Family Environmental Factors Research Articles

Penanggulangan Tindak Pidana Desersi di Oditurat Militer (Studi Kasus di Oditurat II-07 Jakarta)

Soldiers of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) are expected to be ready to carry out their duties and obligations and obey the rules and traditions of the command, but it has become a common thing in the military today if soldiers leave their unit without giving reasons or permission from their superiors. In addition to law enforcement activities, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to the occurrence of the crime of desertion of TNI members. The method used in this research is Juridical-Empirical research, where information is collected through interviews with people involved in desertion criminal cases as well as by accessing literature data related to this research. The results showed that there are two main factors that cause the criminal act of desertion of TNI members, namely internal factors including mental and emotional states. External factors include the work atmosphere, family environment and economic factors in general which cause TNI to break the law by deserting. In the settlement carried out by the Unit, namely making a Military Police report, the Military Police conducts an investigation and investigation, then the Military Oditur issues an indictment, demands and the Military Court gives a decision. Based on this research, the author provides advice to the Government to pay more attention to the welfare of the TNI and to Military Units that receive applicants for the Indonesian National Army to pay more attention to physical and psychological conditions so that TNI members are more characterized and reflect an authoritative military attitude in the future.

Abstract P229: Cross-Sectional Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Atherosclerotic Disease Assessed by Coronary Calcium Score: A Counterfactual Model of Older Male Twins

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the causal relationship between PTSD and atherosclerotic burden is controversial, leaving uncertain whether atherosclerosis is implicated in the association between PTSD and cardiovascular events. Objective: To test the cross-sectional relationship between lifetime PTSD and coronary atherosclerotic burden assessed by calcium score by comparing PTSD-discordant twin pairs, a design that inherently controls for familial and early environmental factors. Methods: We examined 218 male twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, who underwent coronary calcium score assessment with computed tomography as part of the Emory Twin Study Follow-Up study. Lifetime history of PTSD was obtained with the Structured Clinical Interview and PTSD symptom severity with the Clinician-Administered PSTD Scale (CAPS) for DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Coronary calcium scoring was performed by the Agatston Method as a measure of atherosclerotic burden. The relationship between PTSD and calcium score was tested across individuals and within PTSD-discordant twin pairs as a counterfactual model for genetic and early environmental factors. Initially, 2 linear mixed models were built according to the exposure variable (PTSD clinical diagnosis or symptoms scale), with log-transformed coronary calcium score as the dependent variable. We defined a priori that the model with the lowest Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) would be the primary analysis to drive the conclusion. Based on a priori direct acyclic graph decision process, we defined the need to adjust for income and education as potential confounders and not to adjust for traditional risk factors, considering their potential roles as mediators. Results: Of the 218 twins analyzed, the median age was 68 (IQR 67-70) years, and the calcium score had a median of 114 (IQR 5.2-347). There were 88 twin pairs (30 monozygotic), 26 discordant for the binary diagnosis of PTSD, and 40 discordant for the ordinal PTSD symptom score (within-pair differences in scale points ranged from zero to 48.5). The model with the best AIC was the one with the PTSD score, and showed no increment of log-calcium score as the PTSD symptoms increased, both between individuals (Beta coefficient = - 0.005; 95% CI = -0.02 to + 0.03) and within twin pairs (Beta coefficient = - 0.010; 95% CI = -0.03 to + 0.01). Conclusion: The present analysis does not support a relationship between PTSD and coronary atherosclerotic burden. The link between PTSD and cardiovascular events may occur through other pathways, such as microvascular disease.

Exploring the determinants of internet addiction among Peri-urban adolescents (aged 13-18) in Delhi-NCR, India: an ordered logit model analysis.

In recent years, there has been phenomenal growth in internet usage worldwide, with a substantial proportion of children and adolescents actively engaging with online platforms. While the internet presents numerous opportunities for children and adolescents, the lack of digital literacy and adequate online safety measures exposes them to various cybercrimes, including cyberbullying, cyberstalking, identity theft, and sexual predation. Moreover, there is growing concern regarding internet addiction among this population. To investigate the determinants of internet addiction among adolescents, we conducted a cross-sectional study in peri-urban Delhi-NCR, India. We used a self-administered questionnaire to gather information on internet usage, and 630 adolescents aged 13-18 participated in the study, also completing an Internet Addiction Test. The findings indicate that 415 adolescents (65.9 %) exhibited no signs of internet addiction, suggesting a healthy relationship with the internet. However, 215 adolescents (33.1 %) displayed symptoms of internet addiction. Among those exhibiting internet addictions, 159 (74.0 %) were classified as mild internet addicts, indicating moderate levels of internet usage. Furthermore, 56 (26.0 %) adolescents were classified as moderate internet addicts, reflecting a higher level of internet addiction. Our study highlights the significant influence of various factors, including family dynamics, environmental factors, and personal experiences, on internet addiction among adolescents. Based on these findings, we propose implementing measures at different levels to foster responsible internet use among adolescents, thereby substantially reducing internet addiction.

Os fatores associados dos alunos do ensino fundamental e médio no Equador: análise do ciclo de avaliação Ser Estudiante 2020-2021

This article analyzes the influence of personal and family factors on academic success in students of General Basic Education (EGB) and General Unified High School (BGU) in Ecuador during the evaluation "Ser Estu-diante (SEST) cycle 2020 - 2021". The SEST assessment evaluates knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes of Ecuadorian students. It also deploys questionnaires of associated factors that construct social, cultural and economic variables of families, teachers and the environment of educational institutions. A two-level hierar-chical linear model is used to measure the impact of the factors associated with school performance. In sum, personal and family environment factors, in which students develop, are elements that contribute to improve their school performance.

Clarifying the relationship between physical injuries and risk for suicide attempt in a Swedish national sample.

The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide proposes that capability for suicide is acquired through exposure to painful and provocative events (PPEs). Although there is robust evidence for a positive association between aggregate measures of PPEs and risk for suicidal behavior, little is known about the contributions of physical injuries. The present study investigated the relationship between injuries and risk of subsequent suicide attempt (SA). Data were from Swedish population-based registers. All individuals born in Sweden between 1970 and 1990 were included (N = 1,011,725 females and 1,067,709 males). We used Cox regression models to test associations between 10 types of injuries (eye injury; fracture; dislocation/sprain/strain; injury to nerves and spinal cord; injury to blood vessels; intracranial injury; crushing injury; internal injury; traumatic amputation; and other or unspecified injuries) and risk for later SA. Analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for year of birth and parental education. Additional models tested for differences in the pattern of associations based on age group and genetic liability for SA. In co-relative models, we tested the association between each injury type and risk for SA in relative pairs of varying genetic relatedness to control for unmeasured familial confounders. All 10 injury types were associated with elevated risk for SA (hazard ratios [HRs] = 1.2-7.0). Associations were stronger in the first year following an injury (HRs = 1.8-7.0), but HRs remained above 1 more than 1 year after injury exposure (HRs = 1.2-2.6). The strength of associations varied across injury type, sex, age, and genetic liability for SA. For example, the magnitude of the association between crushing injury and risk for SA was larger in females than males, whereas other injuries showed a similar pattern of associations across sex. Moreover, there was evidence to support positive additive interaction effects between several injury types and aggregate genetic liability for SA (relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = 0.1-0.3), but the majority of these interactions became non-significant or changed direction after accounting for comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders. In co-relative models, the pattern of associations differed by injury type, such that there was evidence to support a potential causal effect of eye injury, fracture, dislocation/sprain/strain, intracranial injury, and other and unspecified injuries on risk for SA. For the remaining injury types, HRs were not significantly different from 1 in monozygotic twins, which is consistent with confounding by familial factors. Injuries are associated with increased risk for subsequent SA, particularly in the first year following an injury. While genetic and familial environmental factors may partly explain these associations, there is also evidence to support a potential causal effect of several injury types on future risk for SA.

Association between Mother's Educational Status And Home Literacy Environment With The Language Abilities Of Seven Year-Old Children: Path Analysis Evidence

<p><strong>Background</strong><strong>: </strong>Factors that can influence the success of the educational process are family environmental factors, school environment, and community environment. The role of parents is to provide materials and help their children when they experience difficulties in the learning process. Language skills emerge in early childhood and are critical in promoting later literacy competencies, such as reading and writing. The period from birth to age 3 is critical for language development, as nearly all typically developing children acquire important language skills by age 3. During this period, children's home environment is especially important, as parents are the main providers of language input and support, allowing most children to acquire a basic foundation of language.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used a cross sectional study design, which was conducted in Surakarta City. A sample of 100 people was selected using a random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using a questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The direct relationship between expressive language abilities of children who have mothers with higher education is 2.2 units higher than children with mothers with low education (b=2.2; 95% CI= 0.9 to 3.5; p= 0.001). A high home literacy environment had a log odd of experiencing good expressive language skills of 2.04 units higher than children with a low home literacy environment (b=2.04; 95% CI= 0.7 to 3.3; p= 0.002). The indirect relationship between maternal higher education and expressive language abilities through the child's home literacy environment is statistically significant. Children who have mothers with higher education have log odd for high language expressive abilities of 2.8 units higher than children with mothers with low education (b=2.8; 95% CI= 1.7 to 3.9; p= <;0.001). </p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> A child's good expressive language abilities are influenced indirectly by the mother's high education through a high home literacy environment.</p>

Relationship of Environmental Factors With Smoking Behavior in Adolescence

That early adolescence has several characteristics of developmental stages, namely the transition period, change period, problem period and identity search period. Smoking is a common and legal negative behavior for teenagers. In this research, the design used in terms of time is cross sectional where the research carries out instantaneous observations or measurements of variables, meaning that subjects are observed only once and measurements of the independent and dependent variables are carried out during examination or data review. It is known that from family environmental factors it is known that most of the respondents' parents were smokers, namely 25 people (64.1%) and most of the family were also smokers, namely 24 people (61.5%). From the friend factor, most respondents had a playmate who was a smoker, namely 32 people (82.1%), most respondents had a friend at school who was a smoker, namely 28 people (71.8%). From the advertising factor, the majority of respondents were not influenced by television advertisements, namely 24 people (61.5%), the majority of respondents were not influenced by print media advertisements, namely 20 people (51.3%). Meanwhile, in terms of personality factors, the majority of respondents smoke not to look dashing, namely 22 people (54.6%), and the majority do not smoke only when they are frustrated or stressed, namely 22 people (54.6%).

Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Interest of the Young Generation: An Empirical Review on Student Entrepreneurs

In facing the era of global development and increasingly complex market demands, entrepreneurial interest among students is an important concern. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that influence student entrepreneurial interest. This study uses a qualitative approach that is descriptive analysis. The data collection techniques used are observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The research subjects amounted to 5 people consisting of students who are active and have a business. The results showed that there are five factors that can affect entrepreneurial interest, namely, income factors, family environment, community environment, entrepreneurship education and motivational factors. But of the five fakor the most influential is the income factor. Entrepreneurship can provide an opinion that can be used to meet the needs of his life, the desire to earn income that can lead to a person's entrepreneurial interest. The results of this study contribute relevant empirical thinking in understanding the factors driving entrepreneurial interest among students. Thus, this research is expected to be the basis for the development of strategies and supporting policies to increase entrepreneurial interest in the college environment.

Evidence for the Association Between Adverse Childhood Family Environment, Child Abuse, and Caregiver Warmth and Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

This study aimed to quantify the association between childhood family environment and longitudinal cardiovascular health (CVH) in adult CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) Study participants. We further investigated whether the association differs by adult income. We applied the CVH framework from the American Heart Association including metrics for smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose, body mass index, physical activity, and diet. CVH scores (range, 0-14) were calculated at years 0, 7, and 20 of the study. Risky Family environment (range, 7-28) was assessed at year 15 retrospectively, for childhood experiences of abuse, caregiver warmth, and family or household challenges. Complete case ordinal logistic regression and mixed models associated risky family (exposure) with CVH (outcome), adjusting for age, sex, race, and alcohol use. The sample (n=2074) had a mean age of 25.3 (±3.5) years and 56% females at baseline. The median risky family was 10 with ideal CVH (≥12) met by 288 individuals at baseline (28.4%) and 165 (16.3%) at year 20. Longitudinally, for every 1-unit greater risky family, the odds of attaining high CVH (≥10) decreased by 3.6% (OR, 0.9645 [95% CI, 0.94-0.98]). Each unit greater child abuse and caregiver warmth score corresponded to 12.8% lower and 11.7% higher odds of ideal CVH (≥10), respectively (OR, 0.872 [95% CI, 0.77-0.99]; OR, 1.1165 [95% CI, 1.01-1.24]), across all 20 years of follow-up. Stratified analyses by income in adulthood demonstrated associations between risky family environment and CVH remained significant for those of the highest adult income (>$74k), but not the lowest (<$35k). Although risky family environmental factors in childhood increase the odds of poor longitudinal adult CVH, caregiver warmth may increase the odds of CVH, and socioeconomic attainment in adulthood may contextualize the level of risk. Toward a paradigm of primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease, childhood exposures and economic opportunity may play a crucial role in CVH across the life course.

Predicting Risk of Bullying Victimization among Primary and Secondary School Students: Based on a Machine Learning Model.

School bullying among primary and secondary school students has received increasing attention, and identifying relevant factors is a crucial way to reduce the risk of bullying victimization. Machine learning methods can help researchers predict and identify individual risk behaviors. Through a machine learning approach (i.e., the gradient boosting decision tree model, GBDT), the present longitudinal study aims to systematically examine individual, family, and school environment factors that can predict the risk of bullying victimization among primary and secondary school students a year later. A total of 2767 participants (2065 secondary school students, 702 primary school students, 55.20% female students, mean age at T1 was 12.22) completed measures of 24 predictors at the first wave, including individual factors (e.g., self-control, gender, grade), family factors (family cohesion, parental control, parenting style), peer factor (peer relationship), and school factors (teacher-student relationship, learning capacity). A year later (i.e., T2), they completed the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire. The GBDT model predicted whether primary and secondary school students would be exposed to school bullying after one year by training a series of base learners and outputting the importance ranking of predictors. The GBDT model performed well. The GBDT model yielded the top 6 predictors: teacher-student relationship, peer relationship, family cohesion, negative affect, anxiety, and denying parenting style. The protective factors (i.e., teacher-student relationship, peer relationship, and family cohesion) and risk factors (i.e., negative affect, anxiety, and denying parenting style) associated with the risk of bullying victimization a year later among primary and secondary school students are identified by using a machine learning approach. The GBDT model can be used as a tool to predict the future risk of bullying victimization for children and adolescents and to help improve the effectiveness of school bullying interventions.

Research on the Moral Status and Educational Countermeasures of College Students in the New Era

In the new era, with the development and changes in society, the moral status of college students has shown the characteristics of the new era. Analyzing the influencing factors of social environment, school environment, and family environment, the moral education of college students should focus on curriculum construction, the transformation of moral education concepts, Focus on practical education, and campus atmosphere to improve the pertinence of education.

Association of parental mental illness with anxiety and depression in adulthood: The role of potentially contributing factors

ObjectiveChildren of parents with a mental illness (COPMI) are at risk of developing mental disorders in adulthood, especially anxiety disorders and depression. The role of the family environment and demographic factors as related to adult anxiety and depression is insufficiently understood. We examined potentially contributing factors in the associations between a COPMI background with anxiety and depressive symptoms in adulthood. MethodCross-sectional general population-based study. Instruments were the General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and a questionnaire to evaluate self-reported history of a COPMI background and family-related experiences (CEPMIF). Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the role of demographic and family-related factors in the association of a self-reported COPMI background with the level of anxiety and depressive symptoms. ResultsOf the 942 participants (mean age 48.1 (SD = 16.2) years; 53.7 % women), 116 (12.3 %) had a COPMI background. A COPMI background was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Within individuals with a COPMI background, relationship problems within the family were associated with elevated levels of anxiety and depression. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design does not allow for causal inferences, COPMI background was based on participant's self-report, and the type of parental mental disorder was not considered. ConclusionsAdults with a COPMI background have higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Dysfunctional family relationships during childhood were associated with the severity of mental health problems of adults who grew up with a mentally ill parent. There is a need for targeted interventions for adult COPMI.

The association between authoritarian parenting style and peer interactions among Chinese children aged 3-6: an analysis of heterogeneity effects.

This study explores the effects of authoritarian parenting styles on children's peer interactions, an aspect often overlooked in the existing literature that primarily focuses on family environmental factors. Data was collected through anonymous child-report questionnaires completed by 2,303 parents and teachers of children aged 3-6 years. The findings reveal that (1) authoritarian parenting significantly hinders children's peer interactions; (2) the negative effects of authoritarian parenting differ based on gender, age, and family composition: (a) girls generally exhibit higher peer interactions than boys, with authoritarian parenting having a stronger impact on boys' peer interactions; (b) peer interactions increase significantly with age, and younger children are more susceptible to the negative effects of authoritarian parenting; (c) children with siblings have higher peer interactions, and authoritarian parenting style has a greater influence on their interactions compared to only children. The study discusses potential reasons and provides practical suggestions for families to make informed parenting style choices based on these findings.

Non-traditional Gender Role Parents on the LGBTQ+ Community in Chengdu, China: A Cultural and Psychosocial Examination

The impact of non-traditional gender role parenting on the LGBTQ+ community in the Chengdu area, especially in an urban environment like Chengdu, which is known for its openness and multiculturalism is worthy of academic attention. The study was conducted primarily through both quantitative and qualitative methods: online surveys and census data were used for quantitative analysis, while in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used for qualitative analysis. This study proposes four main hypotheses: 1) there are more parents with non-traditional gender roles relative to traditional gender roles in Chengdu; 2) children from families with non-traditional gender roles are more likely to be open about their sexual minority identities; 3) non-traditional gender role family environments may be more encouraging of children's exploration and acceptance of gender perceptions of their sexual orientations; and 4) Chengdu's social and cultural environments, specifically perceptions related to gender roles, are associated with the flourishing of the LGBTQ+ community in the city. Preliminary results show that the relative activity and openness of the LGBTQ+ community in Chengdu is significantly higher than in other regions, which is related to the higher proportion of non-traditional gender role households in Chengdu. This study emphasizes that although sexual orientation is considered an intrinsic and inherent characteristic, family environment and socio-cultural factors also play an important role, especially in a more diverse and open urban context such as Chengdu. This provides a valuable perspective for further research on the cultural and social acceptance of sexual minorities within China.

Understanding How Senior High School Students Choose a College Degree Program: A Phenomenological Study

The college programs that SHS students choose influence their lives as young adults. It defines their future careers and significantly changes the course of their lives. With this in mind, many factors influence the decision-making process of incoming first-years. With the implementation of the K-12 Program in the Philippines, costs needed for education have further soared. Apart from this, parental and familial relationships could also influence most students’ education, as they serve as children’s pillars of support, meaning parents, finance, and many other elusive factors could potentially inhibit SHS students’ choices when entering college. Therefore, to provide even more insight into the career decision-making process of incoming college students, it is necessary to solidify an understanding of how exactly different factors affect graduating STEM students’ choices. To explore this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five participants using ten (10) general, parent-related, and finance-related questions. The thematic analysis was used to find the results. It had been divided into six (6) themes: parental and familial factors, financial factors, environmental factors, capabilities and interests, perspectives on the STEM strand, and confidence/belief in choosing the right field. The results highlighted that familial and financial influence were the most prevalent factors. Students’ environment, skills, and preferences also played a significant role. Additionally, the interviewees’ positive views on STEM and their confidence that they have thoroughly analyzed all other factors have also played a role in their college program decision-making process.

Studi Tingkat Motivasi Belajar Siswa Berdasarkan Hubungan Ibu dan Anak Kelas 5 di SD N 02 Dagen

Student learning motivation plays an important role as a driving force in achieving learning goals. In the learning process, it is important to achieve a balance between the level of student learning motivation and the learning objectives. Each student has a different level of motivation to learn, this is influenced by several factors, one of which is family environmental factors. The purpose of this research was to determine the level of student motivation to learn based on the relationship between mothers and children in grade 5 at SDN 02 Dagen. The relationship studied is the close relationship between mother and child. This research uses a mixed method approach which combines elements of qualitative and quantitative methods. The research subjects were students in class 5 at SDN 02 Dagen and had been selected based on the criteria the researchers needed. The results of the research show that there is an influence of the closeness of mother and child on the level of children's learning motivation. Parents and teachers need to pay attention to and increase children's learning motivation at school, and the role of parents at home must also be carried out well

Research on the Influencing Factors of Junior High School Students' Mathematical Operation Ability in China

Under the background of core literacy, how to improve the mathematical operation ability of junior high school students has received more and more attention in China. Therefore, many scholars explore the training strategies of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability by studying the influencing factors of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability. However, there are few general studies on the influencing factors of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability. This paper uses the literature analysis method to summarize the research on the influencing factors of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability since the core literacy of our country was put forward and draws the following conclusions: The researchers mainly include two categories: middle school teachers and master degree students. Middle school teachers often use the method of experience summary to explore the influencing factors of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability. Master degree students often study the influencing factors of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability through literature method, questionnaire survey method, interview method and statistical analysis method; The influencing factors obtained by predecessors mainly include objective and subjective aspects. Objective factors include school, social and family environment and teacher factors. The subjective factors mainly include five aspects: knowledge and skills, ability and thinking, interest, emotion attitude and habit; The influencing factors obtained by the predecessors are more extensive, but lack detailedness and specificity; Few researchers have verified the authenticity of the influencing factors. In the future, researchers can study the factors that affect the improvement of junior high school students' mathematical operation ability in a more detailed and specific way. The influencing factors, the authenticity of them can be verified by empirical research methods such as experimental methods.

A Clinical Review on Ulcerative Colitis (Colon Cancer)

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is also known as colon cancer or colorectal cancer, a chronic inflammatory condition of the large intestine (colon and rectum). It comes under blood in stool, bowel urgency, fatigue, low energy, and rarely fever. Inulcerative colitis, the part of the colon's inner lining of unknown etiology involves the gastrointestinal tract. More than 80% of ulcerative colitis patients have the lining tissue of the inner rectum inflamed or has proctosigmoiditis, and less than 20% of patients haveextensive colitis. The case of UC has risenworldwide in the recent few decades, particularly in growing countries. The high-risk factors are family history, gender, race, and environmental factors contributing are smoking, infection taking Antibiotics, and NSAIDs. In 2013, Over 350,000 new cases of ulcerative colitis and over 125,000 Patients deaths were reported in the USA. Ulcerative colitis is different from Crohn's disease. However,in more the 50% of patients with mildsymptoms of proctosigmoiditis, some patients show proximal extension, and for some patients,opposition occurs with mild symptoms. Moreover, it is essential to identify the patients with some symptoms of ulcerative colitis to clinical risk factors that will help identify which patients are in the critical or higher stage of the disease proximal extension.The ulcerative colitis usually devolves between 20 to 30 years.

Economic, Socio-Cultural and Environmental Influences on Relapse of Drug Abuse at the Pelita Jiwa Insani Padang Foundation

One way to recover from drug abuse is by facilitating free rehabilitation. However, even though they have undergone rehabilitation to get rid of drug addiction, quite a few of them have a tendency to use drugs again. This research was conducted at the Pelita Jiwa Insani Foundation, Padang. This research was conducted in November 2023. This research uses a quantitative and qualitative approach with a descriptive design in the form of a case study. Data were collected using questionnaires and research checklists as well as observation guides. The research results showed that 100% of all informants stated that they had been using drugs for a long time. Their habit of using drugs stems from a process of curiosity and continuing to try drugs. Furthermore, the economic influence shows that of the 10 respondents studied, 6 respondents had high economic status and were working and experienced a relapse and 4 respondents had low status and did not work and experienced a relapse. The socio-cultural influence on the curiosity aspect of using drugs has a percentage of 70%. In the prestige aspect, the percentage is 20%. In the aspect of drug use to increase stamina, the percentage is 80%. Meanwhile, the aspect of eliminating boredom received a percentage score of 70%. Family, community and peer environment factors can cause relapse

Parental Burnout and Prosocial Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: The Role of Empathy.

Parental burnout refers to exhaustion caused by the parenting role. This devastating negative emotion can have repercussions for adolescent social development. Nevertheless, much remains unclear about the association between parental burnout and adolescent prosocial behavior and the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship. Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, the current study examined the relationship between parental burnout and adolescent prosocial behavior by using a sequential mediation model that included both parental empathy and adolescent empathy as potential mediators. A total of 488 parent-adolescent dyads (for adolescents: 45.7% men, 54.3% women, Mage = 15.28 ± 1.67 years; for parents: 36.5% fathers, 63.5% mothers, Mage = 41.30 ± 3.79 years) completed questionnaires regarding demographics, social desirability, parental burnout, parental empathy, adolescent empathy, and adolescent prosocial behavior. After controlling for demographic covariates and social desirability, the results showed that parental burnout had a negative effect on adolescent-reported prosocial behavior through parental cognitive empathy and adolescent other-oriented empathy (adolescent cognitive empathy and empathic concern) sequentially. These findings contribute to our understanding of the role of parental burnout as a family environmental factor detrimental to the positive functioning of adolescents through parental reactions to their children's emotions and children's own social competence.