Abstract
Global tobacco policies lowered overall and male smoking rates, but female smoking rates have remained unchanged. Parent–child studies revealed the effects of parental smoking, but gender differences had mixed results. We investigated the effects of long-term smoking behavior in families over three generations in order to clarify gender differences. A cross-sectional study in a community-based genome cohort was conducted using a self-reported questionnaire. A total of 8652 respondents were stratified by gender regarding smoking initiation. A logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the family smoking history. A total of 2987 current smokers and ever-smokers were compared regarding smoking cessation. With respect to smoking initiation, women were affected by their smoking mothers (odds ratio (OR), 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8–3.2) and grandmothers (OR, 1.7; CI, 1.1–2.4). Women who continued smoking were affected only by their smoking mothers (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.05–2.49). In conclusion, gender differences in smoking initiation and cessation are possibly associated with family smoking history. Mothers and grandmothers were shown to have a strong influence on women with respect to both smoking initiation and cessation. Future research should focus on providing evidence for effective gender-specific intervention programs to curb long-term smoking in women.
Highlights
IntroductionIn the last 50 years, evidence-based tobacco control policies have contributed to the worldwide decrease in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults [1]
The third, with respect to age, was that, in the case of men, the smoking initiation rate was significantly lower in the younger age group and the smoking rate was significantly lower in the older age group; in women, the smoking initiation rate was significantly higher in the younger age group and the smoking rate was not different between younger and older age groups
Under the same tobacco control for both men and women, there was no significant impact on curbing smoking rates, because female smokers were in the minority
Summary
In the last 50 years, evidence-based tobacco control policies have contributed to the worldwide decrease in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults [1]. Trends in many countries over the past 25 years have shown that smoking rates for men have dropped significantly more than those for women [2]. The largest imbalance has been found in the southeast Asia and western Pacific regions [3]. Japan, which is located in the aforementioned regions, has ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco
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