of the current study was to determine the prevalence of stroke patients with newly diagnosed hypertension admitted to tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 205 stroke patients admitted to the Department of General Medicine, Benazir Bhutto Hospital and Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi from April 2021 to March 2022. Prior to study conduction, ethical approval was taken from the institute research and ethical committee. Written informed consent was obtained from each individual. All the participants underwent physical examination after using antihypertensive medication besides detailed history. Blood pressure was measured using standard mercury Sphygmomanometer. Patient having blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg was considered as hypertensive after measurement with difference of 10 minutes time span. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: The overall mean age was 59.6 ± 8.5 years. Of the total 205 stroke patients, there were 140 (68.3%) males and 65 (31.7%) females. Out of 205 patients, 60.5% were rural and 39.5% were urban. The literacy rate was 63.9%. Family history of smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN) among study population were found in 83 (40.5%), 76 (37.1%), and 71 (34.4%) respectively. Based on computed tomography presentations, the prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension (HTN) was 122 (59.5%). Out of 122 newly diagnosed hypertensive stroke patients, the incidence of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic was 67 (54.9%) and 55 (45.1%) respectively. The mean value of diastolic and systolic blood pressure was 86.32 ± 12.62 and 125.59 ± 19.97 mm of Hg respectively. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the prevalence of newly diagnosed hypertension was found higher among stroke cases. Early diagnosis of hypertension by proper screening and effective treatment can reduce the mortality and morbidity caused by stroke and hypertension. Keywords: Hemorrhage, HTN, Ischemia, Stroke.

Smoking in Schizophrenia: Dependancy Assessment, Neurobiological Aspects and Management Difficulties

Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that the frequency of smoking in schizophrenic patients is significantly higher than in the general population or in other psychiatric disorders, which hinders both treatment strategies and the efficacy of antipsychotics. The objectives of our study are: to highlight the prevalence of smoking in this population, to assess its dependence on nicotine, as well as to support the difficulties of its management. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 186 patients, hospitalized at Ar-razi Hospital in Salé, using the Fagerström scale, associated with a questionnaire that included age, marital status, educational level, occupation, duration of psychiatric follow-up, somatic comorbidities, current treatment, other substances used, withdrawal attempts, age of first cigarette, family history of smoking, and finally, number of cigarettes per day before and then after psychiatric diagnosis. The frequency of tobacco use in our schizophrenic patients was high. Unfortunately, these patients remain poorly aware of the harms of tobacco, hence the need to integrate a tobacco control strategy into the hospital management of schizophrenia.

Assessment of Respiratory Morbidity and Epidemiological Survey of Tobacco Smokers and Non-Smokers Among Educated Young Adults in Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan: A Case Study

Tobacco smoking among adults have become a serious health concern worldwide due to its increasing addicting nature. Tobacco smoke contains highly harmful gaseous and volatile chemical substances that impair the respiratory system and reduce lung function capacity. The study's primary objectives were to investigate the cause of smoking, behaviour of smokers, social responsibility, family history of the smoker, and significant respiratory health problems among young educated adults. The survey was conducted with some pre-framed questionnaires and screening relevant to the subjects for our study. The respiratory health assessment was carried out by questionnaire-based personal interviews for different respiratory and non-respiratory health symptoms. Subsequently, the lung function or pulmonary function test (LFT or PFT) for selected individuals was performed, revealing the lung performances of smokers and non-smokers. The LFT or PFT test predicts the normal and abnormal breathing patterns of exposed and non-exposed studied groups. The significant findings indicated that curiosity (72%) and displaying of smartness were the leading cause of smoking in early adulthood (16 to 20 years). Family history of smoking also influenced young adults to initiate regular smoking. Smoking within thirty minutes after waking up in the morning was - a habit in 52% of smokers. Findings revealed that 50% of the heavy smokers smoke 11-15 units daily. The average weekly expenditure for the smoking materials was INR 100 to 150 (26.32%) rupees for smokers. Spirometric indices such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), percentage forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), showed a reduced performance of lungs in smokers as compared to their fellow non-smokers. This study has focused on the smoking behaviour of educated young adults and revealed the presence of different respiratory symptoms in smokers than non-smokers, which is an immerging health issue. The study revealed that smokers grouped are more susceptible to lung diseases than non-smokers in the future due to their reduced lung function capacity compared to non-smokers.

Smoking in patients hospitalized for schizophrenia: Prevalence and management challenges

IntroductionSmoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Studies have shown that the frequency of its use in schizophrenic patients is significantly higher than in the general population,which hinders both treatment strategies and the efficacy of antipsychotics.ObjectivesThe objectives of our study are to highlight the prevalence of smoking in this population,to assess their nicotine dependence as well as to support the difficulties of their management.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of 92 male patients, hospitalized at Ar-razi Hospital in Salé, using the Fagerström scale, associated with a questionnaire that included age, marital status, educational level, somatic comorbidities, current treatment, other substances used, withdrawal attempts, age of first cigarette, family history of smoking, and finally,number of cigarettes per day before and after psychiatric diagnosis.ResultsAll our patients were male,the average age was 31 years, 84.8% of our patients were single, 73.9% were without a profession, only 23.9% were under classic neuroleptics while 4.3% were under Clozapine, the most of our patients were also using Cannabis,52.2% attempted a withdrawal, with an average duration of 6 months.69.6% of our patients had a family history of smoking and only 21.7% had somatic comorbidities.The average daily consumption was 12 cigarettes per day before the onset of psychiatric symptoms, rising to 18 cigarettes per day after the psychiatric diagnosis.ConclusionsThe frequency of smoking in schizophrenic patients is high. Unfortunately, these patients remain poorly aware of the harms of smoking, hence the need to integrate a smoking control strategy into the management of schizophrenia.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Gender Differences in Smoking Initiation and Cessation Associated with the Intergenerational Transfer of Smoking across Three Generations: The Nagahama Study.

Global tobacco policies lowered overall and male smoking rates, but female smoking rates have remained unchanged. Parent–child studies revealed the effects of parental smoking, but gender differences had mixed results. We investigated the effects of long-term smoking behavior in families over three generations in order to clarify gender differences. A cross-sectional study in a community-based genome cohort was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire. A total of 8652 respondents were stratified by gender regarding smoking initiation. A logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the family smoking history. A total of 2987 current smokers and ever-smokers were compared regarding smoking cessation. With respect to smoking initiation, women were affected by their smoking mothers (odds ratio (OR), 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8–3.2) and grandmothers (OR, 1.7; CI, 1.1–2.4). Women who continued smoking were affected only by their smoking mothers (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.05–2.49). In conclusion, gender differences in smoking initiation and cessation are possibly associated with family smoking history. Mothers and grandmothers were shown to have a strong influence on women with respect to both smoking initiation and cessation. Future research should focus on providing evidence for effective gender-specific intervention programs to curb long-term smoking in women.

Prevalence of tobacco smoking in a sample of general secondary school students in Cairo and its correlation to other psychiatric disorders

BackgroundTobacco smoking is considered currently a global public health concern among youth especially school students. There is a scarcity of data about the impact of this global phenomenon in Middle Eastern countries. This study assesses the prevalence of tobacco smoking, including conventional cigarettes, E-cigarettes, and water pipe and its sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates among a sample of general secondary school students in Cairo, Egypt.ResultsA convenient sample of 391 Egyptian general secondary students from different areas of Greater Cairo were assessed using the Socioeconomic scale, Fagerstrom Test For Nicotine Dependence, The Lebanon Water pipe Dependence Scale, questionnaire for electronic cigarette use, Barratt impulsivity scale 11, and The MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. 12.8% (n = 50) were smokers. There is a significant relation between family history of smoking and substance use and smoking and significant relation between smoking, impulsivity, and mood symptoms.ConclusionsPrevalence of tobacco smoking in Egyptian adolescents was 12.8% with significant relation between smoking and impulsivity and mood symptoms.

Prevalence of bronchial asthma in school going children: A cross-sectional study from Uttar Pradesh.

Asthma is coined as a chronic inflammatory disorder and disarrays of the airways and respiratory tract which manifests as recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. The World Health Organization recognizes asthma as a major health problem. Although asthma can occur at any age, children and young adults are the age groups which are affected more commonly. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of bronchial asthma in school-going children (6-16 years) and its associated factors. A cross-sectional study among the school-going children in the age group of 6-16 years was done in the field practice areas of urban health and training center and rural health and training center of the Department of Community Medicine, JNMCH, A. M. U., Aligarh, U.P. the study done for a period of one year. The validated questionnaire (International Study on Allergy and Asthma in Childhood) was used. The sample size was taken as 902. The data were entered and analyzed in the SPSS statistical software version 20.0. Chi-square was used. The prevalence of asthma among the study population was found to be 26.9%. Family history of smoking and history of allergy in an individual came out to be a significant factor associated with asthma. The association is also significant between asthma and the diet of an individual. Asthma among school children is a public health problem in urban and rural areas. There was a rising pattern in the prevalence of asthma at national and subnational levels.

A cross-sectional study of substance use in patients with schizophrenia hospitalized for relapse at the Ar-Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Salé, CHU Ibn Sina Rabat, Morocco.

Introductionsubstance use disorders are becoming increasingly common among schizophrenic patients and often raise problems in their care. This work aims to assess the rate and level of substance use in schizophrenic patients hospitalized for relapse and to identify factors associated with this comorbidity.Methodswe conducted a cross-sectional study of 115 patients with schizophrenia selected by convenience sampling in the Psychiatric Hospital of Salé. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data, evolutionary and prognostic criteria of the disease. Tobacco use was assessed with the fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND), cannabis use was assessed with the cannabis abuse screening test (CAST) and alcohol use was assessed with the alcohol use disorders test (AUDIT).Resultsthe results showed that tobacco was the most consumed substance, followed by cannabis and alcohol. Certain factors such as gender (P<0.016) and family smoking history (P<0.045) were significantly associated with the scale (FTND). Other factors such as social life (P<0.05) and the educational level (P<0.004) showed a significant association with CAST. Only a history of suicide attempts was significantly associated with the scale (AUDIT).Conclusionthe results confirm that the majority of schizophrenic subjects are psychoactive substance users and that a good number of them are dependent on substances. Early outpatient follow-up in specialized drug treatment centers could improve the health status of these patients.

Comparison of Peri-Implant Clinicoradiographic Parameters among Non-Smokers and Individuals Using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems at 8 Years of Follow-up.

It is hypothesised the peri-implant soft-tissue inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and probing depth [PD]) are poorer and crestal bone loss (CBL) higher around dental implants placed in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)-users than controls (individuals that had never consumed any form of tobacco). The aim of this study was to assess the peri-implant clinicoradiographic parameters among non-smokers and individuals using ENDS at 8 years of follow-up. Self-reported non-smokers and individuals habitually using ENDS were included. A questionnaire was used to gather information about age in years, sex (female or male), daily frequency and duration of use of ENDS, family history of smoking and/or vaping, daily toothbrushing and flossing and most recent visit to a dentist or dental hygienist. These patients were evaluated for peri-implant CBL, PD, PI, BOP. The mesial and distal CBL was measured on digital bitewing radiographs that were taken using the long-cone paralleling technique. Group comparisons were statistically assessed and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. One hundred twenty-seven individuals (92 males and 35 females) were included. Sixty-three individuals (46 males and 17 females) had used ENDS for 9.2 ± 0.8 years (group 1) and 64 (46 males and 18 females) did not use any nicotinic products (group 2). The mean ages of individuals in groups 1 and 2 were 34.2 ± 1.3 and 35.1 ± 0.5 years, respectively. In all patients, platform-switched dental implants with moderately rough surfaces were placed at bone level using an insertion torque of 30--35 Ncm. In both groups, implants had a diameter of 4.1 mm and the lengths ranged between 11 and 14 mm. In groups 1 and 2, implants were in function for 8.8 ± 0.4 and 8.5 ± 0.2 years, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in mPI, mBoP, PD, and mesial and distal CBL around implants in groups 1 and 2 at 8 years of follow-up. Dental implants can demonstrate stable clinicoradiographic status and can remain functionally stable in non-smokers and ENDS users, provided that strict home oral hygiene measures are adopted.

A Cross Sectional Study on Tobacco usage among rural adult population of Davangere, South India

Background: Usage of both smoking as well as smokeless form of tobacco has risen in both urban andrural areas of Davangere estimating to a prevalence of 30.7% on average, with highest prevalence of 39.6%among rural males.Objective: To study the prevalence, pattern and socio-demographic factors influencing Tobacco usageamong adult population in rural field practice area of SSIMS&amp;RC, DavangereMethodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2014 among adult populationaged 18 years and above selected systematically till an estimated sample size of 450 individuals wasobtained. Demographic data and details on tobacco usage were recorded using a pre-tested, semi-structuredquestionnaire by interview method. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS trial version 20.1. Chisquare (?2) test and Multiple Logistic regression analysis were applied to see the interaction of sociodemographic variables on tobacco usage.Results: Among the study participants, 64.2% (n=289) used some form of tobacco. Men (53.3%, n=230)used tobacco more than females (13.1%, n=59) (p&lt;0.001). Among the tobacco users (n=289), majority ofmen used smoking forms of tobacco (92.2%, n=212) like bidis (78.7%, n=181) and cigarettes (13.5%, n=31)whereas majority of women used smokeless forms of tobacco (96.6%, n=57) like tobacco leaves (91.5%,n=54) and gutka (5.1%, n= 3). Age group 20-35 years (OR= 1.2, p=0.01), male gender (OR= 4.4, p&lt;0.001),illiteracy (OR= 3.5, p&lt;0.001), agricultural occupation (OR= 2.2, p&lt;0.001), higher socio-economic status(class II) (OR= 1.6, p=0.05) and family history of smoking (OR= 2.5, p&lt;0.001) were the factors significantlyassociated with tobacco usage.Conclusion: Smoking form of tobacco especially bidis are widely used by young males in rural areas whichdemand focus of anti-tobacco policies of India on bidis in anti-tobacco campaigns.

Perceptions and reasons of E-cigarette use among medical students: an internet-based survey

BackgroundNowadays, E-cigarette use shows a significant increase among adults and youth in many countries, although there is still a public health debate about its relative effects compared to the traditional cigarettes.ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence, perceptions, possible reasons of use, and factors associated with E-cigarettes use among medical students at Taibah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.MethodsAn internet-based online survey study was conducted between September and November 2019 which contains socio-demographic data, data related to smoking and E-cigarette use, and data related to reasons of E-cigarette use.ResultsA total of 527 out of 720 students completed an online questionnaire, 15.9% of the surveyed students used E-cigarettes, older age, male, higher college class, those who have ≥ 1 close friend who smokes, family history of smoking, and housemates who smoked E-cigarettes show a significantly higher percentage of E-cigarettes use. The first reason for E-cigarettes use namely that, E-cigarette helps to reduce tobacco consumption with no intention to quit smoking was the highest (89.2%), followed by E-cigarette being less toxic than tobacco (88.4%), and finally E-cigarette helps to avoid having to go outside to smoke (62.05%). Logistic regression analysis showed that sex, more than one close friend who smokes, family history of smoking, and housemates who smoked E-cigarettes were significant factors associate with its use.ConclusionE-cigarette use appears to be relatively common than conventional cigarette among the participants. Our study participants perceived that it can help people quit, less harmful, and less addictive. The most common reason for its use among the study participants was that E-cigarette helps to reduce tobacco consumption in users with no intention to quit smoking.